Class Iii Cultural Resource Inventory of the Private Fuel Storage Project in Skull Valley, Tooele County, Utah

CLASS III CULTURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY OF THE PRIVATE FUEL STORAGE PROJECT IN SKULL VALLEY, TOOELE COUNTY, UTAH

Cultural Resources Report 5126-02-9909

by Daniel K. Newsome

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Site 42TO1187 A Temporary datum Low Transportation Corridor oenterfine

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P-IIIASSOCIATES, INC. 0 9910260199 991019 PDR ADOCK 07200022 B PDR CLASS III CULTURAL RESOURCE INVENTORY OF THE PRIVATE FUEL STORAGE PROJECT IN SKULL VALLEY, TOOELE COUNTY, UTAH

Cultural Resources Report 5126-02-9909

Daniel K. Newsome

Submitted to

Stone & Webseter 7677 East Berry Avenue Englewood, CO 80111-2137

P-Ill Associates, Inc. 2759 South 300 West Salt Lake City, Utah 84115-2932

July, 1999

Work completed under Department of Interior Antiquities Permit 98UT54616, State of Utah Antiquities Permit U-99-PD, and State of Utah Project-Specific Permit U-98-PD-0213bi Table of Contents Section Page List of Figures ...... iii L ist of T ables ...... v Introduction and Project Description ...... 1 Environm ental Setting ...... 25 Regional Prehistoric and Historic Overview ...... 28 Literature Review and Records Search ...... 31 Field M ethods ...... 33 Inventory R esults ...... 33 Summary and Management Recommendations ...... 37 R eferences C ited ...... 38

Appendix A . Site Form s ...... A -i B . Isolated Find Illustrations ...... B-i

ii List of Figures Figure Page 1. Small-scale topographic map showing the general location of the project parcels in northern Skull Valley, Tooele County, Utah ...... 2 2. Small-scale topographic map showing the general location of the project parcels in southern Skull Valley, Tooele County, Utah ...... 3 3. Topographic map showing the location of the Intermodal Transfer Point in Sections 1 and 12 ofT. IS, R. 8W; and Section 7 ofT. 1S, R. 7W ...... 4 4. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 17, 18, and 20 of T. IN, R. 9W; and Section 13 of T. IN, R .IO W ...... 5. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 21, 22, and 27 ofT. IN, R. 9W ...... 6 6. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 27 and 34 of T. IN, R. 9W ...... 7 7. Topographic map showing the Low Transportation Corridor in Section 34 of T. IN, R. 9W; Sections 3 and 10 of T. IS, R. 9W; and the location of cultural resource site 42TO1 187 ...... 8 8. Topographic map showing the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 10 and 15 of T. IS, R. 9W; and the location of isolated find IF- 1 ...... 9 9. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 15 and 22 of T. 1S, R. 9W ...... 10 10. Topographic map showing the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 27 and 34 of T. I S, R. 9W; and the location of isolated finds IF-2 and IF-3 ...... 11 11. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 3 and 10 ofT. 2S, R. 9W ...... 12 12. Topographic map showing the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 15 and 22 of T. 2S, R. 9W; and the location of cultural resource site 42TO709. . 13 13. Topographic map showing the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 22, 27, and 34 of T. 2S, R. 9W; and the location of cultural resource ...... 14 site 42TO709 14. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 27 and 34 of T. 2S, R. 9W; and Section 3 of T. 3S. R. 9W ...... 15

iii Figure Page

15. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 3, 10, and 15 ofT. 3S, R. 9W ...... 16 16. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 15, 22, and 27 of T. 3S, R. 9W ...... 17 17. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 27 and 34 of T. 3S, R. 9W; and Section 3 of T. 4S, R. 9W ...... 18 18. Topographic map showing the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 3, 10, and 15 of T. 4S, R. 9W; and the location of isolated find IF-8 ...... 19 19. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 10, 15, and 22 ofT. 4S, R. 9W ...... 20 20. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 22, 27, and 34 of T. 4S, R. 9W ...... 21 21. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Section 34 of T. 4S, R. 9W; and Sections 1, 2, and 3 of T. 5S, R. 9W ..... 22 22. Topographic map showing the Low Transportation Corridor in Section 1 of T. 5S, R. 9W; the Private Fuel Storage Facility Area in Sections 5, 6, 7, and 8 of T. 5S, R. 8W; the Exploratory Trench location in Section 7 of T. 5S, R. 8W; and the location of isolated finds IF-4 and IF-7 ...... 23 23. Topographic map showing the Private Fuel Storage Facility Area in Sections 8 and 9 of T. 5S, R. 8W; and the location of isolated finds IF-5 and IF-6 .... 24

iv List of Tables Table Page 1. Project sum m ary ...... 26 2. Summ ary of isolated finds ...... 34

v Introduction and Project Description Between May 7 and June 10, 1999, P-I1I Associates, Inc. (P-Ill Associates), performed a Class III cultural resource inventory in Skull Valley, Tooele County, Utah. The inventory was executed in anticipation of the development of the Private Fuel Storage Project, which would store spent nuclear fuel in dry storage casks on the Skull Valley Goshute Indian Reservation. The work was conducted on behalf of Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation (SWEC), and was necessary to fulfill various laws and regulations that require the identification, consideration, and protection of cultural resources on public lands. These legal responsibilities are mandated by legislation such as the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, the Archaeological Resource Protection Act of 1974, the Federal Land Policy Management Act of 1976, Executive Order 11593, and the Utah State Antiquities Act. The project was conducted under the provisions of Department of Interior Antiquities Permit 98UT54616, State of Utah Antiquities Permit U-99-PD, and State of Utah Project Specific Permit U-98-PD-0213bi issued to P-III Associates. The project consists of four study areas (Figures 1-2). The first is the Intermodal Transfer Point, which is 1.8 mi west of Timpie Junction, between Interstate 80 and the Union Pacific Railroad (Figure 3). The Intermodal Transfer Point covers approximately 17 acres of private land and 23 acres of public land administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). The second study area consists of the Low Transportation Corridor. The corridor extends from the Low Interchange on Interstate 80 southward to the Goshute Indian Reservation and covers approximately 1593 acres of BLM land (Figures 4-22). The third study area consists of the Private Fuel Storage Facility Area. This parcel is located on the Goshute Indian Reservation and covers approximately 1000 acres (Figures 22-23). The fourth study area is an Exploratory Trench located along the northern base of Hickman Knolls, on the Goshute Indian Reservation (see Figure 22). The parcel covers approximately six acres. The cultural resource investigations were initiated with a Class I overview (Bright and Schroedl 1998) of the project to determine if any cultural properties had been identified in the area. The Class I overview revealed that no cultural remains had been previously recorded within the parcels. However, the Class I did yield evidence that an historic trail, the Hastings Cutoff, crossed through the general project area (the Class I report incorrectly reported multiple crossing of the Hastings Cutoff in the project area). The subsequent Class III inventory (the subject of this report) confirmed the presence of the Hastings Cutoff in one location in the project area, and resulted in the discovery and documentation of an additional site and eight isolated finds. The Hastings Cutoff (site TOOELE, UTAH 1953

Contour Interval 200 Feet

Scale 1250,000 0 5 10 15 2:

Miles 0 5 10 15 20 25 3D

Kilometers

Figure 1. Small-scale topographic map showing the general location of the project parcels in northern Skull Valley, Tooele County, Utah.

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N TOOELE, UTAH 1953

Contour Interval 200 Feet

Scale 1:250,000 0 5 10 15 20

Miles 0 5 10 15 20 25 3D

Kilometers

Figure 2. Small-scale topographic map showing the general location of the project parcels in southern Skull Valley, Tooele County, Utah.

3 4,

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TIMPIE, UTAH PROVISIONAL EDITION 1985

Scale 1:24 000 1 n3 1 1 - 5- 0 Miles 1 .5 0 I- I- 1- F- I- I~ _ 1 F-j F-71 F771Kilometers Figure 3. Topographic map showing the location of the Intermodal Transfer Point in Sections 1 and 12 of T. IS, R. 8W; and Section 7 of T. IS. R. 7W.

4 Location Diagram N LOW, UTAH 1973 rU

I Contour Interval 20 Feet Scale 1:24 000 1 .5 0 I - I - EI- --E ýI I. E ý 1 Miles 1 I-I IiFA- .5 --I --- I 0 s 1 Kilometers Figure 4. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 17. 18, and 20 of T. IN, R. 9W; and Section 13 of T. IN. R. IOW.

5 IN DELLE, UTAH 1973

Contour Interval 20 Feet

Scale 1:24000 1 .5 0 1 I-7- F- - EIý - I - 1 Miles 1 .5 0 1 !--i F-i H "-It- I Kilometers

Figure 5. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 21, 22, and 27 of T. IN. R. 9W.

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DELLE, UTAH 1973

Contour Interval 20 Feet

Scale 1:24 000 1 .5 0 1 F-- F-- F----J F-4-- Ik II Miles 1 .5 0

Kilometers

Figure 6. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 27 and 34 of T. IN, R. 9W.

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N DELLE, UTAH 1973

Contour Interval 20 Feet

Scale 1:24000 1 .5 0 1

Miles 1 .S 0

Kilometers

Figure 7. Topographic map showing the Low Transportation Corridor in Section 34 of T. IN. R. 9W; Sections 3 and 10 of T. IS, R. 9W: and the location of cultural resource site 42TO 1187.

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HASTINGS PASS NE, UTAH 1973

Contour Interval 20 Feet

Scale 1:24 000 I .5 0

Miles S.5 0 t-- I " 1A FA- Kilometars

Figure 8. Topographic map showing the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 10 and 15 of T. IS. R. 9W; and the location of isolated find IF-1.

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Low Transportation Corridor

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HASTINGS PASS NE, 1973

Contour Interval 20 Feet

Scale 1:24 000 1 .5 rn I I- H-I I t--I H----- I-- =-- I

I I I I ...... !Miles 1 .5 0 1 1I I--I t--I --I I--- _ ,1 Kilometers Figure 9. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 15 and 22 of T. IS, R. 9W.

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HASTINGS PASS NE, UTAH 1973

Contour Interval 20 Feet

Scale 1:24000 1 .5 0

Miles I .5 0 1 L" L, ,-.- L-j L.-j I l | N | | | | • | Kilometers

Figure 10. Topographic map showing the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 27 and 34 ofT. 1S. R. 9W; and the location of isolated finds IF-2 and IF-3.

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HASTINGS PASS NE, UTAH 1973

Contour Interval 20 Feet

Scale 1:24 000 1 .5 0 1 F -I 17I 7 F --iI I - I I I I = I Miles 1 .5 0 1

F-• --I " F- F-I m- m mI =I I Kilometers

Figure 11. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 3 and 10 of T. 2S. R. 9W.

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HASTINGS PASS NE, UTAH 1973

Contour Interval 20 Feet

Scale 1:24000 0 1

Miles .5 0 1

Figure 12. Topographic map showing the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 15 and 22 of T. 2S. R. 9W; and the location of cultural resource site 42TO709.

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HASTINGS PASS SE, UTAH 1973

Contour Interval 10 Feet

Scale 1:24 000 .5 0

Miles .5 0

Kilometers

Figure 13. Topographic map showing the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 22. 27. and 34 of T. 2S, R. 9W; and the location of cultural resource site 42TO709.

14 LocaUon Diagram N HASTINGS PASS SE, UTAH 1973

Contour Interval 10 Feet

Scale 1:24 000 1 .5 0

Miles 1 .5 0

Kilometers

Figure 14. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 27 and 34 of T. 2S, R. 9W; and Section 3 of T. 3S. R. 9W.

15 Location Diagran N HASTINGS PASS SE, UTAH 1973 n

I Contour Interval 10 Feet IL J Scale 1:24000 1 .5 0 1

Miles 1 .5 0 1

Kilometers

Figure 15. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 3, 10, and 15 of T. 3S, R. 9W.

16 R.

HASTINGS PASS SE, UTAH 1973

Contour Interval 10 Feet

Scale 1:24 000 1 1 L L -4 LJ I I Miles I .5 0 1 I I--1"H" FH-1-1 !I I

Figure 16. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 15, 22, and 27 of T. 3S. R. 9W.

17 - e. I

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1973

Contour Interval 10 Feet

Scale 1:24000 1.5 0 1 17 7-i I7=-- 1 I Miles S.5 0 1

Kilometers

Figure 17. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 27 and 34 of T. 3S, R. 9W; and Section 3 of T. 4S. R. 9W.

18 3 2

N' /

2 10 /..11 T. -IF-8

1993

Contour Interval 10 Feet

Scale 1:24 000 1 .5 0 1 A F-- - - ies Miles 1 .5 0 -- P-4 I-t --I I--il I Kilometers

Figure 18. Topographic map showing the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 3, 10, and 15 of T. 4S, R. 9W; and the location of isolated find IF-8.

19 10 1011 L 1

3 ) I

15 14

1993

Contour Interval 10 Feet Scale 1:24000 I I 0 5v

Miles 1 .5 1 .1 , , . , , , K--il-e r |||||| Vkxlxfm

Figure 19. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 10, 15, and 22 of T. 4S, R. 9W.

20 22 23

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Transportation Corridor p

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1993

Contour Interval 10 Feet

Scale 1:24000 1 1 S 1 !------5v4 H Miles 1 .5 0 1 F-I HI I-tTh-t±4 i • I ...... F- Kilometers Figure 20. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 22, 27, and 34 of T. 4S, R. 9W.

21 35 36 'P

Corridor

I! 1 2 1

1993

Contour Interval 10 Feet

Scale 1:24000

I 1 1 P--4 E::-H5 E-4 L-4 Miles 1 .5 0 I i---1 ý--A i-! F-- -A. Ii KIloreters

Figure 21. Topographic map showing the location of the Low Transportation Corridor in Section 34 of T. 4S. R. 9W; and Sections 1, 2. and 3 of T. 5S, R. 9W.

22 36 31

I. 4S. T. 5S.

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HICKMAN KNOLLS, UTAH 1993

I J Contour Interval 10 Feet J J Scale 1:24 000 1 .5 0 1

Miles 1 .5 0 1

Kilometers

Figure 22. Topographic map showing the Low Transportation Corridor in Section 1 of T. 5S, R. 9W; the Private Fuel Storage Facility Area in Sections 5, 6, 7, and 8 of T. 5S, R. 8W; the Exploratory Trench location in Section 7 of T. 5S, R. 8W; and the location of isolated finds IF-4 and IF-7.

23 IA

,R. 9W. I m Location Diagram DESERET PEAK WEST, UTAH r--1 UT PROVISIONAL EDITION 1985

Contour Interval 40 Feet

Scale 1:24000 I .5 1 S...... I I E. E i Z Fh-j F-- 1- 1 F-71 I Miles I .5 0 I I--I "- I IFI I-I Kilometers Figure 23. Topographic map showing the Private Fuel Storage Facility Area in Sections 8 and 9 of T. 5S, R. 8W; and the location of isolated finds IF-5 and IF-6.

24 42TO709) is considered eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). The other site (42TOl 187), however, could not be evaluated for National Register eligibility based on surface evidence. The Class III inventory project is summarized in Table 1. Environmental Setting The general project area lies within the Basin and Range physiographic province (Fenneman 1931), specifically the eastern Great Basin, which corresponds to the area once covered by Pleistocene Lake Bonneville (Madsen 1982a). The province is characterized by roughly parallel, north-south-trending mountain ranges, which rise sharply above long, relatively flat desert basins. An alkaline lakebed or marsh resulting form the area's internal drainage pattern is typically found at the lowest point in many of the basins. The climate of the Basin and Range province is quite arid as the area lies within the rain shadow of the Coastal Ranges far to the west. The amount of precipitation varies throughout the region and is greatly influenced by environmental factors such as elevation. The region averages approximately 10 inches (25 cm) of precipitation per year, most of which occurs in the form of snow between October and June. Summer daytime temperatures may be quite high followed by rapidly dropping temperatures in the evening. In general, the winters tend to be cold and snowy, and the summers hot and dry. Vegetation within the Basin and Range varies greatly due to aspect, elevation, and soils, although plant species are most commonly associated with the Upper Sonoran Life Zone. Specifically, the project parcels are located in Skull Valley, a wide alluvial valley situated between the Stansbury Mountains to the east and the Cedar Mountains to the west. The Stansbury Mountains have representative formations of all Paleozoic periods, whereas the Cedar Mountains are composed chiefly of Pennsylvanian and Permian formations (Stokes 1986). The Intermodal Transfer Point is located at the northern end of Skull Valley, at an elevation of approximately 4220 ft. The parcel occupies a low, sandy hummock near the valley floor, and is surrounded by mud flats. The Low Transportation Corridor, on the other hand, occupies the low ridges and fans along the eastern flanks of the Cedar Range. Topography along the corridor is generally quite flat and level. The average elevation along the corridor is 4400 ft. Sediments within the corridor consist primarily of light tan to gray alluvium that possesses a high clay content. A few small sand dunes are also present, but they tend to be restricted to the southern end of the corridor. The Private Fuel Storage Facility Area and the Exploratory Trench location are near the southern end of Skull Valley, immediately north of a prominent topographic feature known as Hickman Knolls. The maximum elevation in the area is 4570 ft and the

25 Table 1. Project summary. PROJECT NAME: Class III Cultural Resource Inventory of the Private Fuel Storage Project in Skull Valley, Tooele County, Utah P-Ill ASSOCIATES' PROJECT NUMBER: 5126 TYPE OF PROJECT: Class III Inventory LAND OWNERSHIP: BLM, Skull Valley Goshute Indian Reservation, and Private COUNTY: Tooele PROJECT SUPERVISORS: Alan R. Schroedl and Daniel K. Newsome FIELD ASSISTANTS: Jason R. Bright, Danielle J. Diamond, Sandra L. Galvez, Scott B. Edmisten, and Gregory H. Miller DATES OF FIELDWORK: May 7-9, 11-12, 20-21, and 24, 1999; June 2-4, 8-10, and 22, 1999 MAP REFERNCES: U.S.G.S. 7.5' Series, Timpie, Utah, 1985 U.S.G.S. 7.5' Series, Low, Utah, 1973 U.S.G.S. 7.5' Series, Delle, Utah, 1973 U.S.G.S. 7.5' Series, Hastings Pass NE, Utah, 1973 U.S.G.S. 7.5' Series, Hastings Pass SE, Utah, 1973 U.S.G.S. 7.5' Series, Hickman Knolls, Utah, 1993 U.S.G.S. 7.5' Series, Deseret Peak West, Utah, 1985 LEGAL LOCATIONS: The Intermodal Transfer Point covers portions of Section 7, T. IS, R. 7W, Section 1, T. 1S, R. 8W, and Section 12, T. IS, R. 8W. The Low Transportation Corridor passes through Section 13, T. IN,R. 10W, Section 17, T. 1N,R. 9W, Section 18, T. IN,R. 9W, Section 20, T. 1N,R. 9W, Section 21, T. 1N,R. 9W, Section 22, T. IN,R. 9W, Section 27, T. 1N,R. 9W, Section 34, T. 1N,R. 9W, Section 3, T. 1S. R. 9W, Section 10, T. 1S, R. 9W, Section 15, T. 1S, R. 9W, Section 22, T. IS, R. 9W, Section 27, T. IS, R. 9W, Section 34, T. 1S, R. 9W, Section 3, T. 2S, R. 9W,

26 Table 1. Project summary (continued). The Low Transportation Corridor passes through Section 10, T. 2S, R. 9W, Section 15, T. 2S, R. 9W, Section 22, T. 2S, R. 9W, Section 27, T. 2S, R. 9W, Section 34, T. 2S, R. 9W, Section 3, T. 3S, R. 9W. Section 10, T. 3S, R. 9W, Section 15, T. 3S, R. 9W, Section 22, T. 3S, R. 9W, Section 27, T. 3S, R. 9W, Section 34, T. 3S, R. 9W, Section 3, T. 4S, R. 9W, Section 10, T. 4S, R. 9W, Section 15, T. 4S, R. 9W, Section 22, T. 4S, R. 9W, Section 27, T. 4S, R. 9W, Section 34, T. 4S, R. 9W, Section 1, T. 5S, R. 9W, Section 2, T. 5S, R. 9W, and Section 3, T. 5S, R. 9W. The Private Fuel Storage Facility Area covers all or portions of Section 5, T. 5S, R. 8W, Section 6, T. 5S, R. 8W, Section 7, T. 5S, R. 8W, Section 8, T. 5S, R. 8W, and Section 9, T. 5S, R. 8W. The Exploratory Trench location covers portions of Section 7, T. 5S, R. 8W. PROJECT AREA: 2639 acres INVENTORIED AREA: 2639 acres CULTURAL RESOURCES: 0 Previously recorded sites 2 Newly recorded sites 0 Previously recorded isolated finds 8 Newly recorded isolated finds I Site eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places 1 Site not evaluated for National Register eligibility

27 minimum elevation is approximately 4450 ft. Sediments in the area are similar to those found along the Low Transportation Corridor. The dominant vegetation in the general project area includes greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus), Russian thistle (Salsola kali), halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus), clasping pepperweed (Lepidium perfoliatum), mustard (Brassica spp.). and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum). Near the valley floor, greasewood is most common. Elsewhere, cheatgrass predominates. Other plant species that are present in the project area, although less common, include low sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula), bud sagebrush (A. spinescens), saltbrush (Atriplex sp.), pickleweed (Salicornia sp.), Mormon tea (Ephedra sp.), buckwheat (Eriogonum spp.), Great Basin wild rye (Elymus cinereus), Indian ricegrass (Stipa hymenoides), globemallow (Sphaeralcea coccinea), and prickly pear (Opuntia sp.). The low foothills overlooking Skull Valley contain several perennial springs, including Eightmile, Henry, Horseshoe, Muskrat, and Redlum springs. However, the project parcels themselves are all void of water.

Regional Prehistoricand Historic Overview The general project area has been intermittently inhabited over the past 10,000 12,000 years by Paleoindian, Archaic, Late Prehistoric, and Protohistoric peoples, as well as Euroamerican settlers. Evidence of Paleoindian (ca. 10,000-7,000 B.C.) occupation in the Great Basin consists primarily of surface finds of large, fluted projectile points, often associated with late Pleistocene/early Holocene beaches (Grayson 1993). It has been generally accepted that Paleoindian inhabitants of North America were big-game hunters following the movements and migrations of their prey, frequently buffalo. However, this interpretation is derived largely from Plains contexts and may not be applicable to the Great Basin. Rather, the association of the surface finds with pluvial lake margins suggests that Paleoindians exploited a variety of environments and resources, including marshes and lacustrine resources (Grayson 1993). Although no diagnostic Paleoindian material has been identified in the vicinity of the project area, fluted points are not uncommon in other parts of the Great Basin (Grayson 1993). The Archaic Period (ca. 7000 B.C.-A.D. 400), which is better represented in the eastern Great Basin than the Paleoindian Period, is marked by a shift in economic strategies. Greater dependence on seeds and plant foods is indicated by an increase in grinding stone implements (Grayson 1993). Other Archaic traits include large lancolate or triangular projectile points, basketry, sandals or moccasins, atlatls, dart shafts, digging sticks, bone awls, and imported shells (James and Singer 1980). Large game decreased in importance and subsistence patterns became more area specific and broad based in species utilization. Additional research (e.g., Janetski 1986; Madsen 1982a) indicates that the Early Archaic populations heavily exploited lacustrine environments and later shifted their subsistence activities to include upland areas, possibly as a result of increased

28 population pressures and diminished lacustrine resources. This shift from site to site, from one ecosystem to another, is characteristic of Jennings' (1957, 1978) classic "Archaic" or "Desert Culture," which is based largely on Steward's (1938) model of Western Shoshoni settlement and subsistence. Subsequent modification of this model (e.g., Janetski 1986; Madsen 1982a) has been instrumental in developing a more accurate reconstruction of Archaic settlement and subsistence. Numerous sites with Archaic components have been recorded in Tooele County. However, none of these sites are located in or adjacent to the current project parcels. The Late Prehistoric period (ca. A.D. 400-1300) is marked by a change in material culture and technology. Large Archaic-style dart points were replaced with smaller points used with the bow and arrow. There was also an intensification of plant exploitation characterized by horticulture and/or agriculture, as well as an increased emphasis on small game. In the eastern Great Basin, this period is represented by the Fremont culture, a semisedentary to sedentary group who constructed pitstructures and made grayware pottery and distinctive basketry (Grayson 1993). Although the Fremont apparently developed from local Archaic populations (Aikens 1979; Grayson 1993; Jennings 1978; Madsen 1982b; Schroedl 1976), Fremont sites tend to exhibit remarkable variability. For years, archeologists attempted to address this variability by dividing the Fremont into regional variants and chronological phases. More recently, however, many archeologists have come to realize that variability is the most characteristic attribute of the Fremont, and that more time should be spent studying the variability instead of trying to divide it into regional and temporal segments (Grayson 1993:267). The Protohistoric period, which began about A.D. 1300 and continued until historic times, is marked by the apparent expansion of Numic-speaking peoples (including the Goshute, Ute, and Paiute) into the region and the subsequent disappearance of the Fremont. Although linguistic evidence suggests that Numic-speaking people migrated north and east out of southeastern California into the Great Basin around 1000 years ago, the timing and nature of the "Numic spread" is a topic of considerable debate, largely because 'hNumic" is a language family and it is difficult to find archeological correlates of language (see Bettinger and Baumhoff 1982, 1983; chapters in d'Azevedo 1986; Madsen and Rhode 1994; Simms 1983; Thomas 1973 for some of the recent, relevant literature). Nevertheless, many of the artifacts attributed to the Numic-speaking groups (e.g., Cottonwood Triangular and Desert Side-notched projectile points, basketry, and relatively crude brownware pottery) are distinctly different from those of the Fremont, leading some archeologists (e.g., Adovasio 1986; Madsen 1989) to conclude that the lack of cultural continuity is implicit. Clearly, additional data are needed before archeologists will be able to resolve issues involving the apparent disappearance of the Fremont and the emergence of Numic-speaking peoples. The first Euroamerican incursions into the eastern Great Basin were the result of fur trapping expeditions during the early 1800s. Jim Bridger, thought to be the first Euroamerican to see the Great Salt Lake; Etienne Provost and Peter Skeen Ogden, for

29 whom Provo and Ogden, Utah, are named; and John C. Fremont are among the early explorers who visited and described the region. However, it was Jedediah Smith who actually penetrated the Great Basin first in 1826 (Bureau of Land Management n.d.). Following on the heels of the early explorers, emigrants were the next to visit the area. Many of the emigrants who entered northern Utah in the 1840s, including the Latter-day Saints or Mormons, did so by way of the Hastings Cutoff. Historically, the term "Hastings Cutoff' was used to refer to the general emigrant route westward from Fort Bridger, Wyoming, via the southern shore of the Great Salt Lake, to the Humboldt River in Nevada (DeLafosse 1994). The section of trail from Fort Bridger to the Salt Lake Valley later became known as the Mormon, Pioneer, and Emigrant Trail, and the section west of Salt lake City (which passes through the current project area) as the Hastings Road. In recent years, the Hastings Road has been referred to more commonly as the Donner-Reed Trail (DeLafosse 1994). Lansford W. Hastings, a lawyer from Ohio, introduced his cutoff in 1845 in order to provide emigrants with a more direct route to California (DeLafosse 1994). Although the route to California that Hastings proposed was shorter than the original route through Fort Hall, it was by no means as easy as he envisioned. The section of his trail across the Great Salt Lake Desert proved to be particularly difficult for many emigrants including the Donner-Reed party, which lost many oxen and were forced to abandon several wagons during their crossing (Morgan 1986). The problems that the Donner-Reed party encountered on the salt flats in early September of 1846 were a major contributing factor to their ultimate disaster in the Sierra Nevada later that year (DeLafosse 1994). In spite of the publicized troubles of the Donner-Reed party, many travelers continued to use the Hastings Road. During the late 1840s and early 1850s, gold-seekers en route to California used the cutoff at a rate of several hundred per day (Korns and Morgan 1994). As alternate routes west from the Salt Lake Valley were opened, however, use of the Hastings Road diminished. Nevertheless, the road apparently continued to serve as access to the west for a few miners and ranchers well into the 1870s (DeLafosse 1994). As indicated above, intensive Euroamerican occupation of the area began in 1847, with the arrival of the Mormons to the Salt Lake Valley. Subsequent to the establishment of Salt Lake City, Mormon colonists were sent out to explore and establish settlements in the surrounding valleys. The success of their endeavors resulted in more than 300 settlements by 1877 (Bureau of Land Management n.d.). Shortly after the arrival of the Mormons, the federal government surveyed much of the Great Basin and established overland routes for stage, mail, and railroads. The railroads, as well as mining development, gave new impetus to various economic activities in northern Utah and the Great Basin. Today, the Salt Lake and Utah valleys are home to approximately 75 percent of Utah's population and a variety of industrial and commercial businesses. In contrast, the region surrounding the project area is sparsely populated by small farming and ranching communities, and military establishments.

30 Literature Review and Records Search Prior to initiating the field inventory, a Class I overview of the project area was performed by staff archeologist Jason R. Bright at the Antiquities Section, Utah State Historical Society. The Class I overview (Bright and Schroedl 1998) revealed that 11 cultural resource investigations have been conducted within or adjacent to the current project parcels, but that no cultural properties have been previously recorded in the parcels. The 11 previous projects are briefly discussed below.

U-80-BL-0071 In 1980, the BLM conducted a Class II cultural resource inventory of several widely scattered parcels in Skull Valley and the surrounding area (Cartwright 1980). One of the parcels consisted of the NE 1/4 of Section 21, T. 2S, R. 9W, which is bisected by the Low Transportation Corridor. No cultural remains were found in that particular parcel during the Class II inventory (Cartwright 1980).

U-82-BL-0049 In July of 1982, the BLM conducted a Class II inventory of approximately 500 acres in Skull Valley for a fire rehabilitation project (Brunsman 1982). The inventoried area included portions of the Private Fuel Storage Facility Area in Sections 6 and 7 of T. 5S, R. 8W. No cultural properties were identified during the fire reconnaissance project (Brunsman 1982).

U-82-UB-0050 In the summer of 1982, Utah Archaeological Research Corporation conducted a cultural resource inventory of 14 linear mi of seismic line in Skull Valley (Cook 1982). The seismic line intersected the Low Transportation Corridor in Section 3, T. 4S, R. 9W. No cultural properties were encountered in the seismic line corridor (Cook 1982).

U-86-BC-0238 This project by Brigham Young University involved an intensive cultural resource inventory of the US Telecom fiber optic cable route (Billat et al. 1986). The inventory corridor covered over 330 mi between the Utah-Wyoming border and Reno, Nevada, and intersected the Intermodal Transfer Point in Section 12, T. IS, R. 8W. A total of 87 cultural properties was identified during the fiber optic line inventory (Billat et al. 1986). However, none of the properties are located within or near the Intermodal Transfer Point.

U-87-SC-0529 In August of 1987, personnel from Senco-Phenix conducted a Class III cultural resource inventory of a brine pipeline for AMAX Magnesium (Senulis 1987). The inventory, which passed north of the Low Transportation Corridor in Sections 17 and 18 of T. IN, R. 9W, resulted in the identification of one isolated find.

31 U-92-NP-0034 In the winter of 1992, Nielson Consulting Group performed a cultural inventory of alternative power line corridors in Rush and Skull valleys, on behalf of Utah Power and Light Company (Nielson and Southworth 1992). One of the power line routes bisected the Low Transportation Corridor in Section 1, T. 5S, R. 9W. A total of 17 sites and 56 isolated finds were recorded during the power line inventory (Nielson and Southworth 1992). However, none of the cultural properties are located within or near the Low Transportation Corridor.

U-92-NP-0144 In the spring of 1992, Nielson Consulting Group completed a cultural resource inventory of the Horseshoe-Skunk Ridge 46 kV power transmission line in northern Skull Valley (Nielson 1992a). The inventory corridor covered approximately 14.5 linear mi north of Interstate 80 between Timpie and Low, and intersected the Intermodal Transfer Point in Section 12, T. 1S, R. 8W. A total of 4 sites and 14 isolated artifacts was encountered along the corridor (Nielson 1992a). However, none of the properties are located within or adjacent to the Intermodal Transfer Point.

U-92-NP-0259 Subsequent to the completion of project U-92-NP-0144 (discussed above), Nielson Consulting Group conducted a cultural resource inventory of an alternative route for the Horseshoe-Skunk Ridge 46 kV power line (Nielson 1992b). The alternative route, which also extended between Timpie and Low, passed north of the Intermodal Transfer Point. Two previously recorded sites and 20 isolated finds (none of which are within the Intermodal Transfer Point) were noted along the alternative route.

U-93-PD- 0268 In June of 1993, personnel from P-III Associates performed a cultural resource inventory of a 3-D seismic line in Skull Valley (Newsome 1993). The inventory area consisted of a grid pattern that covered several sections in T. 3S, R. 9W. The Low Transportation Corridor passes through the area in Sections 22, 27, and 34, T. 3S, R. 9W. Five isolated finds were identified and recorded during the 3-D seismic line inventory. The five isolated finds are all outside of the Low Transportation Corridor.

U-95-BL-0621 This project, conducted by the BLM, involved a Class III inventory of approximately 100 acres in Section 10, T. IS, R. 9W, for a fire rehabilitation project (Melton 1995a). The inventoried parcel is bisected by the Low Transportation Corridor. No cultural properties were identified during the fire reconnaissance project (Melton 1995a).

32 U-95-BL-0622 As part of the same fire rehabilitation project discussed above (U-95-BL-0621), the BLM conducted an inventory of three additional burned areas in Skull Valley (Melton 1995b). The Low Transportation Corridor intersects one of the additional areas in Section 3, T. 1S, R. 9W, and another in Section 10, T. IS, R. 9W. One site and one isolated find were recorded during the fire rehabilitation inventory (Melton 1995b). Neither cultural resource is within or adjacent to the Low Transportation Corridor.

Field Methods The field inventory of the four study areas was conducted by a crew of up to six archeologists from P-III Associates. In addition, Goshute Tribal Representative Melvin Brewster assisted the field crews with the inventory of the Private Fuel Storage Facility Area on May 20-21, 1999. The four parcels, which had been previously marked in the field, were inventoried using parallel transects spaced no more than 15 m apart. Flagging was used to mark the edge of the previous transect to ensure complete ground coverage. When an artifact was encountered, the immediate area was carefully checked for additional remains. Cultural items were marked with pin flags so that the areal extent of all cultural materials in the area could be ascertained and evaluated. Isolated finds were given a field number, briefly described, drawn (when appropriate), and their location plotted on a 7.5' topographic map. Projectile points types were identified according to established typologies for the region (e.g., Baumhoff and Byrne 1959; Heizer and Baumhoff 1961; Heizer et al. 1968; Holmer 1978, 1986; Lanning 1963; Thomas 1981). All sites were recorded on IMACS site forms. In addition, sites were plotted on the appropriate U.S.G.S. 7.5' topographic map, photographed with black-and-white film, and mapped using a compass and pacing. The site plan maps show the extent of surface remains, the locations of items of special note, man-made and natural features, and the location and direction of all photographs taken at the site. The site plan maps were produced to scale and the north arrows on these maps indicate true north.

Inventory Results The inventory resulted in the identification and documentation of two sites and eight isolated finds. The two sites are described below and their locations are shown in Figures 7, 12, and 13. The site forms are provided in Appendix A. The eight isolated finds are also described below and catalogued in Table 2. Their locations are shown in Figures 8, 10, 18, 22, and 23. Illustrations of select isolated finds are provided in Appendix B.

33 Table 2. Summary of isolated finds. Field Quarter Number UTM E UTM N Section Section Township Range Description IF-1 343970 4510590 NE SE NW 15 IS 9W Crockery fragments from a single vessel IF-2 344240 4506390 SE SW SE 27 IS 9W Rectangular gas can IF-3 344360 4507530 NE SW NE 27 IS 9W Pry-out can lid IF-4 348540 4474120 SW SE SE 6 5S 8W Two basalt flakes IF-5 350020 4473860 NE NW NE 8 5S 8W Modified flake fragment IF-6 349930 4473710 SE NW NE 8 5S 8W Rose Spring point IF-7 349370 4473780 SW NE NW 8 5S 8W Elko point fragment IF-8 343710 4482860 NE NW SE 10 4S 9W Three secondary flakes

Sites Smithsonian Site No.. 42 TO] 187 Temporary Site No.: 5126-1 Site Type: Rock Alignment and Cairns Period: Historic? Site Size: 65 ft north-south by 280 ft east-west UTM Coordinates: UTM E 344200, UTM N 4514420 Site Description: This site consists of a circular rock alignment associated with two rock cairns (see Figure 7). The rock alignment has a maximum diameter of approximately 48 ft (northwest-southeast) and a minimum diameter of approximately 40 ft (north south). The "walls" of the alignment consist of local quartzite, sandstone, and limestone boulders piled between 1.5 and 3.0 ft high. The stones range from 6 inches to 2 ft in diameter. There are openings in the rock alignment on the eastern and southwestern sides of the feature. The two rock cairns are located approximately 150 ft east of the rock alignment and are spaced approximately 9 ft apart. One of the cairns measures nearly 3 ft high and the other is about 2 ft high. Both cairns are approximately 2.5-3.0 ft in diameter at the base. The circular rock alignment and cairns are probably historic in age, but precise dating of the features is not possible as there are no artifacts associated with the site. However, it may be possible to ascertain the relative age of the features by determining the rate of soil deposition against the rocks and the rate of lichen growth (many of the rocks exhibit considerable amounts of lichen, some of which has grown between stones). The purpose of the rock alignment is also questionable, but it may have functioned as a stock pond/water catchment device or corral. Site Condition and Impacts: The features have been impacted by erosion and livestock grazing, but remain in relatively good condition. National Register Recommendation: Due to the uncertainty of the age and function of the rock alignment feature, the site was not evaluated for National Register status. If the site becomes threatened by project development, it is recommended that additional

34 investigations be performed before construction activities are allowed to proceed in the area. Investigations in the form of archeological testing, archival research, and/or informant interviews may shed light on the age, purpose, and significance of the site. Smithsonian Site No.: 42T0709 Temporary Site No.: 5126-2 Site Type: Emigrant Trail Period: Historic Site Size: >2000 ft long by 10-12 ft wide UTM Coordinates: UTM E 344220-343820, UTM N 4498560-4499000 Site Description: Site 42TO709 is the Hastings Cutoff of the California Trail. Although the trail crosses most of Skull Valley, this description only pertains to the segment in the immediate vicinity of the project corridor. The segment of the cutoff recorded here is approximately 2000 ft long and bisects the project corridor in Section 22, T. 2S, R. 9W (see Figures 12-13). The trail segment appears as a shallow swale approximately 10-12 ft wide and 1-2 ft deep, and is partially obscured by greasewood and tumbleweed (Russian thistle). The trail segment traverses the area in a northwest southeast direction. Southeast of the project corridor, the trail is clearly visible for several miles and is easily discernable on 7.5' orthophoto quad maps of the area. Northwest of the project corridor, the trail is less visible. Although no associated artifacts were noted in the vicinity of the project corridor, a plastic trail marker placed by the Oregon-California Trails Association is located approximately 110 ft northwest of the proposed corridor centerline. Site Condition and Impacts: The trail segment has been minimally impacted by erosion but retains a high degree of physical integrity. Furthermore, the environmental integrity of the trail segment is excellent, as the immediate landscape has not been marred by modern visual intrusions. National Register Recommendation: The portion of the Hastings Cutoff across Skull Valley (which includes the segment in the vicinity of the current project corridor) retains a high degree of physical integrity, and is one of the most extensive, intact, and highly visible sections of the trail in Utah (DeLafosse 1994). In addition, the integrity of place and setting has not been compromised by modern intrusions such as roads, fences, pipelines, etc. Consequently, the trail segment is capable of providing an overall impression of its association with significant historical events and people. The Hastings Cutoff was an important and well-publicized western migration route that experienced significant use, particularly during the California gold rush. Consequently, it is considered eligible under Criterion a of 36CFR60.4. In addition, its association with Lansford Hastings and the ill-fated Donner-Reed party warrant consideration under Criterion b.

35 Isolated Finds Isolated FindNo.: IF-] Description: Isolated find IF-I consists of approximately 25 earthenware fragments (including 3 rim fragments) from a single, cylindrical vessel. The fragments, which are confined to a 10-ft-diameter area, exhibit yellow paste with brown slip. Based on the curvature of the rim fragments, the vessel was approximately 7 inches in diameter. No maker's marks were observed on any of the fragments. The isolated find is located on an east-facing slope (see Figure 8). Isolated Find No.: IF-2 Description: Isolated find IF-2 is a rectangular gas can that measures 10.5 inches high, 8.5 inches long, and 5.0 inches wide. The artifact was found on a southeast-facing slope (see Figure 10). Isolated FindNo.: IF-3 Description: Isolated find IF-3 is a pry-out can lid, possibly from a coffee can. The lid measures 4.75 inches in diameter. The artifact was found on a relatively steep, east facing ridge slope (see Figure 10). Isolated Find No.: IF-4 Description: Isolated find IF-4 consists of two basalt flakes in a 1-m2 area. One is a primary flake and the other is a secondary flake. The isolated find was discovered on a deflated surface immediately west of a low, sandy ridge (see Figure 22). Isolated Find No.: IF-5 Description: Isolated find IF-5 is a proximal fragment from a tertiary flake of orange and red chert. The flake fragment exhibits microflaking along the left lateral margin. The artifact measures 1.4 cm long (incomplete), 1.6 cm wide (incomplete), and 0.3 cm thick. The isolated artifact was found on a deflated surface near several low, sandy hummocks (see Figure 23). Isolated Find No.: IF-6 Description: Isolated find IF-6 is a Rose Spring projectile point made from orange chert with black inclusions (Appendix B). The point measures 2.6 cm long, 1.7 cm wide, and 0.2 cm thick. The isolated artifact was discovered on a deflated surface near several low, sandy hummocks (see Figure 23). IsolatedFind No.: IF-7 Description: Isolated find IF-7 is an Elko Comer-notched projectile point fragment made from obsidian (Appendix B). The artifact measures 2.4 cm long (incomplete), 1.7 cm wide (incomplete), and 0.5 cm thick. The isolated artifact was found in a shallow, deflated basin (see Figure 22).

36 Isolated Find No.. IF-8 Description: Isolated find IF-8 consists of three secondary flakes in a 100-m 2 area (10 by 10 in). Two of the flakes are of fine-grained tan quartzite, and the third flake is of reddish brown chert. The isolated find was discovered on a broad alluvial plain (see Figure 18).

Summary and Management Recommendations In May and June of 1999, P-III Associates conducted a cultural resource inventory of approximately 2639 acres in Skull Valley, Tooele County, Utah, for the Private Fuel Storage Project. The investigations were initiated with a Class I overview (Bright and Schroedl 1998) of the project to determine if any cultural properties had been identified in the area. The Class I overview revealed that no cultural remains had been previously recorded within the parcels. The subsequent Class III inventory resulted in the identification and documentation of 10 cultural properties. The properties consist of two historic sites, three historic isolated finds, and five prehistoric isolated finds. One of the two sites (i.e., 42TO709) is considered eligible for inclusion in the NRHP under Criteria a and b of 36CFR60.4. The other site (42TOl 187) was not evaluated for National Register eligibility because additional data is needed before its significance can be determined. None of the isolated finds are eligible for inclusion in the NRHP. The National Register-eligible property, 42TO709, should be avoided by ground disturbing activities. However, if avoidance of the eligible property is not possible appropriate mitigation measures should be implemented before any ground-disturbing activities take place within the site perimeter. It is also recommended that the unevaluated site, 42TO1 187, be avoided by project development. If the site can not be avoided, its significance should be assessed and if the site is determined eligible for the National Register then appropriate mitigation measures should be developed for this site as well.

NOTE: The techniques used in this inventory were such that most cultural resources existing in the project parcels visible to surface examination should have been found. If, however, cultural resources or burials are subsequently discovered that could be adversely affected by project-related activities, the latter should immediately cease and the appropriate parties should be immediately informed.

37 References Cited

Adovasio, J. M. 1986 Prehistoric Basketry. In Great Basin, edited by W. L. d'Azevedo, pp. 194-205. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 11, W. C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Aikens, C. M. 1979 The Far West. In Ancient Native Americans, edited by J. D. Jennings, pp. 138 181. Freeman, San Francisco.

Baumhoff, M. A., and J. S. Byrne 1959 Desert Side-notched Points as a Time Marker in California. Reports of the University of CaliforniaArchaeological Survey 48:32-65.

Bettinger, R. L., and M. A. Baumhoff 1982 The Numic Spread: Great Basin Cultures in Competition. American Antiquity 47:485-503.

1983 Return Rates and Intensity of Resource Use in Numic and Prenumic Adaptive Strategies. American Antiquity 48:830-835.

Billat, L., S. E. Billat, D. E. Newman, M. A. Overstreet, R. K. Talbot, and J. D. Wilde 1986 Class III Cultural Resource Inventory Along the US Telecom Fiber Optic Cable Corridor Across Northern Utah, Northern Nevada and Northeastern California. Report 86-45. Brigham Young University, Office of Public Archaeology, Provo, Utah.

Bright, J. R., and A. R. Schroedl 1998 Class I Cultural Resource Inventory of the Private Fuel Storage Facility Railroad Spur and Intermodal Transfer Point, Skull Valley, Tooele County, Utah. Cultural Resources Report 5117-01-9809. P-III Associates, Salt Lake City. Submitted to Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation, Englewood, Colorado.

Brunsman, J. A. 1982 Cultural Resource Reconnaissance for the Skull Valley Fire Rehabilitation, Tooele County, Utah. Ms. on file, Utah Division of State History, Antiquities Section, Salt Lake City.

38 Bureau of Land Management n.d. Desert Crossroads. Pamphlet on file, Bureau of Land Management, Salt Lake District Office, Salt Lake City.

Cartwright, C. 1980 Skull Valley Lakeside Class 2. Ms. on file, Utah Division of State History, Antiquities Section, Salt Lake City.

Cook, C. W. 1982 Archeological Reconnaissance of Fourteen Miles of Seismic Line in the Skull Valley Vicinity of Tooele County, Utah. Utah Archaeological Research Corporation, Spanish Fork, Utah.

d'Azevedo, W. L. (editor) 1986 Great Basin. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 11. W. C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

DeLafosse, P. H. (editor) 1994 Trailing the Pioneers: A Guide to Utah's Emigrant Trails, 1829-1869. Utah State University Press, Logan.

Fenneman, N. M. 1931 Physiography of Western United States. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.

Grayson, D. K. 1993 The Desert's Past: A Natural Prehistory of the Great Basin. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Heizer, R. F., and M. A. Baumhoff 1961 The Archaeology of Two Sites at Eastgate, Churchill County, Nevada: Wagon Jack Shelter. University of California Anthropological Records 20(4):119 147.

Heizer, R. F., M. A. Baumhoff, and C. W. Clewlow, Jr. 1968 Archaeology of South Fork Shelter (NV-EL-1 1), Elko County, Nevada. University of CaliforniaArchaeological Survey Reports 71:1-58.

Holmer, R. N. 1978 A Mathematical Typology for Archaic Projectile Points of the Eastern Great Basin. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.

39 Holmer, R. N. 1986 Common Projectile Points of the Intermountain West. In Anthropology of the Desert West: Essays in Honor of Jesse D. Jennings, edited by C. J. Condie and D. D. Fowler, pp. 89-115. Anthropological Papers No. 110. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.

James, S. R., and D. J. Singer 1980 Cultural Resources Existing Data Inventory Salt Lake District, Utah. Bureau of Land Management and University of Utah Archeological Center, Salt Lake City.

Janetski, J. C. 1986 The Great Basin Lacustrine Subsistence Pattern: Insights from Utah Valley. In Anthropology of the Desert West: Essays in Honor of Jesse D. Jennings, edited by C. J. Condie and D. D. Fowler, pp. 145-168. Anthropological Papers No. 110. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.

Jennings, J. D. 1957 Danger Cave. Anthropological Papers No. 27. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.

1978 Prehistory of Utah and the Eastern Great Basin. Anthropological Papers No. 98. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.

Korns, J. R., and D. L. Morgan (editors) 1994 West from Fort Bridger: The Pioneering of the Immigrant Trails Across Utah, 1846-1850. Rev. ed. Originally published 1951. Utah State university Press, Logan.

Lanning, E. P. 1963 Archaeology of the Rose Spring Site, INY-372. University of California Publicationsin American Archaeology and Ethnology 43(3):237-336.

Madsen, D. B. 1982a Get It Where the Gettin's Good: A Variable Model of Great Basin Subsistence and Settlement Based on Data from the Eastern Great Basin. In Man and Environment in the Great Basin, edited by D. B. Madsen and J. F. O'Connell, pp. 207-226. Papers No. 2. Society for American Archaeology, Washington D.C.

40 Madsen, D. B. 1982b Prehistoric Occupation Patterns, Subsistence Adaptations, and Chronology in the Fish Springs Area, Utah. In Archaeological Investigations in Utah at Fish Springs, Clay Basin, Northern San Rafael Swell, Southern Henry Mountains. assembled by D. B. Madsen and R. E. Fike, pp. 1-59. Cultural Resources Series No. 12. Bureau of Land Management, Utah State Office, Salt Lake City.

1989 Exploring the Fremont. Occasional Publication 8. University of Utah, Salt Lake City.

Madsen, D. B., and D. Rhode (editors) 1994 Across the West: Human Population Movement and the Expansion of the Numa. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.

Melton, D. 1995a Redlam 2 EFR. Ms. on file, Utah Division of State History, Antiquities Section, Salt Lake City.

1995b Redlam EFR. Ms. on file, Utah Division of State History, Antiquities Section, Salt Lake City.

Morgan, D. L. 1986 The Great Salt Lake. Originally published 1947. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.

Newsome, D. K. 1993 Cultural Resource Inventory of a 3-D Seismic Exploration Line in Skull Valley, Tooele County, Utah. Cultural Resources Report 5025-01-9310. P-Ill Associates, Salt Lake City. Submitted to Bureau of Land Management, Pony Express Resource Area, Salt Lake City.

Nielson, A. S. 1992a A Cultural Resource Inventory of the Proposed Utah Power & Light Horseshoe-Skunk Ridge 46 kV Tap Line in Tooele County, Utah. Research Report U92-25. Nielson Consulting Group, Orem, Utah.

1992b A Cultural Resource Inventory of the Proposed Utah Power & Light Horseshoe-Skunk Ridge 46 kV Tap Line Alternative Location in Tooele County, Utah. Research Report U92-37. Nielson Consulting Group, Orem, Utah.

41 Nielson, A. S., and D. D. Southworth 1992 A Cultural Resource Inventory of Proposed Alternative Power Line Corridorsfor Utah Power & Light Company for Dugway Proving Grounds, Tooele County, Utah. Research Report U92-21. Nielson Consulting Group, Orem, Utah.

Schroedl, A. R. 1976 The Archaic of the Northern Colorado Plateau.Ph.D. dissertation. University of Utah. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.

Senulis, J. A. 1987 Intensive Cultural Resource Survey and Inventory of the Proposed Brine Pipeline. SP-UT-107. Senco-Phenix, Salt lake City.

Simms, S. R. 1983 Comments on Bettinger and Baumhoffs Explanation of the "Numic Spread" in the Great Basin. American Antiquity 48:825-829.

Steward, J. H. 1938 Basin-Plateau Aboriginal Sociopolitical Groups. Bulletin 120. Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.

Stokes, W. L. 1986 Geology of Utah. Utah Museum of Natural History and Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Salt Lake.

Thomas, D. H. 1973 An Empirical Test for Steward's Model of Great Basin Settlement Patterns. American Antiquity 38:155-176.

1981 How to Classify the Projectile Points from Monitor Valley, Nevada. Journal of Californiaand Great Basin Anthropology 3(1):7-43.

42 Appendix A

Site Forms SITE NO.: 42TO709

IMACS SITE FORM

PART A - ADMINISTRATIVE DATA

1. STATE NO.: 42TO709 2. AGENCY NO.: 3. TEMP NO.: 5126-2 4. STATE: Utah COUNTY: Tooele 5. PROJECT: Low Transportation Corridor and Private Fuel Storage Facility 6. REPORT NO.: U 98 PD 0213bi 7. SITE NAME/PROPERTY NAME: Hastings Cutoff 8. CLASS: [] PREHISTORIC Z HISTORIC j] PALEONTOLOGIC F] ETHNOGRAPHIC 9. SITE TYPE: Emigrant Trail 10. ELEVATION: 4340-4360 ft 11. UTM GRID: ZONE [12] [344220] m E [4498560] m N (east end of segment) ZONE [12] [343820] m E [4499000] m N (west end of segment) 12. [NWI/4] OF [NWI/41 OF [SE1/4] OF SECTION [22] T. [2S.] R. [9W.] [SW1/4] OF [NW1/4] OF [SE1/4] OF SECTION [22] T. [2S.] R. [9W.] [SE1/4] OF [NW1/4] OF [SE1/4] OF SECTION [22] T. [2S.] R. [9W.] [NEI/4] OF [SW1/4] OF [SE1/4] OF SECTION [22] T. [2S.] R. [9W.] [NW1/4] OF [SE1/4] OF [SE1/4] OF SECTION [22] T. [2S.] R. [9W.] 13. MERIDIAN: SLC (UT) (1) 14. MAP REFERENCE: USGS 7.5' Orthophoto Series, Hastings Pass NE, Utah, 1973 15. AERIAL PHOTO: None 16. LOCATION AND ACCESS: From the Rowley interchange on Interstate 80, travel south on the Dugway road to the Skull Valley Ranch (losepa). Continue past the ranch for 1.6 miles. Turn west (right) onto a dirt road that goes to Eightmile Spring and continue for 3.7 miles. Turn north (right) onto a two-track road and follow the road north down the valley for 2.9 miles. The Hastings Cutoff intersects the two-track road at this point, and is clearly visible for several miles as it traverses northwest across the valley. The trail bisects the current project corridor in Section 22, T. 2S, R. 9W. 17. LAND OWNER: Bureau of Land Management (LM) 18. FEDERAL ADMIN. UNITS: Salt Lake District, Pony Express Resource Area 19. LOCATION OF CURATED MATERIALS: NA 20. SITE DESCRIPTION: Site 42TO709 is the Hastings Cutoff of the California Trail. Historically, the term "Hastings Cutoff" was used to refer to the general emigrant route westward from Fort Bridger, Wyoming, via the south shore of the Great Salt Lake, to the Humboldt River in Nevada (DeLafosse 1994). The section of trail from Fort Bridger to the Salt Lake Valley later became known as the Mormon, Pioneer, and Emigrant Trail, and the section west of Salt lake City as the Hastings Road. In recent years, the Hastings Cutoff has been referred to more commonly as the Donner-Reed Trail (DeLafosse 1994). Lansford W. Hastings, a lawyer from Ohio, introduced his cutoff in 1845 in order to provide emigrants with a more direct route to California (DeLafosse 1994). Although the route to California that Hastings proposed was shorter than the original route through Fort Hall, it was by no means as easy as he envisioned. The section of his trail across the Great Salt Lake Desert proved to be particularly difficult for many emigrants including the Donner-Reed party, which lost many oxen and were forced to abandon several wagons during their crossing (Morgan 1975). The problems that the Donner-Reed party encountered on the salt flats in early September of 1846

IMACS Form 1990 Page 1 SITE NO.: 42TO709

were a major contributing factor to their ultimate disaster in the Sierra Nevada later that year (DeLafosse 1994). In spite of the publicized troubles of the Donner-Reed party, many travelers continued to use the Hastings Cutoff. During the late 1840s and early 1850s, gold-seekers en route to California used the cutoff at a rate of several hundred per day (Korns and Morgan 1994). As alternate routes west from the Salt Lake Valley were opened, however, use of the Hastings Cutoff diminished. Nevertheless, the road apparently continued to serve as access to the west for a few miners and ranchers well into the 1870s (DeLafosse 1994). The segment of the Hastings Cutoff recorded here is approximately 2000 ft long, and bisects the project corridor in Section 22, T. 2S, R. 9W. This section of the trail is best characterized as a shallow swale approximately 10-12 ft wide and 1-2 ft deep. Southeast of the project corridor the trail is clearly visible for several miles, and is easily discernable on 7.5' orthophoto quad maps of the area. The trails also extends northwest of the project corridor, but is less visible. Although no associated artifacts were noted in the vicinity of the project corridor, a plastic trail marker placed by the Oregon-California Trails Association is located approximately 110 ft northwest of the proposed corridor centerline. 21. SITE CONDITION: [] EXCELLENT (A) E GOOD (B) [] FAIR (C) [] POOR (D) 22. IMPACT AGENT(S): The trail segment has been minimally impacted by erosion, but retains a high degree of physical integrity. Furthermore, the environmental integrity of the trail segment is excellent, as the immediate landscape has not been marred by modem intrusions. 23. NAT. REGISTER STATUS: M SIGNIFICANT (C) E] NON-SIGNIFICANT (D) E] UNEVALUATED (Z) JUSTIFY: The portion of the Hastings Cutoff across Skull Valley (which includes the segment in the vicinity of the current project corridor) retains a high degree of physical integrity, and is one of the most extensive, intact, and highly visible sections of the trail still remaining (DeLafosse 1994). In addition, the integrity of place and setting has not been compromised by modern intrusions such as roads, fences, pipelines, etc. Consequently, the trail segment is capable of providing an overall impression of its association with significant historical events and people. The Hastings Cutoff was an important and well publicized western migration route that experienced significant use, particularly during the California gold rush. Consequently, it is considered eligible under Criterion A of 36CFR60.4. In addition, its association with Lansford Hastings and the ill-fated Donner-Reed party warrant consideration under Criterion B. 24. PHOTOS: Roll 99-02, #s 9-10 25. RECORDED BY: Daniel K. Newsome 26. SURVEY ORGANIZATION: P-III Associates, Inc. 27. ASSISTING CREW MEMBERS: Jason R. Bright and Gregory H. Miller 28. SURVEY DATE: June 10, 1999

LIST OF ATTACHMENTS: E] PART B Z TOPO MAP f-] ARTIFACT/FEATURE SKETCH Z PART C M SITE SKETCH ] CONTINUATION SHEETS [ PART E Z PHOTOS n OTHER:

IMACS Form 1990 Page 2 SITE NO.: 42TO709

PART A - ENVIRONMENTAL DATA

29. SLOPE: [1] (DEGREES) [1401 ASPECT (DEGREES) 30. DISTANCE TO PERMANENT WATER: [41.13] x 100 METERS TYPE OF WATER SOURCE: Spring/Seep (A) NAME OF WATER SOURCE: Henry Spring is located west-northwest of the trail segment. 31. GEOGRAPHIC UNIT: Uinta Extension (BED) 32. TOPOGRAPHIC LOCATION PRIMARY LANDFORM: Valley (E) SECONDARY LANDFORM: Alluvial fan (A) DESCRIBE: The trail segment bisects an alluvial fan along the western flank of Skull Valley. 33. ON-SITE DEPOSITIONAL CONTEXT: Fan (A) DESCRIPTION OF SOIL: Sediments consist of a gray sandy silt. 34. VEGETATION A. LIFE ZONE: Upper Sonoran (E) B. COMMUNITY - PRIMARY ON-SITE: Grassland/Steppe (M) SECONDARY ON-SITE: Shadscale Community (0) SURROUNDING SITE: Grassland/Steppe (M) DESCRIBE: Vegetation on and around the site includes cheatgrass, Russian thistle, and greasewood. 35. MISCELLANEOUS TEXT: 36. COMMENTS/CONTINUATIONS:

PART C - HISTORIC SITES

1. SITE TYPE: Emigrant Trail 2. HISTORIC THEME(S): Transportation (RT) CULTURAL AFFILIATION DATING METHOD 3. CULTURE: European/American (EA) Historical Record (I) DESCRIBE: The site is the Hastings Cutoff of the California Trail. 4. OLDEST DATE: 1846 RECENT DATE: ca. 1870s HOW DETERMINED? Dates based on historic records. 5. SITE DIMENSIONS: 3 m wide X >600 m long *AREA: >1800 SQ M 6. SURFACE COLLECTION METHOD: None (A) SAMPLING METHOD: NA 7. ESTIMATE DEPTH OF CULTURAL FILL: Surface (A) HOW ESTIMATED (if tested, show location on site map): Visual observation 8. EXCAVATION STATUS: Unexcavated (C) TESTING METHOD: NA 9. SUMMARY OF ARTIFACTS AND DEBRIS: None DESCRIBE: No associated artifacts or debris were observed with the trail segment. 10. CERAMIC ARTIFACTS: None PASTE GLAZE/ DECO- PATTERN VESSEL FORIVI(S) # SLIP RATION NA A. ESTIMATED NUMBER OF CERAMIC TRADEMARKS: NA DESCRIBE: NA

IMACS Form 1990 Page 3 SITE NO.: 42TO709

11. GLASS: # MANUFACTURE COLOR FUNCTION TRADEMARKS DECORATION None DESCRIBE: NA 12. MAXIMUM DENSITY - #/SQ M (GLASS AND CERAMICS): NA 13. TIN CANS: # TYPE OPENING SIZE MODI- LABEL/ FUNCTION FlED MARK None DESCRIBE: NA 14. LANDSCAPE AND CONSTRUCTED FEATURES (locate on site map): Trail/Road (TR) DESCRIBE: This site is the Hastings Cutoff. Although the trail crosses most of Skull Valley, this description only pertains to the segment in the immediate vicinity of the project corridor. The trail segment appears as a shallow swale approximately 10-12 ft wide and 1-2 ft deep, and traverses the area in a northwest-southeast direction. Portions of the swale are obscured by greasewood and tumbleweed (Russian thistle). No artifacts are associated with the trail at this location. A plastic trail marker placed by the Oregon-California Trails Association is located near the western end of the segment, approximately 110 ft northwest of the proposed project corridor centerline. 15. BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES (locate on site map): # MATERIAL TYPE # MATERIAL TYPE None DESCRIBE: NA 16. COMMENTS/CONTINUATIONS - Please make note of any Historic Record searches performed (for example - County Records, General Land Office, Historical Society, Land Management Agency Records, Oral Histories/Interviews): The following publications were examined: Trailing the Pioneers: A Guide to Utah's Emigrant Trails 1829-1869, by P. H. DeLafosse, 1994, Utah State University Press, Logan. West from Fort Bridger: The Pioneering of the Immigrant Trails Across Utah, 1846-1850, edited by J. R. Korns and D. L. Morgan, 1994, Rev. ed., Utah State University Press, Logan, originally published in 1951 The Great Salt Lake, by D. L. Morgan, 1986, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, originally published in 1947

IMACS Form 1990 Page 4 I

Site 42TO709

Low Transportation Corridor centerline CP# 0 Low Transportation Corridor

centerline control point

Historic trail 1TN a Historic trail marker 0 25 S* Photo point yds Contour interval: 0.5 ft Site Photo

Site No: 42TO709 99-02 9 6/10199 View of the Hastings Cutoff Trail, looking southeast toward Hope Wells and the Skull Valley Ranch (losepa). Site Pk•ato

Site No: 42TO709 99-02 10 6/10/99 View of the Hastings Cutoff Trail, looking northwest toward Hastings Pass (in background). III

1973

I IContour Interval 20 Feet Scale 1:24 000 .51 0

Miles 1 1 .5 I IMACS ENCODIN6 FORM Encodees Name -,_ Ale- -5_0__1"1A-_Q_ 1990 To be completed for each site form. For instructions and codes, see IMACS Users Guide.

21 - 1 . . 6 1 ,,, I10 149q570 State Site Number Agency Sie Number Agency Report Number Elevatin

A 12 -Yj

Zone Esating Northing ,PIS, •VEC- 1(41-f I /I ý1,713 13W 14 ^S -r,(-57 17FnR USGSMep 1/4 1/4 1/4 Sec, ] T. R Owner 18 F3T4F&,7 19L altet Forest Dl.JPark Loc. Cur,,ed M tale Cori Imnpacts N.1 Organ. Survey Date Slope Aspect

mg I I I I I- L I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Wider: dislance/type G4 UJk It 2Md Dep. 1 2 3 Mac. Text, Site Name Topographic Location Vegetation

211-1-- 3[,, 4][] 5[6 7 F6]l-NF,WFT-11E]IIE Culturs/Dailng Mkthod Area Collect Depth EPcev. P storc Arflfects Statue B 1E1 11 11 II2W 13LW Ji 14L 1T JfI Is F-lWng Stages Feture: #/type Archhteclur; * I materil / type

Ceramics: #/tyle Lthic Tools: # /type

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14 l 1 , I] isl11[r]L5 Arlilacts Features.0 / type Architecture: U/material/typ SITE NO.: 42TO1 187

IMACS SITE FORM

PART A - ADMINISTRATIVE DATA

I. STATENO.: 42TO1187 2. AGENCY NO.: 3. TEMPNO.: 5126-1 4. STATE: Utah COUNTY: Tooele 5. PROJECT: Low Transportation Corridor and Private Fuel Storage Facility 6. REPORT NO.: U 98 PD 0213bi 7. SITE NAME/PROPERTY NAME: 8. CLASS: Z HISTORIC? 9. SITE TYPE: Rock Alignment and Cairns 10. ELEVATION: 4400 ft 11. UTM GRID: ZONE [12] [344200] m E [4514420] m N 12. [NWI/4] OF [NWl/4] OF [NEl/4] OF SECTION [3] T. [IS.] R. [9W.] 13. MERIDIAN: SLC (UT) (1) 14. MAP REFERENCE: USGS 7.5' Orthophoto Series, Delle, Utah, 1973 15. AERIAL PHOTO: None 16. LOCATION AND ACCESS: From the Delle exit on Interstate 80, travel northwest on the frontage road for 1.6 miles. Turn left (south) onto another dirt road and continue for 2.0 miles. Veer right (north) onto a two-track dirt road and travel another 0.5 mile, then stop. The site is located on a slight rise/ridge approximately 0.25 mile west of the stopping point. 17. LAND OWNER: Bureau of Land Management (LM) 18. FEDERAL ADMIN. UNITS: Salt Lake District, Pony Express Resource Area 19. LOCATION OF CURATED MATERIALS: NA 20. SITE DESCRIPTION: This site consists of a circular rock alignment associated with two rock cairns. The rock alignment has a maximum diameter of approximately 48 feet (northwest southeast) and a minimum diameter of approximately 40 feet (north-south). The "walls" of the alignment consist of locally available quartzite, sandstone, and limestone boulders piled between 1.5 and 3.0 feet high. The stones range from 6 inches to 2 feet in diameter. There are openings in the rock alignment on the east and southwest sides of the feature. The two rock cairns are located approximately 150 feet east of the rock alignment, and are spaced approximately 9 feet apart. One of the cairns measures nearly 3 feet high and the other is about 2 feet high. Both cairns are approximately 2.5 to 3.0 feet in diameter at the base. The circular rock alignment and cairns are probably historic in age, but precise dating of the features is not possible as there are no artifacts associated with the site. Furthermore, the purpose of the rock alignment is indeterminate, but it may have functioned as a stock pond/water catchment device or corral. 21. SITE CONDITION: [] EXCELLENT (A) Z GOOD (B) [J FAIR (C) [J POOR (D) 22. IMPACT AGENT(S): The features have been impacted by erosion and livestock grazing, but remain in relatively good condition. 23. NAT. REGISTER STATUS: E] SIGNIFICANT (C) j NON-SIGNIFICANT (D) Z UNEVALUATED (Z) JUSTIFY: Due to the uncertainty of the age and function of the rock alignment feature, the site was not evaluated for National Register status. If the site becomes threatened by project development, it is recommended that additional investigations be performed before construction activities are allowed to proceed in the area. Investigations in the form of

IMACS Form 1990 Page I SITE NO.: 42TO1187

archeological testing, archival research, and/or informant interviews may shed light on the age, purpose, and significance of the site. 24. PHOTOS: Roll 99-02, #s 1-8 25. RECORDED BY: Daniel K. Newsome 26. SURVEY ORGANIZATION: P-III Associates, Inc. 27. ASSISTING CREW MEMBERS: Jason R. Bright and Gregory H. Miller 28. SURVEY DATE: June 9, 1999

LIST OF ATTACHMENTS: [] PART B Z TOPO MAP j] ARTIFACT/FEATURE SKETCH Z PART C Z SITE SKETCH [] CONTINUATION SHEETS [] PART E Z PHOTOS [ OTHER:

PART A - ENVIRONMENTAL DATA

29. SLOPE: [6] (DEGREES) [981 ASPECT (DEGREES) 30. DISTANCE TO PERMANENT WATER: [134.23] x 100 METERS TYPE OF WATER SOURCE: Spring/Seep (A) NAME OF WATER SOURCE: Redlum Spring is located south-southwest of the site. 31. GEOGRAPHIC UNIT: Uinta Extension (BED) 32. TOPOGRAPHIC LOCATION PRIMARY LANDFORM: Valley (E) SECONDARY LANDFORM: Alluvial fan (A) DESCRIBE: The site is located on a slight rise/ridge on an alluvial fan along the western flank of Skull Valley. 33. ON-SITE DEPOSITIONAL CONTEXT: Colluvium (I), Fan (A) DESCRIPTION OF SOIL: Sediments consist of tan silty sand with an abundance of large limestone, sandstone, and quartzite cobbles and boulders. The cobbles and boulders appear to have eroded downslope from the foothills to the west, and are deposited in linear piles. 34. VEGETATION A. LIFE ZONE: Upper Sonoran (E) B. COMMUNITY - PRIMARY ON-SITE: Grassland/Steppe (M) SECONDARY ON-SITE: Low Sagebrush (Q) SURROUNDING SITE: Grassland/Steppe (M) DESCRIBE: Vegetation on and around the site includes cheatgrass, wild rye, pepperweed, buckwheat, globemallow, sparse low sagebrush, and various bunch grasses. 35. MISCELLANEOUS TEXT: 36. COMMENTS/CONTINUATIONS:

IMACS Form 1990 Page 2 SITE NO.: 42TO1]187

PART C - HISTORIC SITES

I. SITE TYPE: Rock Alignment and Cairns 2. HISTORIC THEME(S): Unknown (ZZ) CULTURAL AFFILIATION DATING METHOD 3. CULTURE: European/American (EA) ? Unknown (Z) DESCRIBE: The site consists of three rock features that are possibly historic in age. However, the features are not associated with datable remains, and their function is uncertain. Therefore, assigning the site to a particular historic context is not possible without further evaluation. 4. OLDEST DATE: Unknown RECENT DATE: Unknown HOW DETERMINED? NA 5. SITE DIMENSIONS: 20 m (N-S) X 85 m (E-W) *AREA: 1500 SQ M 6. SURFACE COLLECTION METHOD: None (A) SAMPLING METHOD: NA 7. ESTIMATE DEPTH OF CULTURAL FILL: Surface (A) HOW ESTIMATED (if tested, show location on site map): Although some soil has accumulated on the upslope sides of the rock alignment, other areas are deflated. The deflated areas and the complete lack of surface artifacts suggests that the site does not contain a subsurface component. 8. EXCAVATION STATUS: Unexcavated (C) TESTING METHOD: NA 9. SUMMARY OF ARTIFACTS AND DEBRIS: None DESCRIBE: No associated artifacts or debris were observed with rock features. 10. CERAMIC ARTIFACTS: None PASTE GLAZE/ DECO- PATTERN VESSEL FORM(S) # SLIP RATION NA A. ESTIMATED NUMBER OF CERAMIC TRADEMARKS: NA DESCRIBE: NA 11. GLASS: # MANUFACTURE COLOR FUNCTION TRADEMARKS DECORATION None DESCRIBE: NA 12. MAXIMUM DENSITY - #/SQ M (GLASS AND CERAMICS): NA 13. TIN CANS: # TYPE OPENING SIZE MODI- LABEL/ FUNCTION FlED MARK None DESCRIBE: NA 14. LANDSCAPE AND CONSTRUCTED FEATURES (locate on site map): Rock Alignment (RA); Cairns (AI) DESCRIBE: This site contains a circular rock alignment and two rock cairns. The circular rock alignment is constructed of locally available quartzite, sandstone, and limestone boulders ranging from 6 inches to 2 feet in diameter, which have been piled between 1.5 and 3.0 feet high. The alignment has an average diameter of approximately 44 feet. The rock alignment has an opening on the east side and another on the southwest side (see sketch map). The purpose of the rock alignment is indeterminate, but it may have functioned as a stock pond/water catchment device or corral. The two rock cairns are located approximately 150 feet east of the rock alignment, and are spaced approximately 9 feet apart. One of the cairns measures

IMACS Form 1990 Page 3 SITE NO.: 42TO1187

approximately 3 feet high, whereas the other is about 2 feet high. Both cairns measure approximately 2.5 to 3.0 feet across at the base. The circular rock alignment and cairns are probably historic in age, but precise dating of the features is not possible as there are no artifacts associated with the site. However, it may be possible to ascertain the relative age of the features by determining the rate of soil deposition against the rocks and the rate of lichen growth (many of the rocks exhibit considerable amounts of lichen, some of which has grown between stones). 15. BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES (locate on site map): # MATERIAL TYPE # MATERIAL TYPE None DESCRIBE: NA 16. COMMENTS/CONTINUATIONS - Please make note of any Historic Record searches performed (for example - County Records, General Land Office, Historical Society, Land Management Agency Records, Oral Histories/Interviews): None

IMACS Form 1990 Page 4 /

rock alignment /

I Site 42T01187 A Temporary datum

Low Transportation Corridor centerline

Low Transportation Corridor centerline control point 1TN Rock Rock accumulation 0 25 * yds Intermittent drainage

Contour interval: 3.0 ft Photo point Site Photc

Site No: 42TO1187 99-02 1 6/9/99 View of stone ring feature, looking west- Site Photo

Av,

Site No: 42T01 187 99-02 2 6/9/99 View of stone ring feature, looking north. Note opening in the ring center left. Site Photo

Site No: 42T01 187 99-02 3 6/9/99 View of stone ring feature, looking east. Site Photo

Site No: 42T01 187 99-02 4 6/9/99 Close up of the western portion of the stone ring showing construction detail. View to the north. Site Photo

6/9/99 Site No: 42TO1 187 99-02 5 Close up of lichen growth on the stones. Site Photo

Site No. 42TO1 187 99-02 6 6/9/99 View of the stone cairn, looking east. Site Photo

Site No: 42TO1 187 99-02 7 6/9/99 View looking west toward the stone ring from the cairns. Site Photo

Site No: 42TOl 187 99-02 8 6/9/99 Close up of the eastern portion of the stone ring feature showing construction detail. View to the south. DELLE, UTAH 1973

Contour Interval 20 Feet

Scale 1:24000 0 I z-7- Miles 1 .5 0

Kilometers IMACS ENCODING FORM EncodersoName /), 1'2 L(J,$ c^ 4Z 1990 To be completed for each site form. For Instructions and codes, see IMACS Users Guide.

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Zone Eastlng Northing A 13] 14171, DILAC iLiEi (-7iAiH IIh 13i S hop 114 1/4 1/4 SW_ T. R U SG Owner

18 j-•a- 19 j 21 H 22V F6 -7-,Lj 23Er 2 6• Forest DiMJPark Loc. Curaled Materials Cond. Impacts N.R Organ. Survey Date Slope Aspect

30atr 31a 32tce R 3 3Lg.]D Ep.3 42n3 I3 I I I I I I tII I I I I I I I I I I IN Water: dkunsthnype Geo". Unit 191 2nd: Dop. 1 2 3 ht Toid, Site Nam~e Topograpf Locaton Vegetation

2-1- 3 ,,,,1 4] s[[] 6] 7 -71r-W-II-- El1-W11!] Culture/Dating Method Area Colect Depth Exsav. Prehisodc ANecm ClueDtn thdStatue rttrc fhat

B 8 9111 22 1 13 I-]Z I 14- 7J-TT i- Fladng Stages F te ItF / typ k 'ecture: #material /type

ICerefc: I #9/type LAh Toole: 0 / type

2U W 3A W 4[ZI]L ] 5~/ 6[N 7E] 8 [1] [19Z Historic Theme Culturae / Dating Method Dates At" -Collect. Depth Escav.t C 14IIJ- _'Si•"l-iStatus j jj I 14aluZ: 15 1rhu/el Featduree:0 / type Architecture: # Imaterial/type Appendix B

Isolated Find Illustrations Artifact Sketch

State Number: P-Ill Associates, Inc. Temporary Number: Salt Lake City, Utah

6 IF-6 IF-7

0 2 Date: 5-6/99 Recorder DKN cm