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Water & Wetland Ecosystems

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Water & Wetland Ecosystems 1 Water & Wetland Ecosystems Loch Tummel, Perthshire © CAG Lloyd Background Tayside has a rich heritage of water and wetland The rivers and burns in Tayside tend to be fast habitats and their associated species. This diversity flowing and nutrient poor and hold a wealth of is due in large part to a complex geology and varied habitats and rare wildlife. As important wildlife landscape. The division of the area by the Highland corridors, they enable dispersion and migration of Boundary Fault is one feature which gives rise to species, interconnecting fragmented populations. some of the most valuable habitats in the region. They are particularly valuable in Tayside with a Tayside is dominated by the River Tay catchment total length of over 5,000km not only making them which drains the largest area of any river in essential to wildlife but also a familiar and Scotland. It has the largest mean average annual important part of everyone’s environment. Nine of flow of any river in the UK in terms of volume at these important waterways have been labelled nearly 200 cubic metres per second. “Freshwater Fish Protected Areas” under the Water Framework Directive. 24 Objectives Associated with these river networks are a large 1 Endeavour to reduce the direct pressures on water number of standing waters from the very large, and wetland ecosystems by implementing projects deep highland lochs to small ponds and lochans to protect and restore ecosystem health. and flood plain habitats such as wet woodlands, 2 Safeguard water and wetland ecosystem species swamp and marshes, flood meadows and and genetic diversity by enhancing connectivity reedbeds. Wetlands, and particularly running and where possible preventing their decline. waters, contribute to valuable habitat mosaics with thousands of kilometres of burns linking wildlife 3 Mainstream biodiversity conservation action by corridors between other terrestrial habitats. The raising awareness and the enjoyment of water margins of rivers and standing waters form the and wetland ecosystems. transitional zone between the aquatic and terrestrial environment. 25 Priority Habitats • Rivers and Burns • Lochs and Standing Water • Ponds and Pools • Wetlands • Lowland and Raised Bogs • Transition Fen Wetland, Glen Prosen © Kelly Ann Dempsey Key Sites Rivers and Burns Loch Clunie (SSSI, SPA) Dun’s Dish North Esk Loch of Drumellie or Marlee Loch Leven River Tay (SAC) (SSSI, SPA) Loch of Craiglush South Esk (SAC) Loch of Lintrathen (SSSI) Loch of the Lowes (SPA) Craighall Gorge (SSSI/SAC) Long Loch of Lundie (SSSI) Butterstone Loch The Den of Airlie (SSSI) Crombie Reservoir Loch Clunie (SPA) The Lunan Burn system Loch Monzievaird Loch of Drumelli or Marlee (SPA) (SSSI, SAC) Drumore Loch (SSSI) Loch Moraig Meikleour (SSSI) Laird’s Loch (SSSI) Laird’s Loch Shingle Islands (SSSI, SAC) Loch Leven (SSSI, SPA, SAC) Rescobie Loch Montrose Basin (SSSI/SPA & Rescobie Loch (SSSI) Restenneth Moss (SSSI) RAMSAR) Balgavies Loch (SSSI) Balgavies Loch White and Fingask Lochs Lochs and Standing Meikleour Area Open Water Monk Myre Monk Myre Loch Laidon Loch Kinnordy (SPA) Loch of Kinnordy Lochindores Loch Tay Ponds Loch Brandy Lochindores (SSSI) Raised Bogs Carsebreck Lochs (SAC) Kingoodie Quarry Ponds Cairnleith Moss Loch Con Vane Farm Ponds Glenquey Moss Dunalastair Water Bloody Inches/Meiklour (SSSI) Portmoak Moss Dun’s Dish (SSSI) Barry Mill Ponds Methven Moss Mesotrophic Lochs Barrie Buddon Ponds Shelforkie Moss Loch Moraig (SSSI) Pitmedden Forest Crook of Devon Moss Black Loch, Cleish (SSSI) Wetlands (all are Balloch Moss Loch of Craiglush part/whole SSSIs) Egnomoss Loch of Lowes (SPA,SSSI) Carsebreck Lochs Butterstone Loch (SSSI, SPA) Dunalistair Reservoir Key Species • Salmonid species • Riparian mammals • Wading, wetland and diving birds • Freshwater invertebrates • Riparian, peatland and wetland plants Otter © SNH 26 Integrated Catchment Management in Practice The River South Esk Catchment Partnership leads in allowing sustainable development of the ecosystem the delivery of ecosystem scale environmental services we derive from the catchment, landscape improvement initiatives in the Angus area. One of scale planning to mitigate the effects of climate only a handful of river catchment partnerships in change: all have played an important part in the Scotland, the partnership has implemented success of the partnership. innovative work in this relatively new strategic The partnership carries out its objectives through the partnership approach. dedication of its stakeholders and increasing levels of Main areas of success have been improving community participation. Local and national PR and community access to the river (an SAC for Atlantic awareness raising, sharing good practice, citizen salmon and Freshwater pearl mussels and an SPA science and community volunteering raise the and RAMSAR site for migratory birds) and the profile of the important species and habitats in the control of the spread of invasive non-native species catchment. The work of a few improves the quality of including Japanese knotweed, Giant hogweed, the Angus environment for all of its residents. Himalayan balsam and American mink. River restoration projects to aid in flood mitigation for affected towns such as Brechin, economic audits Rottal Burn © Kelly Ann Dempsey 27 Ecosystem Pressures Abstraction of Water Removing large amounts of Services & Acidification water from a river or water Acidification happens in areas Ecosystem Scale body for use in arable farming where there is little underlying Projects and renewable energy schemes alkaline bedrock (such as can endanger many protected Ecosystem Services limestone) to neutralise acids. and priority species. • Flood management and Unnatural causes include acid natural attenuation rain from dissolved sulphuric Sedimentation • Regulation and improvement and nitric acid, livestock waste As a natural phenomenon, of water quality and nitrogen fertilisers. Natural sedimentation decreases the • Carbon sequestration causes include coniferous carrying capacity of rivers. (wetlands, bogs and tree forests close to a water body or However, unnatural levels can planting) acid rain caused from CO2 occur after activities such as • Water for irrigation dissolving. river works which can de- stabilise banks. This can have a • Water and wetland-based Toxic or Organic negative effect on the riparian recreation and tourism Pollution zone particularly fish spawning These types of pollutants can • Climate regulation habitat and Freshwater Pearl be point source or from diffuse • Health and wellbeing Mussels Margaritifera sources. Organic pollution can • Renewable energy margaritifera. increase the concentration of Ecosystem Scale Projects nutrients within a water body, Climate Change often leading to eutrophication Changing patterns in weather • River South Esk Catchment and algal blooms which can will have far-reaching adverse Partnership invasive non- remove the oxygen in a water effects on our wetlands. native species project. system; Slender Naiad, Najas Countering this is a high • Glen Clova Contour Planting flexilis is particularly priority. Project. susceptible to changes in • Tayside Lochs Project - nutrient levels. Invasive Non-Native project improving the water species (INNS) quality of Tayside Drainage and Dredging INNS pose a growing serious mesotrophic lochs. These activities can change the threat as they can out-compete fluvial properties of water native species, resulting in • Tayside SUDS and Ponds courses and surrounding serious changes and imbalance Initiative – increasing habitat, forcing out key species. in ecosystem processes. wetland habitat connections. • Scottish Mink Initiative - local organisations assuming responsibility for mink control. • Tayside Amphibians in Drains - developing wildlife- friendly road systems incorporating amphibian ladders, wildlife kerbs and amphibian migration hotspot mapping. • River Basin Management Plans - protecting and improving Tayside’s water environment in a way which balances costs and benefits to the environment, society and economy. Riverbank erosion and sediment transfer © Kelly Ann Dempsey 28 SUDS and Biodiversity SUDS pond at the North Inch Community Campus in Perth © D Williamson SUDS, or Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems, are bats, making them an important haven for wildlife legally required for new developments and assist and a vital aspect in creating landscape-scale in the active mitigation of flooding, erosion and green corridors. pollution without compromising the downstream The SUDS allow for a natural drainage system that water quality. Swales, detention basins, wetlands can also reduce the amount of roadside gullypots and ponds, as well as rain gardens, are the more which need to be created, kept and maintained. visible aspect of urban drainage management and These gullypots are natural traps for amphibians can be easily designed to enhance biodiversity, as and other wildlife which are attracted to water. A well as safeguarding existing populations. Other Tayside study has shown that thousands of drainage includes manufactured permeable animals are entrapped over the course of a year. surfaces, filter strips and underground storage. Whilst active mitigation in the study area helps SUDS, swales, wetlands and ponds can create an where gullypots are present (in the form of wildlife oasis for wildlife in the middle of a development kerbs and the experimental amphibian ladders), in area. They are regularly populated by amphibians, just one local
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