list of illustrations

Section One

Daniel Defoe. Oil painting in the style of Sir Godfrey Kneller, late-17th or early-18th century. © , Greenwich. Joseph Addison. Oil painting by Sir Godfrey Kneller, c.1703–1712. © National Portrait Gallery, . John Locke. Oil painting by Thomas Gibson, late-17th or early-18th century. Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford/The Art Archive. Sir Isaac Newton. Oil painting by John Vanderbank, 1727. Trinity College, University of Cambridge. . Oil painting by Benjamin Wilson, 1759. Robert Knudsen, White House Photographs, John F. Kennedy Presiden- tial Library and Museum, Boston, MA. Deborah Franklin. Oil painting by Benjamin Wilson, c.1759. Ameri- can Philosophical Society, , PA. Benjamin Franklin House, London. Photo © Arthur Goodwin. Stairs at Benjamin Franklin House. Photo © Arthur Goodwin. Mary (Polly) Stevenson. Pastel on paper by an unknown artist, c.1770. Collection of Theodore E. Wiederseim (a direct descendent of the Stevenson-Hewson-Bradford family). Photo by Derek Chandler. Franklin’s glass armonica, completed in 1761. From the Historical and Interpretive Collections of The , Philadelphia, PA. Thomas Penn. Oil painting (detail) by Arthur Devis, 1752. Phila- delphia Museum of Art, PA, 125th Anniversary Acquisition, Gift of Susanne Strassburger Anderson, Valerie Anderson Story and Veronica Anderson Macdonald, from the estate of Mae Bourne and Ralph Beaver Strassburger, 2004/Bridgeman Images. Dr John Fothergill. Oil painting by Gilbert Stuart, 1781. Courtesy of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia, PA, Annual Membership Fund. list of illustrations xi

William Strahan. Oil painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1780. © National Portrait Gallery, London. Sir John Pringle. Oil painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1774. © The Royal Society, London. David Hume. Oil painting by Allan Ramsay, 1766. Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh/Bridgeman Images. John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute. Oil painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1773. © National Portrait Gallery, London. . Portrait medallion, jasperware, 1787. The Wedg- wood Museum, Stoke-on-Trent. Photo © Wedgwood Museum/ WWRD. George Grenville. Oil painting by William Hoare, 1764. By permis- sion of of the Governing Body of Christ Church, University of Oxford. William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. Oil painting (detail) by Rich- ard Brompton, 1772. Philadelphia Museum of Art, PA, Gift of Caroline Scott Koblenzer, MD, in memory of her father, James Robertson Adamson, FRIBA, 1997/Bridgeman Images. Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham. Oil painting after Sir Joshua Reynolds, c.1768. © National Portrait Gallery, London. Charles Townshend. Oil painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds and studio, c.1765. Baddesley Clinton, Warwickshire/© The National Trust. Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron Le Despencer. Oil painting by Nath- aniel Dance, c.1776. © National Portrait Gallery, London. The Gout. Hand-coloured soft-ground etching by James Gillray, 1799. © Courtesy of the Warden and Scholars of New College, University of Oxford/Bridgeman Images.

Section Two

Benjamin Franklin. Oil painting by David Martin, 1767. Robert Knudsen, White House Photographs, John F. Kennedy Pres- idential Library and Museum, Boston, MA. xii benjamin franklin in london

Augustus Henry Fitzroy, 3rd Duke of Grafton. Oil painting by Pompeo Batoni, 1762. © National Portrait Gallery, London. Frederick, Lord North. Oil painting by Nathaniel Dance, 1773–4. © National Portrait Gallery, London. George III. Oil painting by Johann Zoffany, 1771. Trust © Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, 2016/Bridgeman Images. John Canton. Oil painting by an unknown artist. 1740s. © National Portrait Gallery, London. Dr Richard Price. Oil painting by Benjamin West, 1784. National Library of Wales/photo © Christies Images/Bridgeman Images. Joseph Priestley. Pastel by Ellen Sharples, probably after James Sharples, c.1797. © National Portrait Gallery, London. The Death of the Earl of Chatham. Oil painting by John Singleton Copley, 1779–81. Gallery, London, on loan to the National Portrait Gallery, London. Key to the Death of the Earl of Chatham. Engraving by Francesco Bartolozzi, after John Singleton Copley, late-18th century. Harvard Art Museums/Fogg Museum, Gray Collection of Engravings Fund, G4271. © President and Fellows of Harvard College, Cambridge, MA. John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. Oil painting after Johann Zoffany, c.1764. © National Portrait Gallery, London. Josiah Quincy, Jr. Posthumous oil painting by Gilbert Stuart, c.1825. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Mr Edmund Quincy, L-R 37.1981. Photo © 2016 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA. John Dunning, 1st Baron Ashburton; Isaac Barré; William Petty, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne (formerly 2nd Earl of Shelburne). Mezzo- tint by James Ward, after Sir Joshua Reynolds, 1807. © National Portrait Gallery, London. Benjamin Franklin. Oil painting attributed to Jean Valade, after an original by Joseph-Silfrede Duplessis, c.1786. © Thomas Jefferson Foundation at Monticello, Charlottesville, VA. Benjamin Franklin. Line engraving by Augustin de Saint-Aubin, after Charles Nicolas Cochin, 1777. © National Portrait Gallery, London. list of illustrations xiii

Caleb Whitefoord. Oil painting by Gilbert Stuart, 1782. Montclair Art Museum, NJ. Museum Purchase; Clayton E. Freeman Fund. David Hartley. Oil painting by George Romney, 1783–4. Art Proper- ties, Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library, Columbia Uni- versity in the City of New York, Gift of the Estate of Geraldine R. Dodge.