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Role of Abiotic Factors in the Distribution and Abundance of Gall Aphids on Alstonia Scholaris in Jammu Region Anjali Dhar

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Role of Abiotic Factors in the Distribution and Abundance of Gall Aphids on Alstonia Scholaris in Jammu Region Anjali Dhar Role of Abiotic Factors in the Distribution and Abundance of Gall Aphids on Alstonia Scholaris in Jammu Region Anjali Dhar Role of Abiotic Factors in the Distribution and Abundance of Gall Aphids on Alstonia Scholaris in Jammu Region Anjali Dhar Corresponding Author, Central University of Jammu, Jammu Abstract Foliar gall aphids have been the important foliar pests of Jammu region mainly infesting Alstonia scholaris. This paper identifies and integrates the existing information Reference to this paper regarding the distribution and abundance of this psyllid should be made as follows: species. Early foliar colonization patterns by psyllids were examined relative to the landscape parameters like Anjali Dhar, temperature and humidity including density of nearby “Role of Abiotic Factors in Alstonia trees . Though the pest abundance explained the the Distribution and psyllid colonization and population density, a density- Abundance of Gall Aphids dependent effect was also observed. When psyllid on Alstonia Scholaris in populations were low, more adults were found in the vicinity Jammu Region”, of Alstonia leaves. When their populations were higher, Voyager: Vol. VIII, the adults were found farther from foliar areas hinting their No. 2, Dec 2017, dispersion to new areas . Galls occur at isolated areas or pp.146-153 agglomerate on the abaxial surface of the leaf. The insect along with the egg deposits some physiologic fluid which act as a stimulant for the induction of the gall. This stimulus brings about hypertrophy followed by hyperplasia of cells next to the location of the deposited eggs. The homopterans presents three nymphal instars, from eclosion of the egg to the adult. Key words: Foliar galls, abiotic factors, immature, psyllid. 146 Voyager: Vol. VIII, No. 2, Dec. 2017, ISSN :(p) 0976-7436 (e) 2455-054x Impact Factor 3.8919 (ICRJIFR) UGC Approved Journal No. 63640 Introduction out by a pore called ostiole which is very Alstonia scholaris (Common small in immature galls .But as the adult name: Satwin, chattin) belongs to family liberate out of them their ostiole size enlarges Apocynaceae. (Saini and Sarin, 2012). The psyllids has five It has an Indian origin and is having nymphal instars, from eclosion of the egg to a medicinal use. Its bark is bitter in taste and the adult instar. is used as an astringent. It is used as anti- The present set up was planned to diarrhoea and anti-dysentery.The milky juice study the effect of abiotic factors on the of bark is applied to sores and ulcers. Bark population dynamics of P. tuberculata and also yields a fibre. Flowers yield an alkaloid devising the new control strategies for ‘Picrinine which acts as a anti- depressant reducing its infestations on A. scholaris. on the central nervous system.The same Psyllid galls are complex structures, plant had been introduced along the road and can be found either as isolated or dividers to add to the greenery across the aggregated mass (Hodkinson 1984, Dreger- roads . This plant is easy to manage in polluted Jauffret and Shorthouse 1992, Raman 2003) areas and consumes less water. This is why in distribution. Leaf gall causative agent , it was planted in large numbers across Pauropsylla tuberculata Crawford National Highway. They utilize the vehicular (Psyllidae: Homoptera) is one of the major pollutants (carbon dioxde ) in order to keep pest of A. scholaris There was an epidemic surrounding environment free from pollution. of black or brown galls on A. scholaris But an epidemic of foliar galls on leaves in Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh and A. scholaris in Jammu has created a Delhi. The causal organism of Alstonia leaf menace. This ornamental plant has turned galls was identified as a psyllid (jumping plant into a shabby vegetation .The causative louse), P. tuberculata (Albert et. al. 2011). organism of Alstonia leaf galls was identified Free feeding psyllids are more active during as a psyllid (jumping plant louse), periods of high humidity while others produce Pauropsylla tuberculata (Albert et al wax as a strategy to avoid water loss 2011).This infection is spreading fast and (Hodkinson 1984) Many authors have hence measures need to be taken for its reported different morphological types of safe propagation and control. galls on the same plant caused by different Four super families of Hemiptera insects (Gonçalves Alvim and Fernandes namely Aphidoidea, Psylloidea, Coccoidea 2001, Scareli-Santos and Varanda 2003). In and Aleyrodoidea include gall inducing A. scholaris only one type of gall was species (Raman 2003). These insects while observed. According to Rohfritsch (1992), extracting the sap from the xylem, phloem young plant tissues are recorded to present and non conducting tissues of the plant form responses against inducing insects when pouch galls on both sides of leaves opening compared to already differentiated tissues. 147 Role of Abiotic Factors in the Distribution and Abundance of Gall Aphids on Alstonia Scholaris in Jammu Region Anjali Dhar Galls in A. scholaris occur on both young leaves of Alstonia scholaris were collected and mature leaf tissues indicating that tissues from infested and uninfested trees. The in such species react against the inducing methodology in the present study. focussed insects regardless of the leaf age of on the experimental site, abiotic factors and Baccharis dracunculifolia (Arduin and population dynamics of gall aphids on Kraus 2005), in Pouteria torta (Scareli- Alstonia trees under different abiotic Santos et. al. 2008). conditions.The temperature, rainfall and Jain and Dhiman (2014) reported relative humidity of the area around Alstonian that the gall insect, P. tuberculata Crawford trees were recorded and correlated with which forms galls on A. scholaris, begins in Meterological Deparment in Jammu.Twenty the last week of March which coincides with five leaves from each tree were randomly the emergence of new flush of leaves. Adult collected. The total number of galls/leaf and female of P. tuberculata lays eggs at the total number of galls/pods were counted. side of midribs and veins on the ventral These leaves were placed in glass jars and surface of the leaves. Galls are considered covered with muslin for recording the a significant drain on leaf resources (Fay et emergence of aphids from galls. Their al 1993, Nyman and Julkunen-Tiitto 2001). presence on leaf, galls from March 2017 to Accumulation of food materials in cells October 2017 was noted. Three replicates around the nymphal chamber is commonly of each experimental set ups were taken for observed in the foliar galls (Arduin et al the experimental study. 2005). Shrinkage and dying up of cells lining Different developmental stages the opening in the mature gall has been were dissected out of small and mature galls. observed. The size of the ostiole increases The youngest gall developmental stage was facilitating the escape of the insect nymph. determined based on the smallest diameter The nymph moves through this cleaved observed as a small spot bulged on the leaf passage towards the exit, moults and blade. The mature ungalled leaves and galls escapes as an adult winged insect. At gall of different developmental stages were taken senescence, around the insect chamber and to the laboratory for morphological analysis. the exit channel a healing tissue is formed Galls were observed morphologically under (Albert et. al. 2011) dissecting microscope in the laboratory. Materials and Methods Observations and Results The study study site included Initiation of the gall formation Temporary academic block (TAB) park area, resulted from the oviposition on the TAB sports ground area ,divider green area leaves The first visible change is seen as a along the road side of National highway, slight decolourisation on the areas where the Channi and Sainik colony. Main Focus was eggs are deposited. A small cavity is formed on Alstonia plant.Mature galled and ungalled within which the egg lies. Gradually the 148 Voyager: Vol. VIII, No. 2, Dec. 2017, ISSN :(p) 0976-7436 (e) 2455-054x Impact Factor 3.8919 (ICRJIFR) UGC Approved Journal No. 63640 decolourized area increases in size and was noted . When aphid populations were forms a small outgrowth on the lower side low, more aphids were found in the vicinity of leaf where the gall appears enlarged. At host Alstonian leaves.When aphid initial stage the gall grows towards the upper populations were higher, more aphids were side of the leaf but later on its growth is found farther from the original host infesting towards the lower side as well. nearby leaves and plants of Alstonia. When the leaves are heavily infested The quantification of galls was done with galls, the lamina is reduced to a single per leaf by manual counting. The gall aphid yellowish mass of cells. With the increased presence was defined as at least one aphid number of galls, the leaves appear crumbled observed during sampling of a studied area and deformed. Role of the environmental in the TAB lawn. Gall aphid colonization was factors (temperature, day length, rainfall and defined as any number of galls observed on humidity) in the abundance and phenology at least two of the sampled leaves of of gall aphid (including the factors which Alstonia plant in the lawn support alate production and migratory Temperature proved an important behavior) were examined. abiotic factor for propagation of infestation. Besides, influence of light intensity and relative humidity was also conspicious. Temperature being an important abiotic factor has a significant effect on the developmental duration as well as on the percentage of longevity of females, while mortality, emergence, fecundity and host feeding was slightly affected. Relative humidity only affected the developmental duration of Alstonian gall Normal- With one-2 galls-Increased gall infection aphids. Light intensity had mostly affected Heavily infested- Alstonia leaf its biological and ecological traits .High light Colonization patterns made by the intensity resulted in a shorter developmental Alstonian galls were examined.
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