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Water Quality & Pollutant Source Monitoring: Field And DOCUSENT RES1ME 21).-9 117 -* A R SE 035 926 . , . I 14714 . Rater Quality 6 Pollutant Source Monitoring: Field' .and Laboratory Procedures. Trainihg Manual.. INSTITUTION. Office of- Water Program' Operations (EPA144vGincinnati,.- ;Ohio. National Training and Operational Technology . Center. IEPORT O. EPA-430/1..81-008r RUB DATE, Mar 81 * NOTE 262p. ° AVAILABLE FROMEPA Instructional Resources Center, 1200 Chambers . H RA., 3rd Floor, Columbus, 68.43212 ($1.00 pius;$0.63 per page). .. , . "EDRS PRICE MF01/PC11 Plu's Postage. - , DtsgBIRToRs Biologica*Sdienbesvaelistry; *Field Studies; *laboratory Procedures; *Measuremenf; Postsecondary 3 Education; Scieice,4ducation; *Water Pollution;,Water 41K Resources - . IDENTIFIERS lnalytical,Methods; Bacteriology; *Monitoring; *Water Quality Water Sampling Standards . .- - * ABSTEACT-: * . s This training manual presents materialon techniques and ipstrumentation used to develop data in field monitoringprograms and related labspatory operations concerned with water quality and oillution oatore4+- Topics include: collection and handling of samples ;, bacteriological, biolbgical, ind.40Semical field and laboratory methods: field.instrumentationvand flog measurements. The manual is designed for personnel engaged in programs concerned with monitoring the quality of surfape waters. Chapters include reading _materials,. labothtory activities, and' reference materials. (CO) O Oa. 4 y. .***************************************i.****************f************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from -the original document. * *********************************"************************************** . ,.., United Stite's , National Training EPA-430/1-81-008 Environmental Protection and Operational March 1981 ' Agency Technology Center Cincinnati OH 45268 'Water Water Quality PoilutantSource Monitoring: Field and Laboratory Procedures Training Manual U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) )(Thisdocument has been reproduced as ...coved from the person or organization originating it Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality Points of view or dpiritons stated in this docu merit ao not necessarily represent official ME poster or'policy tl a f 4 9 rl ._ _.....1111111 EPA-430/1-81-008 March 1981 Water Quality & PollutantSource Monitoring: . Field and Laboratory Procedures This course is designed for personnel engaged in.programs concerned with monitoring the quality of stfrface waters. Int li-disciplinary needs and responsibilities in theaccum- ulation and interpretation of data from field and laboratory activities are emphasized. 3 . Upon completion of the course the student will beable to apply suitable methods, techniques, and\instrtimentation- , used.in field samplingand measurements, and will be familiar with basic laboratory techniques and procedures in the chemical, biological, 'and bacteriological areas. Advantages and limitations of equipment, methods'and techniques will be considered. U. S. ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION AGENCY Office of Water Program - Operations National Training and Operational TechnologyCenter I DISCLAIMER I Reference to commercial products, trade names, or manufacturers is for purposes of example andillUstration. Such references do not constituteendoisement by the Office of Water Program Operations,' U. S. Environzhental Protection Agency. I I 0 1 o e 4 1 I 1 .. 0 . t. ., 4 CONTENTS , Title or Description 14\ Outline Number / I SaMpling and Flow Measurements Flow Measurement I Sampling in Water Quality Studies 2 Sampling tiandliiig - F'ield through Laboratory 4 Collection and Handling of Samples forBacteriological Examination 4 e . Biological Field Methods . 5. I' II 'Aluatic Biology . The Aquatic Environment 6 , Effect of Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent on Small Streams . HI Chemistry , \ Methodology for Chemical Analysis of Water andWastewater Specific Conductance , 9 Calibration aid Use of a Conductivity Meter 110 I Dissolved OxygenDeterminatioiby ElectronicMeasurement 1 11 Laboratory Procedure for Dissolved OxygenWinkler Method - :Azide Modification 0 12 . .. Dissolved Oxygen - Factors Affecting DO Concentrationin Water 13 BiochemiCal Oxygen Demand Test Procedures 14 15 ,'BiocliemCial Oxygen Demand Test Dilution Technique f OperatingCharacteristics and Use of the pH Meter 16 ., 17 .Turbidity 0 1 . ., G 41 ,, . °5 CONTENTS Titleor Description Outline Number Calibration and Use of a Turbidmeter (Nephelometer) 18 Chemical Oxygen Demand and COD/BOD RelationshiPS 19 Laboratory Procedures for Routine' Level Chemical Oxygen Demand 20 Phosphorus in the Aqueous Environment 21 Use of a Spectrophotometer 22 Chemical Tests, Observations, and' Measurements inthe Field 23 IV Bacteriology Bacteriological Indicators of Water Pollution "4- 24 Examination of Water for Conform and Fecal Streptoccus Groups 25 Detailed Membrane Filter Methods 26 I o O O 1 O - FLOW MEASUREMENT INTRODUCTION I A' Flow measurements are among the , structures may influence stage-discharge 1 more important data collected derirlg relationships.Hydrologic variations in a water quality ,survey. Such measure- stream flow may cause washout or bypass of the gauging station.In the Southwest, nients arellsed to interpret data varia- flash floods have been known to wash out tions; calculate loadings, and expedite or bypass gauging stations by assuming Survey-planning.If the analysis of different chnels of flow. survey data involves estimation of loads, the accurate measurement of dischargeB 1 'assumes a level of importance equal to Methodology that of laboratory and analytical results. Choice of a specific measurement pro7 cedure is dependent upon at least three In the folloiving discussion, procedures considerations: for measurement of stream flow and waste discharge are described. Some 1 The relation-between obtainable and of these procedures are used in long- desired accuracy term, very detailed water quality and 2Overall cost of measurement Supply studies; others are more suited to short-term pollution surveys. 3The quantity of flow- to be measured B In accordance with,EPA policy, units in Ideally; discharge measurements sholitld this outline are expressed in the metric be reported to a specific degree of accuracy the gauging procedure greatly influences system. The equivalent English system -this accuracy,The, influence of overall units appear in parentheses following coat on the gauging program is readily the metrie:designation.__Tables extract-_apparentExtensive, detailed studies are /ed 'from the literature have been left in usually characterized by highcoststor the form in which they were originally automatic instrumentation and low personnel cost; the opposite is usually true for less given.Applicable conversion factors detailed Studies. The range, of .flows to be 'appear in Section IV of this outline. measured (within acceptable accuracy) is, of course, not known priorlo the survey. IIPLANNING However, experienced personnel usually can make reasonable estimates of expected A Station Location flows from visual observations and other data,. and may recommend appropriate Four factbis influence location of gauging gauging procedures.In this regard, or flow measurement- stations: experienced persordiel.always should be consulted. _ 1 Surve 'objectives. MEASUREMENT 2Pinycal accessibility . AStreams, Rivers, and'Open Channels .3characteristics of the stream bed 1 Current Meter 4 Hydrologic effects The current meter is a deirice for measuring the velocity of a flowing body Survey objectives represent the major of water.The stream cross section is influencetin station location; depending divided into a number of smaller, sections; uporbobjectives, gauging stations may be and the average velocity ineach section lbcate above and/ or below confluences is determined. The discharge, is then arid buttalls: found by summing the products. of area and velocity of each section. Physical accessibility determines the.: ease and cost of installation and main- tenance of the station. The characteristics' 2Stage-discharge telEitionships of the stream bed may greatly influence Large flows usually are measured by the obtainable accuracy of measurement. development of-and reference to a stage-, For instance, roctcy bbttoms greatly discharge curve; this procedure haolong reduce the accuracy of current meters. been used by the U.. S. Geolog'ical Survey Sedimentation in pools behind control Such gauging stations are composed of a I-1 'FLOW iASUREMENT control structure located downstreamof the 'location of measurementand some The standard equation for discharge. type of water level indicatorwhich iden- of a suppressed rectangular weir tifies the height of the water surface (Francis equation) is: ' above a previously determined datum. Q =3.33 LH3/ 2 3 Weirs where A weir may be defined as a dam' or Q =discharge, m3 /sec (cfs) impediment to flow, over which the' L = length of the weir crest, meters(feet) diScharge conforms to an equation. H = weir head, meters (feet) The edge or top surface over which-the liquid-flows is called the weir crest. Theperformance of this type of weir The sheet of liquid falling over the Weir has been experimentally investigated is called the nappe. The difference in more intensively than that of other elevation between the crest and the weirs.At least 'six forms of the dis- livid surface at a specified location, charge equation are commonly usually a point upstream, is called the employed. The standard
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