Earth and Space Sciences Annual Report 2012 Dear Reader, One year ago most of the happenings reported here had not yet happened. To me, this indicates that time does not fly, as some people claim, rather I would say that time pass slowly in a nice and predictable manner. That is the only way to explain how we have had enough time to accomplish everything that we have during 2012. Nevertheless, there could have been even more accomplished, if a significant smaller amount of rather meaningless monthly and yearly proposals, reports, follow ups, and assessments had to be written. Gunnar Elgered, Keeping this in mind, it is interesting to contemplate that the length of the year is caused by the Head of Department the speed of the Earth around the sun. One conclusion would be that if we moved the Earth a little bit further away from the sun, the years would be longer (if you do not believe me, consult the 3rd law of Johannes Kepler). An increase of the distance could actually be favorable, if you consider the threat of a global warming trend – so what are we waiting for? No, back to Earth! Seriously speaking, I think there is a lack of trust in society. The tax-payers do not trust the politicians, and the politicians do not trust the universities. The consequence is that we write more and more proposals, more status reports, and more assessments. In the end, these chores give us less time to do the job that we are here to do: to teach and to research. It does keep us busy, and we are paid to do them, so why raise the question at all? Well, I think it is sad that the tax-payers do not get the maximum value for their money. While we continue to reflect about these rather big and fundamental questions, we may amuse ourselves by reading this overview of what happened in our department during the year 2012. Our personnel is our investment, and therefore I find it interesting to note: • Cathy Horrelou and Patrick Eriksson were appointed to professors in Radio Astronomy, and Global Environmental Measurements and Modelling, respectively. • Leif Eriksson and Vincent Desmaris were appointed to associate professors in Radar Remote Sensing, and Microwave and Terahertz Technology, respectively. • Michael Kahnert was appointed to adjunct professor in Global Environmental Measurements and Modelling. Michael’s main employer is the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. • Kirsten Kraiberg Knudsen was one of thirty young researchers in Sweden to become a Wallenberg Academy Fellow. • Marianna Ivashina was appointed to associate professor in Electromagnetic Design of Antenna Systems by the Department of Signals and Systems, and continues to collaborate with us in antenna related matters. Finally, if I also look a little into the future, there were a couple of funding decisions made during 2012 that will influence our work in the years to come: • Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation decided to support the construction of two twin telescopes The Cover to be built at the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO). In the long term, the goal is to together with A polar bear is inspecting partners all over the world provide a global coordinate system with one millimeter accuracy. A the summer sea ice in the fundamental infrastructure for other Earth observation systems. central Fram Strait between • The OSO group for Advanced Receiver Development is in a consortium that over the next five years Greenland and Svalbard. will equip all the 66 telescopes in the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) A number of upward- with receivers for a frequency band around 180 GHz. looking sonars are deployed beneath the ice in this region, measuring sea ice thickness. Doctoral student Anders Berg participated Contents in a scientific cruise with Press Clippings...... 3 Nonlinear Electrodynamics...... 12 the purpose to recover the First Degree & Master’s Studies...... 5 Optical Remote Sensing...... 13 sonars for data extraction. Bachelor´s Thesis Reports...... 6 Radar Remote Sensing...... 14 The sonar data are used Master’s Thesis Reports...... 6 Radio Astronomy and Astrophysics...... 15 to validate ice thickness Master´s Programmes...... 7 Space Geodesy and Geodynamics...... 16 derived from spaceborne Doctoral Programme...... 8 Transport Theory...... 17 radar altimetry. Doctoral Dissertations...... 8 Onsala Space Observatory...... 18 Photo: Anders Berg Licentiates...... 9 Publications...... 21 Advanced Receiver Development...... 10 Public Outreach...... 24 Production: Dept. of Earth & Global Environmental Measurements and Facts and Figures...... 26 Space Sciences, Chalmers Printed by Chalmers Modelling...... 11 Organisation...... 27 Reproservice, 2013. Copies: 1,500 2 Press Clippings Researchers at Råö important for the super telescope Chalmers and the Observatory in Onsala will play a key role when the new international super telescope ALMA soon will be in use in Chile. ALMA will be able to study the galaxies that were the first ones Is there anything out there? formed in the young Universe. Thousands of antennas will together Sveriges Radio, News P4 Göteborg – June look for signs of life in space and give us revolutionising knowledge about the Universe. The Square Kilometre Array will be the largest, most sensitive radio telescope ever built. Göteborgs-Posten – November

Black holes will give us new knowledge about Earth Black holes in distant galaxies may give us important information about our own planet. Two new telescopes are being built by Chalmers, and even though they will be Researchers found black holes in Arp 220 turned towards space, they will measure and map Earth. The researchers at Chalmers were supposed Chalmers Magasin – nr 3 2012 to study stars, instead they found three strange light sources i the galaxay Arp 220. Today they can tell us what these light sources actually are – namely black holes. Göteborgs-Posten – November

Råö is building new telescopes for observing the Earth The Onsala Space Observatory will receive close to SEK 30 millions that will be used to build two new radio telescopes. The two Swedish cutting edge engineering 12 m telescopes will be a part of a global used in the super telescope network of telescopes that will measure the The desert telescope ALMA is being Earth’s movement more accurately than has upgraded with cutting edge engineering ever been done before. from Chalmers. A super sensitive radio Sveriges Radio, Hallandsekot – April receiver for millimetre waves will be installed in all the antennas. Ny teknik – June

Antennas of the Atacama Large Millimeter/ submillimeter Array (ALMA), on the Chajnantor Plateau in the Chilean Andes. The Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, two companion galaxies to our own Milky Way galaxy, can be seen as bright smudges in the night sky, in the centre of the photograph. Credit: ESO/C. Malin.

3 First Degree and Master’s Studies

The department is active at several levels Improving Processes”. In 2012, the department Magnus Thomasson, of teaching: we give courses for students at also examined 10 master’s thesis projects, more Vice Head of Department Chalmers’ Foundation Year, the three-year than half of which were supervised internally. and responsible for the engineering programme in Electrical Engineering The department is involved in two master’s undergraduate teaching and five-year master of engineering programmes programmes which started in the autumn of in Electrical Engineering, Automation and 2011: Physics and Astronomy (together with Mechatronics Engineering, and Engineering the Department of Fundamental Physics) and Physics. Most of our courses are at the master’s Wireless, Photonics and Space Engineering level, and many of them are also open for students (together with the Department of Microtehnology at University of Gothenburg. and Nanoscience). The course Millimetre wave In 2012, the department was responsible and THz technology was given for the first time in for more than 20 courses at Chalmers, plus 2012. Our previous programme Radio and Space thesis projects. Our teachers also participated Science – Astrophysics, Earth observations, in courses given by other departments. The Technology is approaching its end, with students subjects range from basic electrical engineering working on their thesis projects during 2012. to courses closely related to our research in, In light of Högskoleverket’s (The Swedish Arto Heikkilä, e.g., astrophysics, remote sensing, receiver National agency for Higher Education) evaluation Contact person for the development, and plasma physics. An important of Chalmers education programmes, we put extra Master’s Programmes subject is measurement techniques. We have emphasis in 2012 on the quality of master’s theses, our own laboratory, which is used exclusively one of the bases for the evaluation, by involving for teaching and where students get hands-on extra teachers in the supervision of the report experience with measurement instruments. writing. In addition to giving regular courses, our The instruments at Onsala Space Observatory teachers supervise thesis projects. In 2012, our are used in several courses. One example is the department supervised only one bachelor’s small radio telescope SALSA, which astronomy thesis project, in space geodesy, but it was very students use to observe atomic hydrogen gas in successful: It won the first price in Chalmers the Milky Way. The 20 m telescope was also used, Teknologkonsulter AB’s Bachelor’s Challenge in the radioastronomy course. in the category “Advancing Technology &

Chalmers courses given during 2012 (NB: many of the master’s courses were also open to students at the University of Gothenburg) A Foundation Year Electromagnetic waves and components Physics, part B Experimental physics: spectroscopic methods Physics project (parts of the course) (parts of the course) Engineering programmes Image processing Electrical engineering Galaxies and observational cosmology Telecommunication Master’s thesis in Earth and Space Sciences Degree project in Earth and Space Sciences Microwave engineering (parts of the course) Master of Engineering programmes, year 1–3 Millimetre wave and THz technology Bachelor’s thesis in Earth and Space Sciences Modern astrophysics Electric circuits Plasma physics with applications Engineering measurements Remote sensing Environmental measurement techniques Radar systems and applications High frequency electromagnetic waves Radioastronomical techniques and Planetary sciences interferometry Sensors, signals and systems (measurements Satellite positioning part) Satellite communications Master’s courses and equivalent Space science and techniques Astrophysical dynamics The interstellar medium and star formation

4 Bachelor’s Thesis Reports Måns Larsson, Johan Nordevall, Rickard Sirefelt, Emil Staf Snow depth estimation through analysis of multipath GPS signals (Supervisor: Johan Löfgren)

Master’s Thesis Reports Alexander Vladimir Conde Niklas Falstad Development and implementation of a rapid Gravitational instability of two-component deployment system for volcanic gas emission galactic discs monitoring (Examiner/Supervisor: Alessandro Romeo) (Examiner/Supervisor: Bo Galle) Muhammad Tariq Aziz Sylvain Petiot Evaluation of SWEPOS second-order GNSS Use of CALIOP satellite data to explore the network stations for monitoring tropospheric distribution and sources of organic aerosols in the water vapor troposphere (Examiner/Supervisor: Jan Johansson) (Examiner/Supervisor: David Simpson) Emma Andersson, Jakob Süld Muhammad Tayyab Qureshi Analysis and modeling of topographic effects Design of a 4-bit phase shifter using PIN diodes on ozone and other pollutants from a chemical and high-pass/low-pass topology at 2.45 GHz transport model (Examiner/Supervisor: Vincent Desmaris, (Examiner/Supervisor: David Simpson, Supervisor: Marcel Geurts, NXP Semiconductors, Supervisor: Hilde Fagerli, Norwegian The Netherlands) Meteorological Institute, Norway)

Elisabet Liljeblad Jakob Grahn Estimating masses of galaxy clusters – a first step Rényi entropy and finite Lyapunov exponents as in exploring dark matter metrics of transport and mixing in an idealized (Examiner/Supervisor: Magnus Thomasson, stratosphere Supervisor: Kristian Pedersen, Niels Bohr (Examiner/Supervisor: Donal Murtagh, Institute, Denmark) Supervisor: Adrian McDonald, University of Canterbury, New Zealand) Álvaro García Carrasco Fast alpha particle distribution in the presence of Frida Håkansson anomalous spatial particle diffusion Frequency sweeping directivity of bursting Alfvén (Examiner/Supervisor: Mietek Lisak) waves on MAST (Examiner/Supervisor: Mietek Lisak)

5 Master’s programme given by us and the Department of Fundamental Physics.

6 Master’s programme given by us and the Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience.

7 Doctoral Programme The doctoral programme is organised as three possible specialisations within the subject area of Radio and Space Science. These specialisations are Astronomy, Environmental Science, and Electrical Engi- neering, reflecting the diversity of the research carried out at the department. The school strives to give the students a thorough understanding of the research area they have chosen and in depth studies in a particular subject with the aim of achieving Chalmers’ goals for post-graduate education. Donal Murtagh, Deputy Head of Department There are currently about 35 research students in the programme – most of whom are employed by and responsible for the the department, although a handful have positions in the industry or at other institutes. doctoral programme. During the past year four PhD degrees and six licentiate degrees have been awarded, while six new post-graduate students were recruited.

During a helicopter-based EM-bird measurement of sea ice thickness off Greenland, doctoral student Anders Berg had the opportunity to capture the crew in action. Doctoral Dissertations

Francesco Costagliola Molecules as tools for extragalactic astronomy: Tong Ning Single-dish and interferometric GPS meteorology: with focus on observations of luminous infrared climate applications galaxies June June Supervisor: Gunnar Elgered Supervisor: Susanne Aalto

Joel Rasch Per Bjerkeli Microwave gas and multipactor Water in molecular outflows and breakdown in inhomogeneous shocks: Studies with Odin and fields Herschel November November Supervisor: Mietek Lisak Supervisor: René Liseau

8 Licentiates

Marston S. Johnston Andreas Skyman Satellite measurements and Turbulent impurity transport in climate modeling of water in the tokamak fusion plasmas tropical upper troposphere January January Supervisor: Hans Nordman Supervisor: Patrick Eriksson

Grzegorz Galant Maciej Soja Nonlinear evolution of plasma Modelling and retrieval of forest modes driven by fast particles in parameters from synthetic tokamaks aperture radar data May June Supervisor: Mietek Lisak Supervisor: Lars Ulander

Vladimir Conde Maryam Khosravi Application of DOAS for studies of evolving volcanic activity in Diurnal variation of stratospheric Central America short-lived species October October Supervisors: Bo Galle Supervisor: Joachim Urban

Left: Doctoral student Mitra Hajigholi at the APEX telescope in the Atacama desert in northern Chile. Right: Mitra in the same desert, dwarfed by the enormous trucks that are used to transport the individual telescopes to the site of ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array).

9 Advanced Receiver Development

The Group for Advanced Receiver Development (GARD) is a research and engineering Research group leader group working on Terahertz technology. GARD research focuses on superconducting Victor Belitsky electronics, material science and thin-film processing. The results and experience from these fields facilitate development and building of state-of-the-art instruments used in radio astronomy and environmental science..

The ALMA Band 5 project replacing the entire receiver cryogenic and Staff Success of the earlier EC FP6 ALMA (Atacama optical structure with a new more stiff design, Victor Belitsky Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array) Enhance- was successfully completed leading to a fully Vincent Desmaris ment Project, within which GARD completed satisfactory SHeFI receiver performance. APEX Sven-Erik Ferm the production and tests of the six ALMA Band (Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment) Band 3 DSB Mathias Fredrixon 5 Cartridge Assemblies, lead to increased interest receiver was commissioned during 2012 (with strong Igor Lapkin in the idea of full deployment of ALMA Band 5. contribution from Dr. P. Bergman, Dr. M. Olberg Denis Meledin The ALMA Band 5 covers the frequency range and APEX staff). GARD is working on the second Olle Nyström (-Feb) 163–211 GHz. The para-H2O(313–220) line at generation of APEX T2 channel, 1.25–1.39 THz. Alexey Pavolotsky 183 GHz lies in the middle of Band 5. It is one of Magnus Strandberg a few H O lines that can be observed from ground New 3 mm receiver for Onsala telescope Erik Sundin 2 (at the excellent ALMA site the transmission Mark Whale (Dec-) GARD has designed and built a new SIS mixer can approach 50 % at the line peak). ALMA employing 2SB configuration to be installed in the Observatory together with NRAO (National 20 m telescope. The receiver was tested at GARD Doctoral students Radio Astronomy Observatory, USA) and ESO and the Electronic Lab at Onsala. The project had Parisa Aghdam (Oct-) (European Southern Observatory) have decided various technical difficulties in the qualification tests. Bhushan Billade to run a full deployment of ALMA Band 5. GARD will continue to work on the new 3/4 mm Hawal Marouf Rashid The production contract, where GARD will receiver for the 20 m telescope, focusing its activities collaborate with NOVA, The Netherlands, will be on the optics, the cryostat, and the position switch. signed early 2013. The AETHER project The APEX project The AETHER RadioNet3 project, started in June, GARD performed a comprehensive upgrade will focus on advanced IF circuitries for 2SB SIS of the Swedish Heterodyne Facility Instrument, mixers for array receivers. In particular, we are SHeFI, during 2012. The reason for this was the working on a 4–12 GHz solid-state superconducting observed baseline instabilities for all receiver IF hybrid for such receivers. The project includes channels. The maintenance, which included simulations, manufacturing and tests of such a hybrid.

Academic activities and staff We took an active part in the master program “Wireless, Photonics and Space Engineering”, and in educational activities at the undergraduate level. During the year, Dr. Vincent Desmaris received the degree and position of associate professor. In December Dr. Mark Whale joined the staff as a postdoc, a position shared with the Global Environmental Measurements and Modelling group.

Swedish Heterodyne Facility Instrument, after a major upgrade, installed at APEX telescope.

10 Global Environmental Measurements and Modelling Research group leader Donal Murtagh The Global Environmental Measurements and Modelling group focuses on the production and interpretation of global data-sets. To a large extent these originate from the Swedish led Odin satellite project, where we are the main data processing centre for the Sub-mm radiometer instrument providing the atmospheric community with quality assessed data. On the scientific side we have continued with studies of the chemical and dynamical processes affecting the atmosphere. As in earlier Staff annual reports, we chose to highlight one or two aspects of this research each year. Patrick Eriksson Peter Forkman Michael Kahnert (adj. prof.) Towards more realistic vegetations in A Donal Murtagh atmospheric models Kristell Perot (Oct-) A vast array of 3-dimensional models are used to Abdulla Sakalli treat atmospheric processes, ranging from well- David Simpson known numerical weather prediction models (adj. prof.) used at all meteorological institutes, to chemical Joachim Urban transport models (CTMs), used for predicting air pollution, and global climate models (GCMs) used to make predictions of climate change decades or Doctoral students centuries into the future. These models typically Emma Andersson (Dec-) have very complex treatments of atmospheric Ole Martin Christensen dynamics and, where applicable, chemical Marston Johnston mechanisms, but they tend to have very simplified Maryam Khosravi Kazutoshi Sagi treatment of vegetation. Vegetation exerts important controls on energy flows, atmospheric dynamics and on the exchange of trace gases between the atmosphere and biosphere. B Within the work conducted for the strategic research area MERGE (ModElling the Regional and Global Earth system), more realistic representations of the biosphere are being tested inside the European Monitoring and Evaluation Program (EMEP, www.emep.int) MSC-W CTM. Estimation of the start of the growing season (SGS) is a basic requirement, but surprisingly difficult to do well. Most CTMs and GCMs use simple fixed date or latitude based systems. At Chalmers, a new temperature-based method, T5, was developed. The figure compares the results of the T5 method with observed SGS values, and illustrates (a) Comparison of estimated and observed start of the the resulting SGS patterns across Europe. The new growing season (SGS) as calculted with the new T5 T5 method is more realistic than previous EMEP methodology developed within the MERGE project, and methods, and looks promising for future usage in (b) estimated SGS across Europe with this methodology CTMs and other models. Different methods can for the year 2009. The SGS-scale is day of the year. differ by weeks in SGS estimates, with important From Sakalli & Simpson, Biogeosciences, 2012. implications for estimates of the uptake of harmful pollutants at the start of the season.

11 Nonlinear Electrodynamics The research activity of the Nonlinear Electrodynamics group is directed towards three research areas: the physics of burning fusion plasmas, microwave discharge Research group leader phenomena and nonlinear optics. There is a common denominator and a strong Mietek Lisak correlation between these three areas – all involve electromagnetic field theory, plasma and plasma-like phenomena, and similar nonlinear wave phenomena.

Burning fusion plasmas Fusion research aims at developing power plants Staff capable of extracting the enormous energy gene­ Dan Andersson (prof. rated when atomic nuclei collide. Large-scale emeritus) fusion power production would cover mankind’s Mietek Lisak electricity needs for millions of years and provide Joel Rasch (December-) a CO2 free energy source. With the present JET tokamak and the next generation machine ITER Doctoral students on its way, one of the main objectives of fusion Grzegorz Galant (-May) experiments is the study of highly energetic alpha Frida Håkansson (Sep-) particles. Substantial alpha particle populations Robert Nyqvist are expected to unveil new physics phenomena Figure 2. Phase space hole of fast particle driven Joel Rasch (-November) with major impact on achieving and maintaining plasma mode. high temperatures and long energy confinement times. Our activity focuses on the physics of financed by CNES finished, and a new project burning fusion plasmas, with particular interest with RUAG, funded by the National Space during 2012 given to linear and nonlinear Research Program (NRFP), was initiated. The dynamics of fast particle driven instabilities. CNES project involved the study of nonlinear We are strongly integrated in the European fusion multipactor effects, and the influence of heating program and collaborate internationally with on the air breakdown threshold. The project JET-EFDA (Culham Science Centre, UK), the with RUAG focused on an advanced study of Institute for Fusion Studies (Austin, USA) and multipactor and gas breakdown in a quadri-filar the West Pomeranian University of Technology helix antenna used for space communications. (Szczecin, Poland). Nonlinear optics Microwave breakdown in space borne RF The aim of our activity is modeling and analy­ equipment sis of basic nonlinear optics phenomena, Microwave breakdown in RF components poses with particular emphasis on the dynamics of a severe problem in many high power microwave partially coherent wave structures in nonlinear Figure 1. Quadri-filar helix systems, a typical example being space borne media. This fascinating branch is currently antenna with calculated electric field magnitude. RF equipment. An important part of the design very promising, following the observation that and development of RF soliton formation is not exclusively associated systems is to establish with coherent waves, but possible also for the critical power partially coherent waves. During 2012, our where the breakdown research focused on a new fundamental theory process is initiated. for propagation of partially coherent light in A strong research effort nonlinear media developed by the group, which has been made during was applied to different problems in close the last years in the collaboration with both national and international form of collaboration researchers. The specific aims were: 1) Further between Chalmers, development of our general statistical Wigner CNES (Toulouse, method and the newly formulated inverse France), RUAG Space scattering and dressing theories. 2) Development AB (Sweden) and the of a generalized quasi-linear diffusion theory Institute of Applied for the redistribution of the coherence spectrum Physics (Nizhny during wave propagation. 3) Investigation of the Novgorod, Russia). effect of partial coherence on the interaction During 2012 a project between nonlinear wave structures.

12 Optical Remote Sensing

The Optical Remote Sensing group is working with development and application of ground- based optical remote sensing methods for atmospheric measurements. Specifically we are focusing on tailoring instruments and measurement strategies to address particular measurement problems related to environmental research and monitoring needs. The work Research group leader Bo Galle is very international and field oriented, and spans a large variety of disciplines.

Volcanic gas measurements to be able to control whether ships obey new Since 2001 we are strongly involved in developing environmental regulation within EU and the methods to quantify gas emission from active international maritime organization, IMO. volcanoes. The EU-project NOVAC (Network During 2012 the system was applied in several Staff Pontus Andersson (Aug-) for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric campaigns for measurements of ships, i.e. North Johan Ekholm Change), coordinated by Chalmers, was initiated sea using a Dolphin helicopter, Neva Bay using a Bo Galle in fall 2005. This project aims at establishing a MI-3 helicopter and the Baltic sea using a Navajo Johan Mellqvist network of instruments for gas measurements and piper aircraft. The system was also used from a Kent Salo today comprises 24 of the most active volcanoes harbor vessel in the inlet ship channel of Sankt in the world. In addition to measure volcanic Petersburg. gas emissions for geophysical research and risk Doctoral students Stratospheric ozone depletion and satellite assessment, the instruments will also provide Santiago Arellano validation information on atmospheric composition, of Jörg Beecken Since 1994 we are operating a high resolution relevance for research related to stratospheric Vladimir Conde ozone depletion and climate change. In 2012 FTIR (Fourier Transform InfraRed spectometer) John Johansson a new project DECADE (Deep earth Carbon for Solar spectroscopy at Harestua in southern Patrik Norman (-May) Degassing) was initiated. This project aims at Norway. The instrument is part of NDACC improving the knowledge on CO2 emission from volcanoes as part of a large scale international effort DCO, Deep Carbon Observatory, aiming at a better understanding of the reservoirs and fluxes of carbon in the Earth system. During 2012 fieldwork has been carried out in Iceland, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Kamchatka. The EU support for the NOVAC network ended in 2010, and a major task during 2013 will be to secure a financial platform to enable us to participate in DECADE and to continue the NOVAC network activities.

Industrial hydrocarbon emissions Emissions of hydrocarbons from oil related industrial activities constitute an important environmental problem. We have developed a method for quantification of hydrocarbon emissions based on IR Solar Occultation and A dome collapse at Bezymianny volcano, Kamchatka, 2 September 2012. In the foreground Kluchevskoy volcano. (Photo Yury Demyanchuk). another one for formaldehyde measurement based on UV/visible measurements. During 2012 we participated in a US project carrying out a study (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric at major petrochemical plant in Longview, in Composition Change), and its main purpose is eastern Texas, USA. The aim with this campaign to study the composition of the atmosphere in was to quantify hydrocarbon emissions from the relation to climate gases and to gases that induce plant and to model the air chemistry downwind stratospheric ozone loss. During 2012 regular the plume. measurements have been carried out, financed by Swedish environmental protection agency, and Emissions from ships several papers have been published on the topic of A method, for remote airborne measurements the climate related gases methane, nitrous oxide of fluegas emissions from ships is presently CO and ethane. being developed. The aim with this system is

13 Radar Remote Sensing Research in the Radar Remote Sensing Group is based on understanding of radar system properties. The main applications studied in the group are forestry, oceanography, and SAR processing. Accurate, large-scale forest mapping is required for improved understanding of the global carbon cycle. Wind fields, surface currents, and sea ice are other important elements in the global climate Research group leader system. For SAR processing, the main interest lies in the development of signal Leif Eriksson processing algorithms for improved image quality.

Forest monitoring Ocean monitoring Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is In 2012, the research was focussed on the one of the most promising techniques for future development and improvement of algorithms for Staff monitoring of the Earth’s forests. The group is retrieval of sea ice drift and sea surface winds. Jan Askne (prof. emeritus) involved in development of new algorithms for The summer export of Arctic sea ice through the Leif Eriksson retrieval of forest parameters based on polari­ Fram Strait between Greenland and Svalbard is a Lars Ulander (adj. prof.) metric and interferometric SAR data. In a new key parameter for climate models. An algorithm project, the recently launched spaceborne SAR for retrieval of sea ice drift has been developed Doctoral students interferometer TanDEM-X is used to create forest and tested with SAR data from the Fram Strait. Anders Berg height images, i.e. digital canopy models (DCMs). Another key parameter for climate models is sea Gisela Carvajal These can be further developed and used for ice thickness. During 2012, the development of an Gustaf Sandberg biomass mapping and forest change mapping. algorithm for retrieval of sea ice thickness based Maciej Soja The figure below shows an example where a on data from the radar altimeter on Cryosat-2 has Jan Torgrimsson DCM acquired with TanDEM-X is compared begun. To collect validation data, a PhD student to a DCM acquired two years earlier with lidar from the group participated in a field campaign from a helicopter. The agreement between the with the research ship R/V Lance in the Fram two DCMs is high and allows detection of forest Strait. The four-week campaign started in mid- change, in this case caused mainly by clear August and was organized by the Norwegian cutting. The group also continued its work on the Polar Institute. For surface wind retrieval an P-band BIOMASS project, a candidate satellite algorithm has been validated and tested with for the 7th ESA Earth Explorer mission. Study data worldwide. The results indicate good results show that a single biomass retrieval model performance at off-shore areas, with a resolution can be used across test sites, indicating that generally finer than from other wind data sources. biomass can be retrieved globally with a P-band Further development will focus on coastal and SAR using biome-dependent models to fulfill polar areas. mission requirements. The final mission selection is scheduled for May 2013. SAR processing The group was involved in development and evaluation of a new autofocus algorithm FGA (Factorized Geometrical Autofocus) for airborne SAR. The algorithm is unique in its ability to correct for space-variant range cell migration which is particularly a problem for ultra-wideband SAR systems. Tests of the algorithm on data collected by the Swedish CARABAS system show excellent results, significantly better than the popular PGA (Phase Gradient Autofocus) algorithm.

This example shows the high degree of agreement between the digital canopy models from lidar and from SAR. The red outlines show regions where major forest change is detected.

14 Radio Astronomy and Astrophysics Our research covers a wide range of topics from planetary atmospheres, through the early evolution of stars and planets, to late stages of stellar evolution, the physics and chemistry of interstellar and intergalactic matter, the structure and evolution of galaxies, and Research group leader cosmology. Our observations are made both at radio frequencies and in other parts of the Susanne Aalto spectrum, with facilities on the Earth and in space. Theoretical research includes numerical simulations and models of complex systems.

Galaxies near and far published. Near the ends of their lives, many stars Theoretical studies of rotating disks of gas and lose gas and newly formed dust particles in strong Staff stars revealed the role of turbulent motions in winds. Dramatic images of this mass-loss were Susanne Aalto controlling the structures of galaxies. Observ­ reported for the star R Sculptoris. The magnetic Arnold van Ardenne ational studies of starburst galaxies continued, fields and polarizing properties of circumstellar (adj. prof.) with a focus on large-scale outflows of gas. A envelopes were explored. Per Bjerkeli (Dec-) cluster of galaxies is such a large concentration John Black of mass that its gravitational lensing magnifies Molecules between the stars Francesco Costagliola the images of galaxies lying behind it: this effect Herschel Space Observatory remained a rich (Jul-) was exploited to investigate the properties of a source of new understanding of interstellar Arto Heikkilä high-redshift galaxy that would otherwise be matter. Reactive ions were used to probe the Åke Hjalmarson much too faint to detect. The first observations dissipation of turbulence. The discovery of (prof. emeritus) Cathy Horellou of galaxy clusters with the Low Frequency Array interstellar chloronium raised new questions Kay Justtanont (LOFAR) telescope were reported and group about the chemistry of chlorine. New insight Kirsten Kraiberg Knudsen members helped to host a meeting of the LOFAR was gained into the interstellar ionization rate René Liseau Magnetism Key Project at the observatory. due to cosmic rays. The possibility of identifying Carina Persson individual sources of cosmic rays was explored. Glenn Persson The original discovery of molecular oxygen in the Alessandro Romeo Ophiuchus molecular cloud was confirmed. The Anthony Rushton (-Jul) chemistries of triatomic carbon and of nitrogen Gustaf Rydbeck hydrides were investigated. (prof. emeritus) Magnus Thomasson First data from ALMA Wouter Vlemmings Members of our group were engaged in several Anders Winnberg ways with the Atacama Large Millimeter/ (prof. emeritus) submillimeter Array (ALMA), now approaching full operation in Chile. We submitted numerous Doctoral students proposals for observing time, often with inter­ Fabien Batejat national collaborators, and were successful with Per Bjerkeli (-Nov) several projects in this globally competitive Francesco Costagliola (-Jun) environment. The first data were exceptional. Taïssa Danilovich The inconspicuous lenticular galaxy NGC1377 (optical image, left) One project made the most precise measurement Niklas Falstad (Sep-) hosts a spectacular outflow of molecular gas. The X-shape CO 2-1 of the temperature of the cosmic background Mitra Hajigholi image (right, data from the SMA telescope) reveal the structure of radiation at high redshift, consistent with the Lukas Lindroos a bipolar wind that is threatening to clear the central region of gas standard Big Bang cosmology. A survey of sub­ within a few million years. (Credit: Susanne Aalto) Haukur Sigurdarson millimeter-wave radiation from galaxies revealed (-Sep) an extremely distant source of radiation from Eskil Varenius Stars young and old carbon ions, a signature of intense star-forming Sofia Wallström Young stars are often surrounded by rotating activity when the Universe was only 10 % of its Joachim Wiegert disks of gas and dust, which might form planets. current age. Images of the dusty disk around the star Fomalhaut were made at far-infrared wavelengths The next generation of astronomers and with Herschel Space Observatory, showing telescopes evidence of dynamical processing of cometary The Mid-Infrared Instrument for the James dust particles. A larger number of debris disks Webb Space Telescope (MIRI) was the first to be were surveyed. Young stars also show outflows delivered to NASA, with Swedish participation. of gas, which can be studied through Herschel Group members helped train research spectroscopy of water and other molecules: students through the Nordic summer school on detailed investigations of several outflows were “Observational Cosmology” at the observatory.

15 Space Geodesy and Geodynamics

Our main interests are geodynamic phenomena and atmospheric processes. We study e.g. the deformation of the Earth’s crust due to mass redistribution, inter- and intra-plate Research group leader tectonics, loading effects, and variations in earth orientation and rotation. Another example is Rüdiger Haas the spatial and temporal variation of atmospheric water vapour. We address these research topics using a variety of observational techniques together with theoretical work.

Ultra-rapid determination of Earth orientation August. The average peak time estimated from parameters with Geodetic Very Long Baseline GPS is 17 local solar time, while the peak time Staff Interferometry (VLBI) predicted by the model is at 18 local solar time. Gunnar Elgered We continued the collaboration with our Japanese Figure 3 depicts a colour-coded representation of Rüdiger Haas colleagues to improve the latency of Earth rota- the IWV peak time for the GPS sites. Jan Johansson tion parameters. We conducted several so-called (adj. prof.) ultra-rapid dUT1-experiments where the earth European frequency and time forum 2012 Tong Ning (Aug-) rotation angle, expressed as difference between In collaboration with SP Technical Research Hans-Georg Scherneck astronomical time and Universal Time Coordi- Institute of Sweden we arranged the European nated (UTC), was determined in near real-time Frequency and Time Forum, 23–27 April, in using the Swedish-Japanese baseline between Gothenburg. The meeting had 320 participants, Doctoral students Onsala and Tsukuba. We extended this concept and 20 exhibitors. Susana García Espada to an ultra-rapid determination of all three Earth (industrial student) Radar interferometry in the Pärvie orientation parameters, i.e. two polar motion Johan Löfgren postglacial fault zone components and the earth rotation angle, with a Tong Ning (-Jul) We continued efforts to detect surface motion network of four stations in Sweden, South Africa, Per-Anders Olsson in the area of the Pärvie postglacial fault west (industrial student) Japan and Australia, see Figure 1. of Kiruna using radar interferometry from Onsala twin-telescope project accepted ERS and ENVISAT. We found locations with The Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation motion consistent over more than 10 years, areas accepted our proposal for a twin telescope at too large for the motion to be explained by the Onsala Space Observatory. The project will permafrost effects. The project is a cooperation officially start in 2013 and includes the construc- with CNR/IRPI, Padua, Italy. tion of two new radio telescopes for geodetic Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), following the VLBI2010 concept. Figure 2 shows an artist’s view of the area with the future twin telescopes.

ESA project on the optimal use of Galileo Figure 1. The four station VLBI frequencies network used in 2012 for ultra- Together with Statens Kartverk in Norway and rapid determination of all three SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden Earth orientation parameters. we finalized a project for the European Space Agency (ESA) on the optimal use of frequencies for Galileo, the future European Satellite Navigation System.

Evaluation of a regional climate model with GPS We used a 14 years long GPS data set including 99 GPS sites in Europe to evaluate a regional climate atmospheric model. We Figure 2. An artist’s view of the compared the estimated diurnal cycle of the future twin-telescopes. integrated water vapour (IWV) from the GPS analysis and the climate model. The model Figure 3. Top: Colour-coded representation of the IWV peak time during the summer months June, July captures the geographical variation of the diurnal and August, derived from GPS data. Bottom: The IWV peak for the summer months June, July, and corresponding distribution of the IWV peak time.

16 Transport Theory

The main focus of the group is to provide theoretical support to the worldwide fusion effort, in particular the ITER programme, for the realisation of thermonuclear fusion as clean, safe and sustainable energy source. The research activity of the group is striving towards improving the understanding of the plasma processes affecting the performance of fusion energy devices and at establishing a predictive capability for Research group leader fusion relevant plasmas. Hans Nordman

Theory of transport and stability in For this an integrated modeling platform cap­ magnetized plasmas able of both multi physics and multiscale The main areas of our research are plasma tur­ modeling is needed. Integrated Modelling bulence, transport and magnetohydrodynamic needs to advance by introducing new physics Staff (MHD) stability in magnetized plasmas with models or incorporating more computationally Luis Fazendeiro application to fusion research. The presence of demanding tools. This will require computational Adrian Jackson turbulence in the plasma results in large transport resources which exceed local and national re­ Yueqiang Liu of heat which crucially affects the size and source allocations. To alleviate this issue, work (adj. prof.) performance of a fusion device. Current work is is progressing on developing a framework for Hans Nordman focused on comparisons between computationally distributed High Performance Computing (HPC) Eva Palmberg (lecturer efficient fluid models of ion and electron scale modeling. The group is involved both in the emeritus) turbulence, suitable for use in analysis and pre­ development of the Integrated Modelling tools Pär Strand dictions of experiments, and large scale kinetic for ITER as well as prototyping the computing Dimitriy Yadykin turbulence simulations. framework: • The Integrated Tokamak Modelling Task Force Doctoral students 2.5 (ITM TF) effort aims at developing a modular, Andreas Skyman versatile and flexible tokamak simulation Daniel Tegnered (Apr-) 2.0 platform and has strong contribu­tions from the group on MHD, transport and whole device 1.5 modelling. The aim here is to build an open and modular modeling platform that will 1.0

eaking g Factor replace many of the current tools in use. P Circular: k s = 0.2 • MAPPER – “Multiscale Application on EU 0.5 Circular:=k s 0.3

Realistic: k s = 0.2 e-infrastructures” is a FP7 project developing Realistic: k s = 0.6 simulation software for multiscale applications 0.0 100 101 102 where fusion is one of the main areas. Here Impurity charge focus is on developing a new structure for Figure 1. Effect of realistic tokamak geometry on impurity scheduling simulation components within Peaking Factor. The Peaking Factor measures the a distributed framework of heterogeneous Figure 2. Results of ratio between advection and diffusion. Positive values hardware resources. the plasma boundary correspond to impurity accumulation in the core. reconstruction for a JET The group has an ITER contract with CEA tokamak pulse. Plasma Understanding the limitations posed by (France), AREVA (France) and CRPP/ boundary displacement Δr as MHD instabilities on the operational scenario EPFL (Switzerland) to design and develop the a function of the toroidal (φ) and investigation of methods to control them Integrated Modelling Framework for ITER. and poloidal (θ) angles. is an important task for efficient operation of At the moment this is in the fusion device. The current work performed the prototyping phase 0.04 on this subject is concentrated on 3D effects in and a first version of a simulation platform is determining of the magnetic field penetration 0.03 time through the conducting wall and the 3D to be delivered together boundary reconstruction during application of with an ontology for 0.02 the external magnetic field for the JET tokamak. storing data for ITER. 6 0.01 0.05 5 Integrated Modelling 0 0 (m) r 4 A fusion reactor is a complex system where the ∆ −0.05 3 −0.01 different physics processes span a large range 6 2 of spatial and temporal scales. One of the main 4 −0.02 challenges of the theory programme in support of 2 1 φ (rad)

ITER is to provide a reliable predictive capability. θ (rad) 0 0

17 Onsala Space Observatory

Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) is the Swedish National Facility for Radio Astronomy. In Onsala, the observatory operates two parabolic radio telescopes, a 25 m diameter cm-wave dish, a 20 m diameter mm-wave dish, and the Swedish LOFAR (Low Frequency Array) station. The observatory is also one of three partners in the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX), a 12 m diameter submillimetre-wave telescope in Chile, and provides Director Hans Olofsson the channel through which Sweden is involved in large international radio astronomy projects, such as EVN (European VLBI Network), LOFAR, ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array), and SKA (Square Kilometre Array).

In addition to radio astronomy, geoscience activities are an official part of the mission of the observatory. The geoscience equipment consists of receivers for GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) including a GNSS tide-gauge, a superconducting Staff gravimeter, a seismograph (owned by Uppsala University), and radiometers for aeronomy. Per Bergman The 20 m telescope is partly used for geodetic VLBI (Very Long Baseline Interferometry). Per Björklund The observatory also contributes to establishing the official Swedish time and Tobia Carozzi Simon Casey international time, by hosting two hydrogen maser clocks and one cesium clock. John Conway Robert Cumming Daniel Dahlin Lars Eriksson LOFAR Geoscience infrastructure Roger Hammargren Regular observations with the LOFAR station in Onsala Space Observatory has been granted SEK Leif Helldner Onsala started in 2012 (the station was inaugu­ 29.7 million from Knut and Alice Wallenberg Christer Hermansson rated in 2011). The LOFAR station is part Foundation to build two new radio telescopes Marianna Ivashina (Apr-) of the International LOFAR Telescope (ILT), equipped with VLBI instrumentation. The tele­ Karl-Åke Johansson but is also used “stand alone” – in particular scopes, parabolic dishes each 12 m in diameter, will Jan Karaskuru for observations of transient phenomena and be used for geodetic VLBI observations with the Ulf Kylenfall pulsars. Much of 2012 was used for tests and goal of a precision ten times better than is possible Mikael Lerner commissioning. The operations are now func­ today. Michael Lindqvist tioning very well. Ivan Marti-Vidal Uppsala University, Department of Geo­ Sebastien Muller One of the first science results from the sciences, has a broadband seismograph station Michael Olberg International LOFAR Telescope came from located at OSO. The station is a component in Henrik Olofsson observations of the Abell 2256 galaxy cluster. the Swedish National Seismograph Network Hans Olofsson LOFAR made the first images of Abell 2256 in (SNSN). During 2012 the instrument was moved Miroslav Pantaleev the frequency range of 20 to 60 MHz. This cluster from the gravity laboratory (where the gravimeter Lars Pettersson of hundreds of galaxies, 800 million light years is located) to a new, dedicated site in order to Anthony Rushton (-Jul) distant, was brighter and more complex than meet SNSN’s request for better conditions for Lars Wennerbäck expected. measurement with respect to environmental Ronny Wingdén perturbations.

Staff shared with Other activities in Onsala research groups The 20 m telescope in Onsala was used Gunnar Elgered for more than 100 days for single-dish Peter Forkman projects, studying the physics and Rüdiger Haas Tong Ning chemistry of the interstellar medium Hans-Georg Scherneck in the Milky Way, star formation Magnus Thomasson processes, and late stellar evolution Wouter Vlemmings including so called AGB stars and Eva Wirström supernova remnants. In addition, the 20 m telescope was used for VLBI A majority of the Group observations by both the astronomical for Advanced Receiver and geodetical communities, and Development (p. 11) is also part of the the 25 m telescope was used for observatory. astronomical VLBI observations. Figure 1. Image of the galaxy cluster Abell 2256 at 60 MHz An interesting VLBI result reported in 2012 made with LOFAR. (Credit: ASTRON/R. J. van Weeren) was the discovery of jets from black holes in the galaxy Arp 220. The jets are believed to be produced in binary star systems in which one star

18 has exploded and left behind a black hole, which and SABOCA bolometer arrays. The draws gas from its companion, producing powerful projects covered a wide range of topics, e.g., jets that emit radio waves. the interstellar medium and star formation In order to improve the tracking performance processes, AGB stars and planetary nebulae, of the 25 m telescope, we have repaired its polar gamma-ray sources, starbursts and different bearing. types of active galaxies. A new house was built in 2012. It contains the ALMA library and the seminar room, thus making place in Observations with ALMA in the Early the administration building for more offices and a Science phase, with less than half of larger lunch room. the antennas in place, have revealed an The outreach activities have continued, with, unexpected spiral structure in the material e.g., school classes and other groups visiting the around the old star R Sculptoris. This observatory, and participation in the Science feature has never been seen before, and is festival in Gothenburg. A new activity in 2012 probably caused by a hidden companion star was the “Day and night of astronomy” described orbiting the star. The discovery, made by an elsewhere in this report. international team including astronomers from OSO, led to the first publication in SKA Figure 2. Sweden is welcomed Nature of data from ALMA. as the newest member of the In June 2012, Onsala Space Observatory, repre­ The ALMA “Cycle 1” Call for Proposals SKA Organization. Patricia senting Sweden, was formally accepted as the (for observations with more than 32 telescopes) Vogel, vice-chair of the board ninth member of the international consortium of directors of the SKA resulted in more than 1000 proposals, the majority which will design the Square Kilometre Array Organization, shakes hands from Europe. The Nordic ALMA Regional Centre (SKA). The SKA is a radio telescope, bigger and with John Conway, deputy (ARC) node at OSO successfully assisted Nordic director of Onsala Space more complex than any previously built, which astronomers in writing proposals: the Nordic Observatory. (Credit: Onsala will consist of thousands of giant antennas placed proposals had a high success rate despite the Space Observatory/Michiel on two continents. It will be built both in South van Haarlem) strong competition. Africa, with antennas in other countries in Africa, and in Australia. The total collecting area of all The ALMA Board has authorised the design its receptors combined will be approximately one and building of 67 receivers for 163–211 GHz square kilometre, making the SKA the largest and (“Band 5”) within the ALMA Development most sensitive radio telescope ever built. Programme. The receivers will be built by an international consortium in which OSO’s Group Funding from the Swedish Research Council, for Advanced Receiver Development (GARD) approved in 2012, will facilitate OSO’s partici­ plays a key role. pation in the technical development of SKA through Work Package Consortia.

APEX Observations using the VLBI technique to connect APEX in Chile to the Submillimeter Array in Hawaii and the Submillimeter Telescope in Arizona has resulted in the highest angular resolution ever achieved in an astronomical observation: 28 microarcseconds or about 8 billionths of a degree (corresponding to only 10 cm at the distance of the Moon). The observations, of the quasar 3C279, were made at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Observations this sharp can probe scales of less than a light-year across the quasar, which is billions of light-years away. The observations were the first VLBI observ­ ations with APEX, and is a crucial step towards the dramatic scientific goal of the “Event Horizon Telescope” project: imaging the shadow of the supermassive black hole in the centre of our Milky Way galaxy, as well as others in nearby galaxies. About 40 single-dish projects were observed with APEX during Swedish time in 2012, using Figure 3. Positions of the telescopes in the 1.3 mm VLBI experiment the SHFI heterodyne receiver and the LABOCA which APEX participated in. (Credit: ESO/L. Calçada)

19 Publications The list contains peer reviewed journal publications that was actually published during 2012. The publications are presented for each research group and in alphabetical order based on the first author´s last name. A few publications with authors from more than one research group are listed in each group. In order to have a list of a reasonable size, we have chosen to only include peer reviewed journal publications on these pages. PhD and licentiate theses are presented on pages 8 and 9. A complete list for 2012, and in most cases also links to the full papers, can be found at: publications.lib.chalmers.se/cpl/lists/publications/departments.

Advanced Receiver Development Langner, J.; Engardt, M.; Baklanov, A.; … ; Simpson D.; et al. (2012). A multi-model study of impacts of Billade, B.; Nyström, O.; Meledin, D.; Sundin, E.; climate change on surface ozone in Europe. Atmos. Lapkin, I.; Fredrixon, M.; Desmaris, V.; Rashid, H.; Chem. Phys., 12, 10423–10440. Strandberg, M.; Ferm, S-E.; Pavolotsky, A.; Belitsky, V. (2012). Performance of the First ALMA Band 5 McLinden, C.A.; Bourassa, A.E.; Brohede, S.; … ; Production Cartridge. IEEE Trans. THz Sci. Technol., Murtagh, D.P.; et al. (2012). OSIRIS: A Decade of 2, 208–214. Scattered Light. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 93, 1845– 1863. Billade, B.; Rashid, H.; Desmaris, V.; Belitsky, V. (2012). Superconducting 4–8 GHz IF Hybrid for Low Nyström, O.; Murtagh, D.P.; Belitsky, V. (2012). Noise mm-Wave Sideband Separation SIS Receiver. PHOCUS radiometer. Atmos. Meas. Techn., 5, 1359– IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett., 22, 589–591. 1373. Nyström, O.; Murtagh, D.P.; Belitsky, V. (2012). Sakalli, A.; Simpson, D. (2012). Towards the use of PHOCUS radiometer. Atmos. Meas. Techn., 5, 1359- dynamic growing seasons in a chemical transport 1373. model. Biogeosciences, 9, 5161–5179. Warnick, K.F.; Ivashina, M.; Wijnholds, S.J. et al. Sato, T.O.; Sagawa, H.; Kreyling, D.; … ; Urban, J.; … (2012). Polarimetry With Phased Array Antennas: ; Murtagh, D.P.; et al. (2012). Strato-mesospheric ClO Theoretical Framework and Definitions. IEEE Trans. observations by SMILES: error analysis and diurnal Antennas Propag., 60, 184–196. variation. Atmos. Meas. Techn., 5, 2809–2825. Scheiben, D.; Straub, C.; Hocke, K.; Forkman, P.; et al. (2012). Observations of middle atmospheric H2O and O-3 during the 2010 major sudden stratospheric Global Environmental warming by a network of microwave radiometers. Measurements and Modelling Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 7753–7765. Simpson, D.; Benedictow, A.; Berge, H.; et al. (2012). Adams, C.; Strong, K.; Batchelor, R.L.; … ; Brohede, The EMEP MSC-W chemical transport model – S. et al. (2012). Validation of ACE and OSIRIS technical description. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 7825– ozone and NO2 measurements using ground-based 7865. instruments at 80 degrees N. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 927–953. Stevens, M.H.; Lossow, S.; Fiedler, J.; … ; Murtagh, D.P.; et al. (2012). Bright polar mesospheric clouds Buehler, S.A.; Defer, E.; Evans, F.; … ; Eriksson, P.; formed by main engine exhaust from the space shuttle’s et al. (2012). Observing ice clouds in the submillimeter final launch. J Geophys Res-Atmos., 117, D19206. spectral range: the CloudIce mission proposal for ESA’s Earth Explorer 8. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 1529–1549. Tremblin, P.; Schneider, N.; Minier, V.; … ; Urban, J.; et al. (2012). Worldwide site comparison for Buker, P.; Morrissey, T.; Briolat, A.; … ; Simpson, submillimetre astronomy. Astron. Astrophys., 548, A65. D; et al. (2012). DO3SE modelling of soil moisture to determine ozone flux to forest trees. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12. 5537–5562. Colette, A.; Granier, C.; Hodnebrog, O.; … ; Simpson, Nonlinear Electrodynamics D.; et al. (2012). Future air quality in Europe: a multi- model assessment of projected exposure to ozone. Bejger, M.; Piran, T.; Abramowicz, M.A.; Håkansson Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 10613–10630. F. (2012). Collisional Penrose Process near the Horizon of Extreme Kerr Black Holes. Phys. Rev. Lett., 109, Forkman, P.; Christensen, O.M.; Eriksson, P.; 121101. Urban, J. et al. (2012). Six years of mesospheric CO estimated from ground-based frequency-switched Garnier, J.; Lisak, M.; Picozzi, A. (2012). Toward a microwave radiometry at 57° N compared with satellite wave turbulence formulation of statistical nonlinear instruments. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 2827–2841. optics. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 29, 2229–2242. Johnston, M.; Eriksson, P.; Eliasson, S.; … ; Murtagh, Hansson, T.; Lisak, M.; Anderson, D. (2012). D.P.; et al. (2012). The representation of tropical upper Integrability and Conservation Laws for the Nonlinear tropospheric water in EC Earth V2. Clim. Dyn., 39, Evolution Equations of Partially Coherent Waves in 2713–2731. Noninstantaneous Kerr Media. Phys. Rev. Lett., 108. Kasai, Y.; Sagawa, H.; Kuroda, T.; … ; Murtagh, Nyqvist, R. (2012). Adiabatic description of long range D.P.; Urban, J.; et al. (2012). Overview of the Martian frequency sweeping. Nuclear Fusion, 52, 094020. atmospheric submillimetre sounder FIRE. Planet. Space Sci., 63–64, 62–82.

20 Nyqvist, R. ; Sharapov, S. E. (2012). Asymmetric radiative OH 44.8-2.3: magnetic field and morphology. Astron. damping of low shear toroidal Alfven eigenmodes. Phys. Astrophys., 538. Plasmas, 19, 082517. Batejat, F.; Conway, J.; Rushton, A.; et al. (2012). Rasch, J. ; Johansson, J. F. (2012). Non-resonant Rapid variability of the compact radio sources in multipactor – A statistical model. Phys. Plasmas, 19, Arp220 Evidence for a population of microblazars? 123505. Astron. Astrophys., 542. Semenov, V.E.; Zharova, N. A.; Zaitsev, N. I.; ... ; Lisak, Bjerkeli, P.; Liseau, R.; Larsson, B.; … ;Rydbeck, M.; Rasch, J.; et al. (2012). Reduction of the Multipactor G.; … ; Bergman, P.; et al. (2012). H2O line mapping Threshold Due to Electron Cyclotron Resonance. IEEE at high spatial and spectral resolution Herschel Trans. Plasma Sci., 40, 3062–3069. observations of the VLA 1623 outflow. Astron. Astrophys., 546, A29. Black, J.H. (2012). H3+ at the interface between astrochemistry and astroparticle physics. Philos. T. R. Optical Remote Sensing Soc. A. , 370, 5130–5141. Berg, N.; Mellqvist, J.; Jalkanen, J.P.; et al. (2012). Bujarrabal, V.; Alcolea, J.; Soria-Ruiz, R.; … ; Ship emissions of SO2 and NO2: DOAS measurements Justtanont, K.; … ; Olofsson, H.; … ; Schöier, F.L.; et from airborne platforms. Atmos. Meas. Techn., 5, al. (2012). Herschel/HIFI observations of molecular 1085–1098. emission in protoplanetary nebulae and young Parrish, D.D.; Ryerson, T.B.; Mellqvist, J.; Johansson, planetary nebulae. Astron. Astrophys., 537, A8. J.; et al. (2012). Primary and secondary sources of Cavalie, T.; Biver, N.; Hartogh, P.; … ; Hjalmarson, formaldehyde in urban atmospheres: Houston Texas Å.; … ; Olberg, M.; et al. (2012). Odin space telescope region. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 3273–3288. monitoring of water vapor in the stratosphere of Jupiter. Vita, F.; Inguaggiato, S.; Bobrowski, N.; … ; Galle, B.; Planet. Space Sci., 61, 3–14. et al. (2012). Continuous SO2 flux measurements for Chong, S.N.; Kwok, S.; Imai, H.; Tafoya Martinez, Vulcano Island, Italy. Ann. Geophys-Italy, 55, 301–308. D.; et al. (2012). Multipolar planetary nebulae: not as geometrically diversified as thought. Astrophys. J., 760. Coppin, K.; Danielson, A.; Geach, J.; … ; Kraiberg Radar Remote Sensing Knudsen, K.; et al. (2012). Herschel-PACS observations of [O I]63 μm towards submillimetre galaxies at z~1. Berg, A.; Eriksson, L.E.B. (2012). SAR Algorithm for Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 427, 520–532. Sea Ice Concentration - Evaluation for the Baltic Sea. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., 9, 938–942. De Gasperin, F.; Orru, E.; Murgia, M.; … ; Conway, J.; et al. (2012). M 87 at metre wavelengths: the LOFAR Neumann, M.; Saatchi, S.S.; Ulander, L.M.H.; et picture. Astron. Astrophys., 547, 56. al. (2012). Assessing Performance of L- and P-Band Polarimetric Interferometric SAR Data in Estimating Du, F.; Parise, B.; Bergman, P. (2012). Production of Boreal Forest Above-Ground Biomass. IEEE Trans. interstellar hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the surface Geosci. Remote Sens., 50, 714–726. of dust grains. Astron. Astrophys., 538, A91. Ertel, S.; Wolf, S.; Marshall, J.P.; … ; Liseau, R.; et al. (2012). A peculiar class of debris disks from Herschel/ DUNES - A steep fall off in the far infrared. Astron. Radio Astronomy and Astrophys., 541. Astrophysics and the Swedish Gerin, M.; Levrier, F.; Falgarone, E.; … ; Persson National Facility for Radio C.M.; .Black, J.H.; et al. (2012). Hydride spectroscopy of the diffuse interstellar medium: new clues on the gas Astronomy fraction in molecular form and cosmic ray ionization Aalto, S.; Garcia-Burillo, S.; Muller, S.; … ; rate in relation to H-3(+). Philos. T. R. Soc. A., 370, Costagliola, F.; et al. (2012). Detection of HCN, HCO+, 5174–5185. and HNC in the Mrk 231 molecular outflow. Dense Girart, J.M.; Patel, N.; Vlemmings, W.; et al. (2012). molecular gas in the AGN wind. Astron. Astrophys., Mapping the linearly polarized spectral line emission 537, 44–51. around the evolved star IRC+10216. Astrophys. J., Aalto, S.; Muller, S.; Sakamoto, K.; … ; Costagliola, Letters. 751. F.; et al. (2012). Winds of change - a molecular outflow Godard, B.; Falgarone, E.; Gerin, M.; … ; Black, in NGC 1377? The anatomy of an extreme FIR-excess J.H.; et al. (2012). Comparative study of CH+ and SH+ galaxy. Astron. Astrophys., 546, A68. absorption lines observed towards distant star-forming Acke, B.; Min, M.; Dominik, C.; … ; Liseau, R.; et al. regions. Astron. Astrophys., 540, A87. (2012). Herschel images of Fomalhaut An extrasolar Hoffmann, V.; Romeo, A. (2012). The effect of ISM Kuiper belt at the height of its dynamical activity. turbulence on the gravitational instability of galactic Astron. Astrophys., 540, A125. discs. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 425, 1511–1520. Allen, R.J.; Rodríguez, M.I.; Black, J.H.; Booth, R.S. Indriolo, N.; Neufeld, D.A.; Gerin, M.; … ; (2012). Faint extended OH emission from the local Black, J.H.; et al. (2012). Chemical Analysis of a interstellar medium in the direction l ≈ 108°, b ≈ 5°. Diffuse Cloud along a Line of Sight toward W51: Astron. J., 143, 97, 1–8. Molecular Fraction and Cosmic-Ray Ionization Rate. Alves, F.O.; Vlemmings, W.; Girart, J.M.; et al. (2012). Astrophys.J., 758, 83. The magnetic field of IRAS 16293-2422 as traced by Johansson, D.; Horellou, C.; Lopez-Cruz, O.; … ; shock-induced H2O masers. Astron. Astrophys., 542. Muller, S.; … ; Black, J.H.; et al. (2012). Molecular gas Amiri, N.; Vlemmings, W.; Kemball, A.; et al. (2012). and dust in the highly magnified z similar to 2.8 galaxy VLBA SiO maser observations of the OH/IR star behind the Bullet Cluster. Astron. Astrophys., 543, A62.

21 Justtanont, K.; Khouri, T.; Maercker, M.; … ; Parise, B; Bergman, P.; Du, F. (2012). Detection of the Olofsson, H.; Schöier, F.L.; et al. (2012). Herschel/ hydroperoxyl radical HO 2 toward rho Ophiuchi A. HIFI observations of O-rich AGB stars: molecular Astron. Astrophys., 541, L11. inventory. Astron. Astrophys., 537, A144. Persson, C.M.; de Luca, M.; Mookerjea, B. Olofsson, Kankare, E.; Ergon, M.; Bufano, F.; … ; Cumming, A.O.H ., Black, J.H.; et al. (2012). Nitrogen hydrides R.; et al. (2012). SN 2009kn - the twin of the Type IIn in interstellar gas II. Analysis of Herschel/HIFI supernova 1994W. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 424, observations towards W49N and G10.6-0.4 (W31C). 855–873. Astron. Astrophys., 543, A145, 145–179. Kirsten, F. ; Vlemmings, W. (2012). No evidence for a Perucho, M.; Marti-Vidal, I.; Lobanov, A.P.; et al. central IMBH in M15. Astron. Astrophys., 542. (2012). S5 0836+710: An FRII jet disrupted by the growth of a helical instability? Astron. Astrophys., 545, Klotz, D.; Sacuto, S.; Kerschbaum, F.; … ; Olofsson, A65. H.; et al. (2012). The geometry of the close environment of SV Piscium as probed by VLTI/MIDI. Astron. Ramstedt, S.; Montez, R.; Kastner, J.; Vlemmings, W. Astrophys., 541. (2012). Searching for X-ray emission from AGB stars. Astron. Astrophys., 543, A147. Kristensen, L.E.; van Dishoeck, E.F.; Bergin, E.A.; … ; Liseau, R. et al. (2012). Water in star-forming Roelfsema, P.R.; Helmich, F.P.; Teyssier, D.; … ; regions with Herschel (WISH) II. Evolution of 557 GHz Olberg, M.; … ; Bjerkeli, P.; et al. (2012). In-orbit 1(10)-1(01) emission in low-mass protostars. Astron. performance of Herschel-HIFI. Astron. Astrophys., Astrophys., 542. 537, A17. Leal-Ferreira, M. L.; Vlemmings, W.; Diamond, P.J.; Romero-Canizales, C.; Perez-Torres, M.A.; Alberdi, et al. (2012). Rotten Egg nebula: the magnetic field of a A.; … ; Batejat, F.; … ; Conway, J.; et al. (2012). binary evolved star. Astron. Astrophys., 540, A42. e-MERLIN and VLBI observations of the luminous infrared galaxy IC 883: a nuclear starburst and an AGN Liseau, R.; Goldsmith, P.F. ; Larsson, B.; … ;Bergman, candidate revealed. Astron. Astrophys., 543, A72. P.; … ;Bjerkeli, P.; Black, J.H; … ; Hjalmarson, Å.; … ; Justtanont, K.; … ; Olofsson, H.; et al. (2012). Multi- Rushton, A.; Miller-Jones, J.C.A.; Campana, R.; et line detection of O2 toward rho Ophiuchi A. Astron. al. (2012). A weak compact jet in a soft state of Cygnus Astrophys., 541. X-1. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 419, 3194–3199. Maercker, M.; Mohamed, S.; Vlemmings, W.; … ; Santangelo, G.; Nisini, B.; Giannini, T.; … ; Liseau, Lindqvist, M.; Olofsson, H.; et al. (2012). Unexpectedly R.; et al. (2012). The Herschel HIFI water line survey large mass loss during the thermal pulse cycle of the red in the low-mass proto-stellar outflow L1448. Astron. giant star R Sculptoris. Nature. 490, 232–234. Astrophys., 538. 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Michael Schieschke from Uppsala University installing the new seismometer station at the Onsala Space Observatory. During the yearly luncheon for retired staff members, an inspection of the new seismometer was on the agenda.

The 25 m telescope observing a VLBI session.

23 Public Outreach

During 2012, more than 2,400 people visited the number of articles and reviews for the magazines observatory in Onsala. There were 81 guided Populär Astronomi and Fysikaktuellt. tours, most of them for school children of all ages. The Onsala Space Observatory continued to Two new events marked Sweden’s first Day maintain a presence on social media (Facebook and Night of Astronomy on October 13: and Twitter for spreading news, and Flickr for • The star party “Onsala stjärnträff”, during images). which 15 enthusiasts from the general Journalists made a number of visits to the public carried out radio observations and observatory, leading to articles about the SKA learned from both each other and from (Göteborgs Posten) and the purported end of invited speakers. the world on December 21 (Dagens Nyheter). • The first ever Astronomy Slam, in which A number of press releases were also issued. 5 astronomers competed against each The majority of the 50 users of our SALSA other in delivering 8-minute talks for an radio telescopes were high school students from audience of about 100 at the science centre Sweden and other European countries, mostly Universeum in Gothenburg. carrying out projects observing interstellar gas in As in previous years, events were organised the Milky Way. However, some users connected during the Gothenburg Science Festival in April. remotely from as far away as Bangladesh and One of these was a public debate with the title Venezuela. Six 12–15 year olds came to the “Are our brains created to understand the observatory as part of their work experience universe?”. weeks. Wouter Vlemmings gave a talk during a The third edition of our book “Populärt om TEDx event organized in Gothenburg (http:// astronomi” by Mikael Lerner was published. It www.tedxgoteborg.com/portfolio/puzzling-out- is available both as a printed version and as a the-universe-wouter-vlemmings/). digital version, that can be downloaded free of Our staff gave a number of public talks charge from our website. For the first time it also about astronomy across the country, and wrote a contains illustrations, and is printed in colour.

The group of astronomy enthusiasts that participated in the “Onsala Stjärnträff” at the observatory during Day and Night of Astronomy that took place October 13–14. Credit: Klara Räftegård and James Dresch.

The traditional Mother’s Day open house at the observatory attracted many visitors. Credit: Magnus Thomasson.

24 Facts and Figures

First degree and Other 2.5% Chalmers master’s studies Foundation Income (SEK 1,000) 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 4.5% <1% Research grants 86,816 88,868 80,359 79,908 68,440

Research, faculty funding 37,561 35,195 30,032 30,530 25,415 Research, First degree & master’s studies 5,980 6,394 8,154 7,162 6,596 faculty funding Other 3,531 4,040 2,816 1,754 2,274 Research 28% Chalmers foundation 125 524 – 234 1,291 grants 64% Total 136,025 135,021 121,361 119,588 104,016

2012

Travel 3% Used grants (SEK 1,000) 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 Investments 5% Personnel 68,504 67,284 61,821 62,432 57,305 Other expenses 10% Internal overhead, IT, etc. 18,144 17,492 15,640 14,612 11,488 Fees (APEX, JIVE, etc.) 9,580 7,680 10,831 7,900 7,486 Premises 7% Premises 8,656 8,776 8,925 8,155 7,637 Other 12,685 19,959 13,462 16,973 11,341 Personnel Fees (APEX, 53.5% Investments 6,472 5,130 4,148 3,561 3,008 JIVE, etc) 7.5% Travel 3,818 4,500 4,164 3,937 4,172 Total 127,859 130,821 118,991 117,570 102,437 Internal overhead, IT, etc 14% 2012

External funding (SEK 1,000) 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 VINNOVA 4% Swedish Research Council 49,007 50,654 41,801 39,214 35,266 ESA, ESO, CNES 3% Others 9% European Community 12,885 12,378 16,391 18,798 14,752 Swedish National Space Board 12,621 10,898 10,862 11,518 10,927 Swedish Other 7,413 8,345 5,497 4,718 3,230 National Foreign universities – 1,982 – – – Space Board The Swedish 14% Research Intl. Org. – ESA, ESO, CNES 2,391 1,548 4,168 2,977 2,410 Council Swedish Energy Agency – – 830 – – 55.5% VINNOVA (Swedish Govt. Agency for Innovation Systems) 4,112 4,537 810 2,683 1,855 European Community Total 88,429 90,342 80,359 79,908 68,440 14.5% 2012

Personnel (Dec 31) 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 Ammanuens Professors Professors 12 11 12 9 10 Adjunct professors Adjunct professors 6 5 5 5 5 Doctoral Associate professors/ students Associate professors/ University lecturers 10 10 10 12 12 university lecturers Assistant professors 3 4 3 3 3 Assistant professors Researchers 2 5 11 12 8 Researchers Post doc 8 1 4 5 3 Administrative staff Post doc Research engineers 21 21 20 16 16 Technical staff 16 13 12 10 10 Administrative staff 7 8 7 5 5 Technical Research staff engineers Doctoral students 31 36 33 36 37 2012 Ammanuens 2 – – – – Total 118 114 117 113 109

25 Organisation

Local Collaboration Steering Head of Departmental Teaching Group Group Department Advisory Team Staff

Deputy Head and Director of Graduate Studies HR Officer Vice Head and Director of Undergraduate Studies

Onsala Space Observatory Administration Advanced Global Nonlinear Receiver Environmental Electrodynamics The Swedish Development Measurements National Facility for and Modelling Radio Astronomy

Optical Radar Remote Radio Astronomy Space Geodesy Transport Theory Remote Sensing Sensing and Astrophysics and Geodynamics

Departmental Advisory Team The advisory team’s task is to identify and take a stand­ Internal representatives 2012 point on overall strategic issues that are of relevance to • Gunnar Elgered, Head of Department the long-term development of the department, and to • Camilla Andersson, Secretary support the department’s steering group in other matters • Bo Galle, Staff’s representative that may arise. The team met three times during 2012. • Ulf Kylenfall, Staff’s representative • Pär Strand, Staff’s representative External representatives 2012 • Ole Martin Christensen, Doctoral students’ • Göran Netzler, Chairman representative • Erik Kollberg, Chalmers’ President’s representative • Erik Ahlqvist, Students’ representative • Thomas Lewin, Ericsson Research • Jenny Andersson, Students’ representative • Sven Grahn, Swedish Space Corporation • Marie Rådbo, University of Gothenburg

The yearly departmental excursion took place in August. The morning was spent listening to a lecture about chemical substances and how they effect the environment and our health. In the afternoon we had a friendly competition outdoors in contiuously changing weather.

26 Administration and Finance The group supports the department as well as the Onsala Space Observatory. They work with organisational and financial planning and follow-up, accounting, study administration, HR administration, purchasing, web and other communication, as well as any other services needed by the research and teaching staff.

• Ingrid Eriksson • Katarina Norheim Head of Administration and Finance, Financial Officer, Aug- retired in May 2012 • Camilla Andersson • Ingrid Jakobson (pictured above) Administrator Head of Administration and Finance, May- • Paula Rosell • Katarina Kaudern Administrator Communications Officer • Marita Nelin • Jessica Peterson Administrator, temporary Aug- Communications Officer, on parental leave • Susanna Svantesson • Maria Karlsson Administrator, temporary -Aug Financial Officer

The Steering Group The steering group handles strategic as well as operational matters for the department as a whole. It meets every third week. The group consists of: Camilla Andersson in discussion with Marita Nelin. the Head of Department, the Deputy Head, the Vice Head, the Communications Officer, the Head of Administration and Finance, the Personnel Officer, the Director of the Onsala Space Observatory and our eight research group leaders. Teaching Staff The teaching staff has approximately 30 members. Johan Mellqvist and Arto Heikkilä are Chairman and Vice Chairman respectively. The group has an advisory function on research and educational issues and meets 4–5 times per year.

Local Collaboration Group The Local Collaboration Group is a forum for discussing all issues concerning the management of the department: appointment of staff members, matters related to the premises and general working conditions, including the work environment (physical as well as psychosocial) and gender equality. The group consist of the Head of Department, the Head of Administration and Finance, the Personnel Officer, three representatives from our unions, a work environment ombudsman and an equality ombudsman, and meets every sixth week.

27 Department of Earth and Space Sciences Chalmers University of Technology SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden Telephone: +46 31-772 10 00 Internet: www.chalmers.se/rss

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