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YIPF6 Controls Sorting of FGF21 Into COPII Vesicles and Promotes Obesity

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YIPF6 controls sorting of FGF21 into COPII vesicles and promotes obesity Lirui Wanga,b,c,1,2, Magdalena Mazagovab,1, Chuyue Pana,1, Song Yangd,1, Katharina Brandle, Jun Liua, Shannon M. Reillyb, Yanhan Wangb, Zhaorui Miaoa, Rohit Loombab,NaLua, Qinglong Guoa, Jihua Liuf, Ruth T. Yug, Michael Downesg, Ronald M. Evansg,h, David A. Brennerb, Alan R. Saltielb, Bruce Beutleri,2, and Bernd Schnablb,c,2 aSchool of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, Jiang Su, China; bDepartment of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; cDepartment of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161; dDepartment of Hepatology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Chaoyang District, 100015 Beijing, China; eSkaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; fSchool of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 211198 Nanjing, Jiang Su, China; gGene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037; hHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037; and iCenter for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 Contributed by Bruce Beutler, June 4, 2019 (sent for review March 18, 2019; reviewed by Ali Canbay and Wen-Xing Ding) Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine hormone and decreasing body weight (14, 15). These results suggest that that regulates glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis. While gene FGF21 might be a promising antidiabetic therapy in humans. In- expression of FGF21 is regulated by the nuclear hormone receptor deed, LY2405319, an engineered variant of FGF21, reduces body peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in the fasted state, weight and dyslipidemia and alters atherogenic apolipoprotein little is known about the regulation of trafficking and secretion of profiles of patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes (16). While FGF21. We show that mice with a mutation in the Yip1 domain delivering engineered recombinant FGF21 variants is a dominant KLZ/Y family, member 6 gene (Klein–Zschocher [KLZ]; Yipf6 ) on a high- strategy to exploit the therapeutic potential of FGF21, efforts are fat diet (HFD) have higher plasma levels of FGF21 than mice that do also underway to boost endogenous FGF21 level or efficacy as an KLZ/Y alternative therapeutic strategy, such as using fibroblast-activating not carry this mutation (controls) and hepatocytes from Yipf6 protein inhibitors (17) and gene therapy-mediated FGF21 over- mice secrete more FGF21 than hepatocytes from wild-type mice. Yipf6KLZ/Y expression in liver via adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (AAV8) Consequently, mice are resistant to HFD-induced features (18). FGF21 has an amino-terminal signal peptide (leader se- of the metabolic syndrome and have increased lipolysis, energy quence) and is delivered to the cell surface through the endoplas- MEDICAL SCIENCES expenditure, and thermogenesis, with an increase in core body tem- KLZ/Y mic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi (19). However, the mechanisms of perature. Yipf6 mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of FGF21 FGF21 secretion remain elusive. were no longer protected from diet-induced obesity. We show that Yip1 domain family, member 6 (YIPF6) belongs to a family of YIPF6 binds FGF21 in the endoplasmic reticulum to limit its secretion proteins comprising YIPF1 through YIPF7. Little is known about and specifies packaging of FGF21 into coat protein complex II (COPII) the functions of these proteins in mammalian cells (20). The yeast vesicles during development of obesity in mice. Levels of YIPF6 pro- homologs of mammalian YIPFs, named Yips, are membrane re- tein in human liver correlate with hepatic steatosis and correlate ceptors for YPT and RAB guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) inversely with levels of FGF21 in serum from patients with nonalcoholic and associate with secretory vesicles between the ER and Golgi fatty liver disease (NAFLD). YIPF6 is therefore a newly identified regulator of FGF21 secretion during development of obesity and Significance could be a target for treatment of obesity and NAFLD. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an endocrine hormone obesity | YIPF6 | FGF21 | COPII vesicles | sorting receptor that regulates glucose, lipid, and energy homeostasis. To date, little is known about the regulation of trafficking and secretion ccording to the World Health Organization, ∼39% of adults of FGF21. Here, we show that mice with a mutation in the Yipf6 Awere overweight worldwide in 2016; among these, 13% were gene (Klein–Zschocher [KLZ]; Yipf6KLZ/Y) on a high-fat diet (HFD) obese (1). Obesity-related deaths are predominantly due to the have higher plasma levels of FGF21 than control mice due to the development of cardiovascular disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver increased FGF21 secretion from their hepatocytes. Yipf6KLZ/Y disease (NAFLD) (1–3). NAFLD has become a leading cause of mice are thus resistant to HFD-induced features of the metabolic chronic liver disease with the growing obesity pandemic (3), and syndrome. The regulation of YIPF6 on FGF21 secretion was also liver cells contribute to the progression of obesity. The hepatocyte conserved in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. secretome changes during obesity. Steatotic hepatocytes produce YIPF6 is therefore a newly identified regulator of FGF21 secre- factors that promote or protect against inflammation and insulin tion during development of obesity and could be a target for resistance (4). treatment of obesity and NAFLD. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) belongs to the endocrine subfamily of FGFs. Unlike the majority of FGFs, which bind Author contributions: L.W., B.B., and B.S. designed research; M.M., C.P., Jun Liu, S.M.R., heparan sulfate and become predominantly entrapped within the Y.W., and Z.M. performed research; S.Y., K.B., R.L., N.L., Q.G., and Jihua Liu contributed extracellular matrix of their site of synthesis, FGF21 enters cir- new reagents/analytic tools; R.T.Y., M.D., R.M.E., D.A.B., and A.R.S. analyzed data; and culation upon secretion due to its diminished heparan sulfate L.W., B.B., and B.S. wrote the paper. binding, and instead relies on a tertiary receptor complex com- Reviewers: A.C., University of Magdeburg; and W.-X.D., The University of Kansas posed of beta-klotho and FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) for tissue Medical Center. targeting and signal transduction (5–7). Circulating FGF21 is a Conflict of interest statement: B.B. received salary support from Pfizer, Inc. B.S. is consul- primarily hepatocyte-derived hormone in response to fasting or ting for Ferring Research Institute. starvation, which exerts its function in a variety of tissues, in- Published under the PNAS license. cluding white and brown adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, and brain 1L.W., M.M., C.P., and S.Y. contributed equally to this work. (8–10). 2To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: [email protected], bruce. Administration of recombinant FGF21 improves metabolic [email protected] or [email protected]. homeostasis in obese and diabetic mouse models, decreasing This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. plasma glucose and triglycerides (11), increasing insulin sensitivity 1073/pnas.1904360116/-/DCSupplemental. (12), reducing hepatic steatosis (13), increasing energy expenditure, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1904360116 PNAS Latest Articles | 1of10 Downloaded by guest on October 2, 2021 ABWT Control C KLZ/Y KLZ/Y 60 * HFD Cohort1 60 WT HFD WT Yipf6 WT Yipf6 HFD Cohort2 Yipf6KLZ/Y Control HFD Cohort3 Yipf6KLZ/Y HFD 50 HFD Cohort4 40 * 40 HFD Cohort5 20 30 ody weight (g) weight ody B Body weight (g) 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516 Dorsal Ventral WT Yipf6KLZ/Y Feeding (weeks) D SubQ WAT Epi WAT BAT Liver 3 3 0.50 * 3 * Control * * * HFD * * 2 2 2 * 0.25 Weight (g) 1 Weight (g) Weight (g) Weight Weight (g) Weight 1 1 0 KLZ/Y 0 0.00 0 WT Yipf6 WT Yipf6KLZ/Y WT Yipf6KLZ/Y WT Yipf6KLZ/Y HFD WT Yipf6KLZ/Y WT Yipf6KLZ/Y WT Yipf6KLZ/Y WT Yipf6KLZ/Y EF* 40 200 * 200 * Control 0.4 * * * HFD 0.3 100 100 20 0.2 0.1 to total adiponectin Cholesterol (mg/dl) Cholesterol Ratio of HMWRatio of adiponectin Cholesterol LDL (mg/dl) Cholesterol HDL (mg/dl) HDL Cholesterol 0.0 0 0 0 KLZ/Y KLZ/Y KLZ/Y WT Yipf6 WT Yipf6 WT Yipf6KLZ/Y WT Yipf6 G WT Control WT HFD * GTT ITT Yipf6KLZ/Y Control 100 600 * Control 125 Yipf6KLZ/Y HFD * HFD * * 100 * 75 * 400 75 50 * 200 50 Leptin (ng/ml) 25 25 Blood glucose (mg/dl) glucose Blood 0 Blood glucose (% glucose Blood basal) of 0 0 0 30 60 90 120 0 30 60 90 120 WT Yipf6KLZ/Y Time after i.p. injection (min) Time after i.p. injection (min) Fig. 1. Yipf6 mutation protects mice from diet-induced obesity. (A) Body weight (n = 4 to 5 for control diet and n = 8 to 10 for HFD). (B) Representative images of WT and Yipf6KLZ/Y mice placed on the HFD for 16 wk. (C) Body weights of groups (n = 70 WT mice fed the HFD and n = 69 Yipf6KLZ/Y mice fed the HFD). (D, Top) Weight of s.c. white adipose tissue (SubQ WAT; n = 8 to 11 for control diet and n = 18 to 22 for HFD), epididymal white adipose tissue (Epi WAT; n = 8 to 11 for control diet and n = 18 to 23 for HFD), brown adipose tissue (BAT; n = 5 for control diet and n = 5 to 7 for HFD), and liver (n = 8 to 11 for control diet and n = 18 to 23 for HFD). (D, Bottom) Representative images of SubQ WAT, Epi WAT, BAT, and liver from WT and Yipf6KLZ/Y mice following the HFD.
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    International Journal of Obesity (2015) 39, 121–129 © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0307-0565/15 www.nature.com/ijo ORIGINAL ARTICLE Opposite alterations in FGF21 and FGF19 levels and disturbed expression of the receptor machinery for endocrine FGFs in obese patients JM Gallego-Escuredo1,2, J Gómez-Ambrosi2,3, V Catalan2,3, P Domingo4, M Giralt1,2, G Frühbeck2,3 and F Villarroya1,2 OBJECTIVE: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-21, and possibly FGF19, protect against type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity in rodents. We investigated the circulating levels of FGF21 and FGF19 in obese patients with varying degrees of abnormal glucose homeostasis, and we determined gene expression for FGF receptors (FGFR1–4) and the co-receptor β-Klotho, in liver and adipose tissues. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We analyzed 35 lean healthy (71% men) and 61 obese patients (49% men, median body mass index (BMI): 40.5 kg m − 2, interquartile range: 34.7–46.2). Among obese patients, 36 were normoglycemic, 15 showed impaired glucose tolerance and 10 had T2DM. Biopsies from liver and visceral and subcutaneous fat from a subset of obese patients and controls were analyzed. FGF19 and FGF21 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and tissue mRNA and protein levels by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. RESULTS: FGF21 serum levels were significantly increased in obese patients compared with controls (Po0.001), whereas FGF19 levels were decreased (Po0.001). FGF21 levels were positively correlated with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (P = 0.0002, r = 0.37) and insulin (P = 0.001, r = 0.32), whereas FGF19 levels were negatively correlated (P = 0.007, r = − 0.27; P = 0.003, r = − 0.28; respectively).
  • Mutation Induces Spontaneous Intestinal Inflammation in Mice

    Mutation Induces Spontaneous Intestinal Inflammation in Mice

    Yip1 domain family, member 6 (Yipf6) mutation induces spontaneous intestinal inflammation in mice Katharina Brandla, Wataru Tomisatoa,b, Xiaohong Lia,b, Christina Neppla, Elaine Piriea, Werner Falkc, Yu Xiaa, Eva Marie Y. Morescoa, Roberto Baccalad, Argyrios N. Theofilopoulosd, Bernd Schnable, and Bruce Beutlera,b,1 aDepartment of Genetics, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; bCenter for Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390; cDepartment of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; dDepartment of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and eDepartment of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 Contributed by Bruce Beutler, June 19, 2012 (sent for review May 18, 2012) Using an environmentally sensitized genetic screen we identified affecting the structure of Mucin-2 also enhance susceptibility mutations that cause inflammatory colitis in mice. The X-linked to colitis, evidently by increasing ER stress (4), and do so in a Klein-Zschocher (KLZ) mutation created a null allele of Yipf6,a semidominant fashion. member of a gene family believed to regulate vesicular transport The fifth mutant, called Klein-Zschocher (KLZ) (after the in yeast, but without known functions in mammals. Yipf6 is a five town named in J. S. Bach cantata BWV 212), showed severe transmembrane-spanning protein associated with Golgi compart- weight loss after 1% DSS administration (Fig. 1B); both hemi- ments. Klein-Zschocher mutants were extremely sensitive to colitis zygous males and homozygous females displayed the phenotype induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and developed sponta- clearly.