International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences Vol-6, Issue-2; Mar-Apr, 2021 Journal Home Page Available: https://ijels.com/ Journal DOI: 10.22161/ijels A Peep into the history of Kottiyoor Migration Sheeba.P.K Research Scholar, Kannur University, Kerala, India Received: 09 Feb 2021; Received in revised form: 25 Mar 2021; Accepted: 19 Apr 2021; Available online: 29 Apr 2021 ©2021 The Author(s). Published by Infogain Publication. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Abstract— Migrants act as agents of social change. Migration is a process by which leads to the intermixing of people from diverse cultures. It has many positive contribution such as evolution of composite culture and it also breaks the narrow considerations and widens up the mental horizon of the people at large. Improvement of the quality of life through the transformation of society and by this they improved their standard of living. As part of the Migration to Malabar, we can see its effects on the process of acculturation, adjustment and integration of migrant people at the region of Kottiyoor (Kannur Dt).The present study about Kottiyoor Migration intends to analyze the process of changes in Kottiyoor after migration. Keywords— Kottiyoor Migration, Migra, invasion, conquest. I. INTRODUCTION crime, political stability, more fertile land, lower risk from Migration is one of the oldest activities and it is also a natural hazards etc.So,we can say that migration usually worldwide phenomenon. Migration basically a spatial happens as a result of the combination of these push and mobility from one place to the another. This is the pull factors. movement of people to new area or country in order to find Migration is a consequence of the uneven distribution of out work and better living condition. The word migration opportunities over space and people tends to move from has been derived from the Latin word ‘Migra’ which means place of low opportunity and low safety to the place of to change ones abode. It is simply defined as the relatively higher opportunity and better safety. Scarcity of food, permanent movement of persons over a significant distance. military operation or political operation and religious Migration is one such a crucial sociological and economic persecutions serve to push people out of one region. While variable that exerts a persuasive influence on the socio – opportunities of several employment ,investment and economic-political and demographic structure of both the favourable conditions of advancement ,help to pull them sending and receiving areas.(Jose Andrews,2016:p.77) .On certain other region(John Joseph ,p.117) .Sometimes it can the basis of diverse parameters, according to the area of be classified according to a range of criteria. Migration migration ,it is classified into several types like rural to based on distance,duration,motive etc.. And the results can urban, urban to rural ,Internal and external migration be see in socio economic cultural political and demographic ,Return migration and so on the basis of duration. It may be fields. Migration of the peasant community from either for permanent or for a short period(p.78).However Travancore to Malabar assumed gather significance in the there are four major forms of migration that are invasion, contemporary history of Kerala, changed the entire social conquest, colonization and immigration. cultural and economic landscape of Modern Kerala. Migration usually happens as a result of a combination of Migration and peasant settlement of farmers in the high land these push and pull factors. Push factors are the reasons why of Malabar finally lead to urbanization and social change in people leave one area. They include lack of services ,lack of Malabar(Dr.Sebastian Aikkara,2018,p.59).In Malabar safety, high crime, drought, crop failure , flood ,poverty, migration, migration of peasant farmers which started on a war etc. Otherwise Pull factors are the reasons why people small scale and majority were small farmers who went to move to a particular area. They include higher employment, make Malabar their permanent home(Varghese more wealth, good climate, better services, safety, less Thottaikkad,2014,p.101). The first stage of migration was ISSN: 2456-7620 https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.62.68 460 Sheeba.P.K International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 6(2)-2021 very slow ,the second and the third stage marked it’s peak institutions in this forest land , period, then it became stagnant because of the cultivable Kottiyoor(VargheesThottaikkad,2014,p.84) .Food crops land. and cash crops were produced in Kottiyoor region. The The present study “A Peep Into The History of cash crops like pepper,rubber,arecanut,cashewnut etc. were Kottiyoor Migration ” intends to analyze the process of produced and it became helpful to the increasing of changes and impacts of Kottiyoor Migration. The migration economic system of our country. Moreover lots of people of Kottiyoor had multi-faceted effects and it had introduced worked hard in these plantations. The farmers proved that so many changes in the different spheres. The two main farming is a job which could be done with the types of migration of Keralites were, migration of farmers profit(Dr.Sebastian Aikkara,2018,p.214).So the migration from Travancore to Malabar and the second one is migration increased economic output and standard of living also. But of semi-skilled labourers to Gulf and Arabian countries. The now the peasantry in Kottiyoor experiences lots of problems migration of farmers from Central Kerala was started in today, because of the price of cash crops has also declined 1920s.It was first initiated by a group of Syrian Christians. as part of globalization, Even, the farmers not get the cost Majority of the migrants were small peasants who went to of production of rubber(Biyathus,2017,p.26). make Malabar their permanent abode (Dr.Ratna The narratives on migration present the migrant community Raj,2003).The situation caused to the migration from as a ‘modern’ community. As the protagonist in one of the central Travancore is a natural phenomenon under stress. migrant novels Churam recalls, they are viewed as the The first migrated place on the north –eastern hilly region “carriers of modernity ”who envisage a modern society in like Malabar(Ambili Anna Markose,2017).Education at Arakalam,Muthumala,Perimedu,Mundakkayam,Kattappan Kottiyoor is also made significant changes in the education a,Kumalietc(Varghees Thottaikkad,2014,p.29).In the case system over there. They proved to establish better Malabar migration, there is no special leadership and the educational institutions .Education before the arrival of cost of land was low in Malabar also helped to emigrants was very poor, there were no such proper migrate(p.37).The peasant migration was a milestone in the educational system at Kottiyoor and even not a basic history of Kerala. preliminary education was there. So the arrival of migrants It has been observed that, migration to made a milestone in the field of education Kottiyoor is a part of a developmental discourse in the (Dr.Sebastian,2018,p.189). For the purpose of education, context of Malabar. Kottiyoor is a village in Peravoor block LP School have been established and later it was raised into in Kannur district of Kerala state. Mar Vellappally High School. In that period higher educational institutions Sebastian gives brief account on 17migrant colonies of were very few in migrant areas in Malabar. Later several Malabar including Peravoor ,Alakkode and Cherupuzha of colleges were established nearby regions.Nirmalagiri Kannur District(Sebastian ,1999 ) Mattanur, College at Koothuparamba, Basic Training School at, Koothuparamba, Kalpatta, Peringathoor are the nearby Mananthavadi, St. Mary’s College Batteri,Pulpally cities of Kottiyoor. The total geographical area of Kottiyoor Pazhassi Raja College,Devgiri College, Kozhikode etc. is 15501 hectares and it has a total population of 16,698 were some of the important among them. peoples(Panchayat Documents, Kottiyoor).The word K K Gopalan Nair set up a shed for education Kottiyoor is derived from the two Malayalam word ,koodi at the place of Manjunath Mathai’s at Neendunooki.They and Ooru.It is the hilly village in the eastern side of Kannur were set up a school for migrants. When K K Gopalan Nair District. The eastern side is forest land bordering of went back in 1956,Kallupurukkathu Devasya and Karnataka state. In spite of the similarities of topographical Puthanparambil Kuttiyappan taught the children.Gopi Nair conditions, Malabar had altogether a different pattern of donated twenty five cent land for to build school at agriculture development and a significant land-individual Chungakkunnu.At the same time ,no one willing to donate relationship(Joseph,2005,p.120) any place for to build a school at Thalakkani.In 1962 Nair Generally migrants act as agents of social change. It is says Service Society established a UP School at that the world has been grown by the result of migration. It Kottiyoor.P.SreedharanPillai,K S Siva Raman Nair, A K leads to intermixing of people from diverse cultures. As part Kochunarayana Pillai were the administrators.SNDP also of the arrival of farmers from Travancore to the eastern started a nursery school and later it was upgraded into L P regions of Malabar, there were occurred a lot of School in 1963.It was under the leadership of famous transformations in Kerala todays form. The people from personalities in the areas likeK.S Padmanabhan,Kolad Travancore to Malabar had to build lots of roads, bridges, Bhaskaran, Aikkarakkudi Subramanyan, Kalappurakkal libraries, schools, hospitals and several co-operative Velayudhan etc. ISSN: 2456-7620 https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.62.68 461 Sheeba.P.K International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences, 6(2)-2021 Due to Malabar migration hill residents have Thullanpara,Palukachi to Thalakkani under the leadership undergone a wide variety of changes.