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Control of Heterotrophic Biofilm Communities – the Importance of Grazing and Dispersal

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Control of Heterotrophic Biofilm Communities – the Importance of Grazing and Dispersal Control of heterotrophic biofilm communities – The importance of grazing and dispersal Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln vorgelegt von Jennifer K. Wey aus Andernach Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. Markus Weitere Prof. Dr. Hartmut Arndt Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 28.01.2011 2 3 Danksagung Als erstes möchte ich mich bei meinem Betreuer Markus Weitere bedanken, bei dem die gesamte Promotionszeit, menschlich wie auch arbeitstechnisch, wirklich Spaß gemacht hat! Sorry für die ganzen Bandwurm-Sätze (und -Manuskripte)! Die Promotion fing natürlich unter der Schirmherrschaft von Hartmut Arndt an, dafür und für die Begutachtung dieser Arbeit ein großes Dankeschön! Bärbel Jendral verdient eine besondere Erwähnung dafür, dass sie auch im dicksten Stress (also eigentlich immer) die Zeit gefunden hat, sich um meinen X-ten Arbeitsvertrag, die Aufstellung diverser Statistiken, die Bearbeitung dringender Rechnungen und tausende andere Sachen zu kümmern – und zusätzlich noch unglaublich leckere Weihnachtsplätzchen zu backen! Der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) danke ich für die finanzielle Unterstützung, die während meiner Promotionszeit sowohl aus dem Schwerpunktprogramm Aquashift, als auch aus dem Projekt zur Kontrolle von Biofilmen durch Grazing (WE 3545/4-1) kam. Am IOW in Warnemünde hat man mich immer toll empfangen und betreut, und dafür danke ich besonders Klaus Jürgens, Christian Meeske, Markus von Scheibner und Claudia Wylezich! Prof. Dr. Schneider danke ich für die kurzfristige Übernahme des Vorsitzes der Prüfungskommission – und Mar Monsonís dafür, das Ganze organisiert zu haben! Anja Scherwass und Frank Nitsche hatten immer ein offenes Ohr (und meistens auch eine Lösung) bei größeren und kleineren arbeitstechnischen Problemen – Danke! Für vielfältige Unterstützung möchte ich mich außerdem noch bei einigen anderen bedanken: - Georg Becker für technische Hilfe auf der Ökologischen Rheinstation, die Bereitstellung von Temperaturdaten und seinen Humor - den Doktoranden/Diplomanden/Master- und Bachelorkandidaten für über die Jahre immer wieder nette Gesellschaft auf dem Boot - Rosita Bieg und Brigitte Gräfe für vielfältige Hilfe in der AG Arndt - Frederic Bartlett für das Korrektur lesen der englischen Manuskripte - der Kölner Feinmechanik und Schreinerei für Hilfe bei Versuchsaufbauten und das Anfertigen ungezählter Fließzellen - und Michael Weicht dafür dass er bei seinen Rundgängen auf dem Boot auch ein Auge auf meine Versuche hatte. Inter-Research und der American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc. danke ich für die Erlaubnis zur Verwendung der Abbildungen in den Kapiteln 1 und 3. Die zugehörigen Publikationen sind am Ende dieser Dissertation erwähnt. 4 Privat stand ich während meiner Promotionszeit natürlich auch nicht ganz alleine da: Meiner Familie (und ich habe das Glück damit eine ganze Menge Menschen zu meinen!) danke ich für die finanzielle und moralische Unterstützung, für Feiern und Ablenkungen, und für den Stolz auf mich, den ich bei allen spüre und der einfach gut tut. Aber vor allem bedanke ich mich natürlich bei meinem Vater, meiner Mutter und meiner Schwester, die mich immer besonders unterstützt haben! Dann sind da natürlich noch Connie (…it´s in the water baby…) und Miriam, ohne die vor allem im letzten halben Jahr nichts gegangen wäre! Danke dass ihr da wart als ich dringend Unterstützung brauchte! The end of the century I said my goodbyes For what it's worth I always aimed to please But I nearly died For what it's worth Come on lay with me 'Cause I'm on fire For what it's worth I tear the sun in three To light up your eyes For what it's worth … Placebo Bei Hanna bedanke ich mich für die Aufnahme meines manchmal ganz schön anstrengenden Katers, als bei mir gerade alles drunter und drüber ging – bald brauchst du keinen Werkzeugkasten mehr vor den Kühlschrank zu stellen! Es gibt noch andere (alte und neue) Freunde, die für die nötige Ablenkung, die wichtigen (privaten und fachlichen) Gespräche und den allgemeinen Wohlfühlfaktor gesorgt haben: - Pia (von Köln aus war es einfacher, dich mal eben zu besuchen!) - die Exil-Kölner am UFZ in Magdeburg (Martina, Marian, Steffi, Timm, Hanna, Helge – echt eine tolle Truppe!) - an der Uni Köln: Mar, Carsten, Marcel – und alle die ich grade schon mal erwähnt habe! - Nicole H., Nicole B. und Jana – bis zum nächsten Abenteuer ;-) Danke!! 5 6 Und nun: … Let me take you for a ride With the devil in the details … Placebo 7 Table of Contents Table of Contents Zusammenfassung..................................................................................................11 Abstract..................................................................................................................15 General Introduction ..............................................................................................17 Interactions within the biofilm community – The influence of grazing...................18 Interactions within the biofilm community – The influence of grazing, fine-tuned19 Interactions with the metacommunity – The influence of dispersal.......................20 Chapter 1 – Effects of protozoan grazing within river biofilms under semi-natural conditions...............................................................................................................23 Abstract .......................................................................................................................24 Introduction.................................................................................................................25 Experimental Procedures............................................................................................27 Overview and study site ..........................................................................................27 Experimental set-up ................................................................................................27 Permeability-test of filter cartridges for suspended bacteria and protozoans .......29 Identification and quantification of biofilm-protozoans in the flow cells...............32 Quantification of biofilm-bacteria in the flow cells.................................................33 Data/statistical analysis..........................................................................................34 Results .........................................................................................................................35 Top-down effects of HF on bacteria ........................................................................35 Top-down effects of ciliates on HF ..........................................................................37 Effects of ciliates on bacteria ..................................................................................40 Discussion....................................................................................................................41 Methodological remarks .........................................................................................41 Top-down effects of HF on bacteria ........................................................................41 Top-down effects of ciliates on HF ..........................................................................44 Effects of ciliates on bacteria ..................................................................................45 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................46 Chapter 2 – Influence of succession and protozoan grazers on the phylogenetic structure of riverine bacterial biofilms ....................................................................47 Abstract .......................................................................................................................48 Introduction.................................................................................................................49 Experimental Procedures............................................................................................50 Study site .................................................................................................................50 Experimental set-up ................................................................................................50 Abundance and taxonomic composition of protists................................................52 Morphology of bacterial biofilms (CLSM analyses).................................................52 DNA extraction ........................................................................................................53 Diversity of bacterial biofilms (PCR-DGGE analyses)...............................................53 Diversity of bacterial biofilms (PCR-SSCP analyses) ................................................54 Analysis of fingerprints for bacterial diversity in biofilms.......................................54 Statistical analyses ..................................................................................................55 Results .........................................................................................................................55 8 Table of Contents Development of protists.......................................................................................... 55 Effects on the morphology of bacterial biofilms..................................................... 60 Effects on the phylogenetic structure of bacterial
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