DOCSLIB.ORG

Electric Utility Infrastructure Vulnerabilities: Transformers, Towers, and Terrorism

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Electric Utility Infrastructure Vulnerabilities: Transformers, Towers, and Terrorism Electric Utility Infrastructure Vulnerabilities: Transformers, Towers, and Terrorism Amy Abel Section Research Manager Paul W. Parfomak Specialist in Energy and Infrastructure Policy Dana A. Shea Specialist in Science and Technology Policy April 9, 2004 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R42795 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Electric Utility Infrastructure Vulnerabilities: Transformers, Towers, and Terrorism Summary The U.S. electric power system has historically operated at such a high level of reliability that any major outage, either caused by sabotage, weather, or operational errors, makes news headlines. The transmission system is extensive, consisting mainly of transformers, switches, transmission towers and lines, control centers, and computer controls. A spectrum of threats exists to the electric system ranging from weather-related to terrorist attacks, including physical attacks, as well as attacks on computer systems, or cyber attacks. The main risk from weather-related damage or a terrorist attack against the electric power industry is a widespread power outage that lasts for an extended period of time. Of the transmission system’s physical infrastructure, the high-voltage (HV) transformers are arguably the most critical component. Utilities rarely experience loss of an individual HV transformer, but recovery from such a loss takes months if no spare is available. Conversely, utilities regularly experience damage to transmission towers due to both weather and malicious activities, and are able to recover from this damage fairly rapidly. While occasionally causing blackouts, outages resulting from these attacks generally have not been widespread or long- lasting. Several options exist to mitigate vulnerabilities. Several groups have long proposed the stockpiling equipment as emergency replacements for critical units that do not currently have secure spares. However, some argue that a stockpile would be costly. Another option is to standardize the designs of permanent HV transformers to facilitate emergency recovery. Some have proposed revitalizing domestic manufacturing of HV transformers arguing that a reliance on foreign manufacturers would increase recovery time due to shipping time. However, others argue that the additional shipping time is not significant compared to overall manufacturing time. Threats against control systems may come from several different directions, such as state- sponsored attack, terrorist group attack, computer hacking, and worm or viral infection. However, the risk posed to industrial control systems from Internet-based attack is difficult to assess. Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system vulnerability reduction may be achieved through several routes, including an increase in corporate and overall cyber-security, implementation of best-practices to bolster existing security functions in control system networks, stronger oversight and enforcement of security guidelines, and new technologies for secure control systems. Issues facing Congress include: What should be done to address vulnerabilities in the electric system? Who should be responsible for implementing appropriate actions? Who should pay? Should reliability guidelines or standards be implemented by the federal government or industry groups? And, who should be responsible for carrying out research and development to reduce vulnerabilities? Congressional Research Service Electric Utility Infrastructure Vulnerabilities: Transformers, Towers, and Terrorism Contents Introduction and Overview .............................................................................................................. 1 Regulatory Overlay ................................................................................................................... 3 Federal Initiatives................................................................................................................ 3 Issues Relating to Electric Restructuring................................................................................... 7 Market Information ............................................................................................................. 8 Cost Recovery and Restructuring........................................................................................ 8 Utility Industry Restructuring and High-Voltage Transformer Manufacturing................... 9 Transmission System Physical Vulnerability................................................................................... 9 Electric Power High Voltage Transformers ............................................................................. 10 High Voltage (HV) Transformer Characteristics............................................................... 10 Manufacture ...................................................................................................................... 11 Inventory ........................................................................................................................... 12 Criticality of HV Transformers................................................................................................ 12 Vulnerability of HV Transformers........................................................................................... 14 HV Transformer Vulnerability In Perspective................................................................... 16 Control Center Characteristics and Physical Vulnerabilities................................................... 17 Transmission Tower Characteristics and Vulnerabilities......................................................... 18 Industry Security Initiatives—Physical Infrastructure ............................................................ 19 Government Security Initiatives—Physical Infrastructure...................................................... 20 Department of Homeland Security.................................................................................... 20 Department of Defense...................................................................................................... 21 Department of Energy ....................................................................................................... 21 State Utility Commissions................................................................................................. 21 Cyber Systems in the Electric Utility Industry .............................................................................. 21 Electric Utility Cyber Characteristics and Vulnerabilities....................................................... 22 Threat to Cyber Systems .........................................................................................................23 Cyber Vulnerability Reduction................................................................................................ 24 Cyber Research Activities ................................................................................................. 26 Policy Issues .................................................................................................................................. 26 Physical Security Issues .......................................................................................................... 28 “Hardening” HV Transformer Substations........................................................................ 28 Recovery Speed................................................................................................................. 29 Increasing Contingency Planning...................................................................................... 32 Developing New Transformer Technologies..................................................................... 32 Expanding Transmission Capacity.................................................................................... 33 Cyber-security Issues............................................................................................................... 34 Figures Figure 1. Electric Transmission Network ........................................................................................ 1 Figure 2. The Electric Power System .............................................................................................. 3 Figure 3. FERC Jurisdiction of Transmission Lines........................................................................ 5 Figure 4. FERC Jurisdiction of Service Territories.......................................................................... 6 Congressional Research Service Electric Utility Infrastructure Vulnerabilities: Transformers, Towers, and Terrorism Figure 5. 345 kV Transformer Installation .................................................................................... 11 Figure 6. Estimated Number of 500 kV or Larger Transformer Substations by NERC Region......................................................................................................................................... 13 Tables Table A-1. Global High-Voltage Transformer Manufacturers, 2004 ............................................. 35 Table A-2. 2002 Export and Trade Data for High-Voltage Transfers* .......................................... 36 Appendixes Appendix A. High-Voltage Transformer Trade Data ..................................................................... 35 Appendix B. Electric Utility Infrastructure Information Sharing and Antitrust Implications ...............................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Compact High Voltage Electric Power Transmission
    Compact High Voltage Electric Power Transmission By Dennis Woodford, P.Eng. [email protected] January 3, 2014 Introduction There is a developing need to provide high voltage electric power transmission that minimizes impact on the environment, agriculture and communities. Overhead transmission lines have been the normal located on designated rights-of-way. Acquiring new right-of way for overhead ac transmission lines is usually challenging to permit and in some jurisdiction impossible to obtain. To minimize the adverse effects of high voltage electric power transmission lines, new technologies are forthcoming that when applied may be more acceptable. By judicious compacting of high voltage direct current (HVDC) and high voltage alternating current (HVAC) transmission systems, existing rights-of-way can be utilized, such as along roads or rail lines. A concept for compacting transmission lines for this purpose is presented. Note: Portions or all of this paper may be copied, quoted or referred to so long as Electranix Corporation is acknowledged. Electranix Corporation, 12 – 75 Scurfield Blvd, Winnipeg, MB R3Y 1G4, Canada. www.electranix.com Compacting HVDC Transmission A new technology to convert HVAC power to HVDC power and vice versa is being successfully applied throughout the world enabling use of HVDC transmission. These converters apply large power transistors in what are designated voltage sourced converters (VSC) enabling VSC transmission. One popular configuration of voltage sourced converters is termed “symmetrical monopoles.” When a converter station has two symmetrical monopoles, it is not unlike the more conventional configuration of a “bipole” which also has two poles. When a bipole is rated at ±500 kV, it has two poles, each 500 kV and grounded at one end so that the generated HVDC line voltage has one polarity positive and the other polarity negative.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Bus Bar, Split Bus Bar System, Special Purpose Cables. Electrical Diagram and Identification Scheme. Circuit Controlling Devic
    Volume – II POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Bus Bar, split bus bar system, special purpose cables. Electrical diagram and identification scheme. Circuit controlling devices. Power utilization-typical application to avionics. Bus Bar - Introduction In most of aircrafts, the output from the generating sources is coupled to one or more low impedance conductors referred as bus bars. This are situated at central points within the aircraft and provides positive supplies to various consumer circuits. In a very simple system a bus bar can take the form of a strip of interlinked terminals while in complex system. Main bus bars are thick metal strips or rods to which input and output supply connections can be made. Bus Bar Systems Requirements: i) Power-consuming equipment must not be deprived of power in the event of power source failures. ii) Failure on the distribution system should have the minimum effect on system functioning. 1 Introduction to Avionics iii) Power consuming equipment faults must not endanger the supply of power to other equipment. Types of Consumer Services: i) Vital Services: These services are connected directly to the battery. For Example, during an emergency wheels up landing emergency lighting and crash switch operation of fire extinguishers are required. ii) Essential Services: Those are required to ensure safe flight in an in- flight emergency situation. They are connected to dc or ac bus bars. iii) Non-Essential Services: These are isolated in an in-flight emergency for load shedding purposes. Bus bar System: From the below diagram 1.1 the power supplies are 28 volts dc from engine driven generators, 115 volts 400 Hz ac from rotary inverters and 28 volts dc from batteries.
    [Show full text]
  • US, Qatar Commit to Advance High-Level Strategic Co-Operation
    COMMUNITY | Page 16 QATAR | Page 7 South African cancer survivor says she owes it to Qatar New system to improve for saving life training standards in driving schools published in QATAR since 1978 WEDNESDAY Vol. XXXX No. 11240 July 10, 2019 Dhul Qa’dah 7, 1440 AH GULF TIMES www. gulf-times.com 2 Riyals US, Qatar commit to advance high-level strategic co-operation His Highness the Amir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani with US President Donald His Highness the Amir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani and US President Donald Trump attending the working lunch at the White House yesterday. Trump meeting at the White House yesterday. O Amir meets US President at the White House O Several agreements and MoUs signed in the fields of trade, investment and defence O Trump highlights role of Al Udeid Air Base QNA world, hailing Qatar’s large invest- the desire to multiply this fi gure for his planes and Gulfstream Aviation. Washington ments in the United States and the huge confi dence in the US economy. They also witnessed the signing of an agreements which will be signed later The Amir extended an invitation to agreement in the fi eld of air defence to in the day in the fi elds of trade, invest- the US president to visit Qatar and Al provide Qatar with multiple additional is Highness the Amir Sheikh ment and defence. Udeid Air Base. systems of air defence. Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani Trump highlighted the role of Al President Trump thanked the Amir The signing ceremony was attended Hand the President of the United Udeid Air Base and its strategic impor- for the invitation, and praised the by members of the offi cial delegation States of America Donald Trump dis- tance in the Middle East, terming it as achievements made by Qatar at Al accompanying the Amir.
    [Show full text]
  • HVDC Transmission PDF
    High Voltage Direct Current Transmission – Proven Technology for Power Exchange 2 Contents Chapter Theme Page Contents 3 1Why High Voltage Direct Current? 4 2 Main Types of HVDC Schemes 6 3 Converter Theory 8 4Principle Arrangement of an 11 HVDC Transmission Project 5 Main Components 14 5.1 Thyristor Valves 15 5.2 Converter Transformer 18 5.3 Smoothing Reactor 21 5.4 Harmonic Filters22 5.4.1 AC Harmonic Filter 23 5.4.2 DC Harmonic Filter 25 5.4.3 Active Harmonic Filter 26 5.5 Surge Arrester 28 5.6 DC Transmission Circuit 5.6.1 DC Transmission Line 31 5.6.2 DC Cable 33 5.6.3 High Speed DC Switches 34 5.6.4 Earth Electrode 36 5.7 Control & Protection 38 6System Studies, Digital Models, 45 Design Specifications 7Project Management 46 3 1 Why High Voltage Direct Current ? 1.1 Highlights from the High Line-Commutated Current Sourced Self-Commutated Voltage Sourced Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) History Converters Converters The transmission and distribution of The invention of mercury arc rectifiers in Voltage sourced converters require electrical energy started with direct the nineteen-thirties made the design of semiconductor devices with turn-off current. In 1882, a 50-km-long 2-kV DC line-commutated current sourced capability. The development of Insulated transmission line was built between converters possible. Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT) with high Miesbach and Munich in Germany. voltage ratings have accelerated the At that time, conversion between In 1941, the first contract for a commer- development of voltage sourced reasonable consumer voltages and cial HVDC system was signed in converters for HVDC applications in the higher DC transmission voltages could Germany: 60 MW were to be supplied lower power range.
    [Show full text]
  • High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Technology
    High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) Technology Three (3) Continuing Education Hours Course #EE1111 Approved Continuing Education for Licensed Professional Engineers EZ-pdh.com Ezekiel Enterprises, LLC 301 Mission Dr. Unit 571 New Smyrna Beach, FL 32170 800-433-1487 [email protected] HVDC Technology Ezekiel Enterprises, LLC Course Description: The HVDC Technology course satisfies three (3) hours of professional development. The course is designed as a distance learning course that overviews high voltage direct current technology in the modern age. Objectives: The primary objective of this course is to enable the student to understand high voltage direct current systems, theory, benefits, and components as well as a review of current applications used today. Grading: Students must achieve a minimum score of 70% on the online quiz to pass this course. The quiz may be taken as many times as necessary to successful pass and complete the course. A copy of the quiz questions are attached to last pages of this document. ii HVDC Technology Ezekiel Enterprises, LLC Table of Contents HVDC Technology Why HVDC? ........................................................... 1 Main Types of HVDC Schemes ................................ 3 Converter Theory .................................................. 5 Principle Arrangement of an HVDC Transmission Project .................................................................. 8 Main Components ............................................... 11 Thyristor Valves ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Transmission Tower in (Ultra) High Strength Concrete
    Master Thesis Transmission Tower in (Ultra) High Strength Concrete Name : Shayer Nijman Studentnr. : 4168135 University : TU Delft Faculty : CiTG Master : Structural Engineering Specialization : Concrete Structures Company : Movares Nederland Period : 01 May-20 Dec 2013 Committee Department head: Prof.dr.ir. Dick Hordijk Phone number: +31 40 247 4890 Email address: [email protected] Thesis supervisor 1: Dr.ir.drs. René Braam Phone number: +31 15 278 2779 Email address: [email protected] Thesis supervisor 2: Ir. Sander Pasterkamp Phone number: +31 15 278 4982 Email address: [email protected] Company: Movares Nederland Department: Infrastructuur, Constructief Ontwerpen Address: Leidseveer 10 Postcode: 3511 SB Postbus: Postbus 2855 Postcode postbusnumber: 3500 GW City: Utrecht Phone number: +31 30 265 5555 Fax: +31 20 267 6464 Internet site: http://movares.nl/ Company supervisor: Ir. Jan van Wolfswinkel Function: Adviseur Constructief Ontwerpen Phone number: +31 30 265 5167 Email address: [email protected] Shayer Nijman Page i Abstract The power grid in the Netherlands will be fundamentally renovated and expanded in the coming years. Therefore new concepts of transmission towers should be considered, with an architecturally approved design not only with a long lifespan, but with the smallest visual impact on the environment, while simultaneously being execution and cost friendly, as well as environmentally sustainable. Movares Nederland has been doing research on different alternatives to find the optimal shape of the described concept since 2005. One of the possible alternatives is to use conical tube masts of prestressed (Ultra) High Strength Concrete. The choice between the HSC and UHSC and the extent and manner of prestressing are part of the design.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to System Operations Power Transmission
    1 7|Power Transmission Power transmission is more than the transmission line network. Transmission is designated to mean the higher voltage levels on a given power system. Objective: • To recognize transmission line’s supporting structures and electrical design characteristics • To list methods for controlling voltage and power flow for the operation of High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems W ESTERN E LECTRICITY C OORDINATING C OUNCIL Course Outline 1. Introduction to WECC 2. Fundamentals of Electricity 3. Power System Overview 4. Principles of Generation 5. Substation Overview 6. Transformers 7. Power Transmission 8. System Protection 9. Principles of System Operation 3 Power Transmission • Components and Interconnections • Electrical Model • Operating Considerations • Circuit Restoration • High Voltage Direct Current Transmission W ESTERN E LECTRICITY C OORDINATING C OUNCIL 4 Power Transmission Components and Interconnections • Conductors • Towers • Insulators • Shield wires • Rights-of-way W ESTERN E LECTRICITY C OORDINATING C OUNCIL 5 Power Transmission Components and Interconnections Conductors Conductors carry the electricity. Overhead Underground W ESTERN E LECTRICITY C OORDINATING C OUNCIL 6 Conductors W ESTERN E LECTRICITY C OORDINATING C OUNCIL 7 Conductors W ESTERN E LECTRICITY C OORDINATING C OUNCIL 8 Corona Rings W ESTERN E LECTRICITY C OORDINATING C OUNCIL 9 Bundled Conductor W ESTERN E LECTRICITY C OORDINATING C OUNCIL 10 Transmission AC Line and DC Line W ESTERN E LECTRICITY C OORDINATING C OUNCIL 11 Power Transmission
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution
    Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION WORLD BANK GROUP Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Introduction of the results of an environmental assessment in which site- specific variables, such as host country context, assimilative The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines are capacity of the environment, and other project factors, are technical reference documents with general and industry- taken into account. The applicability of specific technical specific examples of Good International Industry Practice recommendations should be based on the professional opinion (GIIP) 1. When one or more members of the World Bank Group of qualified and experienced persons. are involved in a project, these EHS Guidelines are applied as required by their respective policies and standards. These When host country regulations differ from the levels and industry sector EHS guidelines are designed to be used measures presented in the EHS Guidelines, projects are together with the General EHS Guidelines document, which expected to achieve whichever is more stringent. If less provides guidance to users on common EHS issues potentially stringent levels or measures than those provided in these EHS applicable to all industry sectors. For complex projects, use of Guidelines are appropriate, in view of specific project multiple industry-sector guidelines may be necessary. A circumstances, a full and detailed justification for any proposed complete list of industry-sector guidelines can be found at: alternatives is needed as part of the site-specific environmental www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/Content/EnvironmentalGuidelines assessment. This justification should demonstrate that the choice for any alternate performance levels is protective of The EHS Guidelines contain the performance levels and human health and the environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Green Energy Corridor and Grid Strengthening Project (RRP IND 44426)
    Green Energy Corridor and Grid Strengthening Project (RRP IND 44426) PROJECT TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION A. Introduction 1. Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (POWERGRID) is India’s national power transmission company and has the responsibility for planning, developing and operating the high-voltage inter-state and inter-regional power transmission network.1 Capital expenditure and projects completed in the past three years reflect the growth plans that have been set out for POWERGRID’s national network. In the nine months to 31 December 2014, POWERGRID capitalized the Indian rupee equivalent of about $2.64 billion, representing 9,622 circuit kilometers (km) of completed transmission lines and 13,156 megavolt amperes (MVA) of sub- station capacity and undertook capital work on the Indian rupee equivalent of about $2.45 billion of transmission assets, demonstrating a good project implementation record and ability to complete the national transmission network’s large upgrade and strengthening requirements. POWERGRID’s operational performance has been consistently good, evidenced by transmission network availability of above 99% for the past five years. 2. POWERGRID has in-house planning capabilities including computer aided facilities for planning, design, operation and maintenance of the transmission system. Planning transmission system investments includes various load flow, stability, short-circuit system studies in view the existing system, and future load flow requirements. The project’s two separate components have undergone thorough
    [Show full text]
  • Manufacturing Complex Ine Tower (Tlt)
    JOINT VENTURE OF RINL & POWERGRID TECHNO ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY REPORT (TEFR) ON TRANSMISSION LINE TOWER (TLT) MANUFACTURING COMPLEX MECON LIMITED RANCHI-834002 JHARKHAND 11. 24.2012.F2068 July’ 2014 CONTENT Sl. Title Page No. No. 1. Introduction 1 – 3 2. Executive Summary 4 – 16 3. Characteristics & End uses 17 – 26 4. Market Analysis 27 – 36 5. Technological Considerations 37 – 41 6. Site Selection & General layout 42 – 47 7. TLT Fabrication Unit 48 – 56 8. TLT Galvanizing Unit 57 – 62 9. Electrics & Automation 63 – 73 10. Plant Services & Utilities 74 – 92 11. Quality Control Facilities 93 – 96 12. Civil & Structural Works 97 – 104 13. Manpower Requirement 105 – 107 14. Project Implementation 108 – 114 15. Pollution Control & Waste Management 115 – 117 16. Capital Cost 118 – 122 17. Production Cost 123 – 127 18. Financial Appraisal 128 – 138 19. Industrial Safety 139 – 141 20. Drawings 142 PREPARED BY CHECKED BY APPROVED BY SAURABH MARKAM NISHEETH KUMAR GOUTAM CHAKRABORTY Design Engineer Asst. General Manager Jt. General Manager Rolling Mills Rolling Mills Rolling Mills JOINT VENTURE OF RINL & POWERGRID TECHNO ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY REPORT FOR TRANSMISSION LINE TOWER (TLT) MANUFACTURING COMPLEX 01. INTRODUCTION 01.01 Background Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (VSP) is an integrated public sector steel plant owned by Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd. (RINL), a Navaratna Company under Ministry of Steel built with an annual production of about 3.6MT of liquid steel per annum. Recently they have completed their expansion of capacity up to 6.3 MT/yr through BF-BOF route with addition of new rolling mills. Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd. (POWERGRID), a Navaratna PSE under ministry of power & the central transmission utility (CTU) of the country, is engaged in power transmission business with responsibility of planning, coordination, supervision and controlling over complete inter- state transmission system and operation of national & regional power grids.
    [Show full text]
  • Towers and Poles Report Ed 6 2018 Electricity, Telephone and Street Lights
    Towers and Poles Report Ed 6 2018 Electricity, Telephone and Street Lights Report Outline Chapter Summaries Table of Contents Sample Tables Sample Pages Edition 6 March 2018 StatPlan Energy Research Towers and Poles Report Ed 6 2018 Chapter Summaries EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PART 1 ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION TOWERS AND MONOPOLES Chapter 1 - INSTALLED BASE OF ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSON TOWERS & MONOPOLES The global installed base of transmission towers and monopoles is analysed in numbers of towers by region and country and forecast from 2016 to 2020. Chapter 2 - ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION TOWERS MARKET The global demand in $ value for towers and monopoles is analysed by region and country and forecast from 2016 to 2020. Chapter 3 - LONG TERM DEMAND CYCLES FOR ELECTRICITY TOWERS AND MONOPOLES The growth of transmission line networks is a fundamental driver of the markets for towers and poles, both in line length and voltage. Long term demand is a function of the age of the towers and the expansion of the networks. Chapter 4 - MONOPOLES vs. LATTICE TOWERS The March of the Monopoles - long established in the US, EHV monopoles are breaking into new markets with innovative new designs, replacing lattice towers, especially in Europe. This trend is driven by pressure on rights-of-way, visual criticism of lattice towers and public fears of EMF dangers to children. Chapter 5 - TYPES OF TOWER OR PYLONS Lattice towers are designed for different functions and stresses and there is wide variation in cost; suspension towers, tension towers, angle suspension towers, dead-end towers, transposition towers. Tower installation is a dangerous and complex procedure and has an impact on costs.
    [Show full text]
  • Applying Environmental Justice Approach to Sustainable Development Debate in South Korea
    Applying Environmental Justice Approach to Sustainable Development Debate in South Korea Eun Ah Hong Supervisors: Isabel Giménez García Antonio Caballer Miedes January 2021 Doctoral Programme in International Studies in Peace, Conflict and Development Universitat Jaume I Doctoral School Applying Environmental Justice Approach to Sustainable Development Debate in South Korea Eun Ah Hong Isabel Giménez García Antonio Caballer Miedes Firmado digitalmente por ANTONIO| Firmado por ISABEL GIMENEZ ANTONI CABALLER|MIEDES Nombre de reconocimiento (DN): GARCIA - NIF:18992413W el día O| cn=ANTONIO| CABALLER|MIEDES, 01/03/2021 con un certificado serialNumber=18939443 CABALL R, givenName=ANTONIO, emitido por ACCVCA-120 sn=CABALLER MIEDES, ER| ou=Ciudadanos, o=ACCV, c=ES Fecha: 2021.03.01 MIEDES 14:59:53 +01'00' Castelló de la Plana, January 2021 Abstract The world has been burdened with numerous unprecedented environmental challenges since the emergence of industrial society. Concerns over the environmental issue have accelerated worldwide and sustainability has appeared as an essential approach to this problem in world politics. However, environmental conflicts have only intensified along with rapidly increasing environmental degradation, which has continued to increasingly impact marginalized groups of society. Therefore, this research has applied the environmental justice approach within a debate of sustainable development. By applying an environmental justice approach as an alternative tool to guide sustainability, this research discusses why sustainable development has not been able to meet its aims. More importantly, this research has also looked for how the environmental justice approach can pave the way towards a sustainable development which promotes sustainability and peace. Accordingly, the research examined the case study of the Miryang movement in South Korea where adoptance of sustainable development has been difficult.
    [Show full text]