An Alternative to Traditional Athletic Competition with Special Reference to Figure Skating

AN ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL ATHLETIC COMPETITION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FIGURE SKATING > DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Beverly Mae Labrecque, B.S,» M,A, * * * * # The Ohio State University 1972 Approved by * f / Adviser tyspartraent of Ph Education INFORMATION TO USERS This dissertation was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. University Microfilms 300 North Zoob Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 A Xerox. Education Company I I 73-11,517 LABRECQUE, Beverly Mae, 1938- AN ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL ATHLETIC COMPETITION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO FIGURE SKATING. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1972 Education, physical University Microfilms, A XEROX Company , Ann Arbor, Michigan PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company \ t. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express her gratitude to the individuals who were essential in making this research possible. The the adviserf Dr, Seymour Kleinraan, Dr, Delyte Morris, and Dr, Mary lost of the Department of Physical Education, and to the participating students and their adviser, Marylin Grace House, ii VITA January 21, 1938 , , . Born - Windsor, Ontario, Canada. 196 7 ............... B, S,, Northern Michigan University, Marquette, Michigan, 196 8 ................M, A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 1968 ......... Teaching Assistant, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1968 - 1972 ........ Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, PUBLICATIONS "Still Photography and Human Motion," Quest, XVI (June, 1971), pp. 26-36. FIELDS OF STUD! Major Fieldi Physical Education Minor Field* Photography and Cinematography iii table; o f contents Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................. i i VITA .............................................. Ill LIST OF T A B L E S ............................................ vi Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ......................................... 1 II. THE COUNTER CULTURE— AN OVERVIEW . ............. 9 Basic Foundation of the Counter-Culture Basic Response to the Technological Society III, THE COUNTER-CULTURE*5 VIEW OF CONTEMPORARY ATHLETICS . , 25 IV. THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPETITIVE FIGURE SKATING ........... 41 Historical Considerations British Influence German and French Influence Skating Competitions Present Figure Skating Competition in the United States Eligibility to Compete Structure of the Competition Singles Competition . Pairs Competition Dance Competition Summary of Development of Figure Skating V, A CRITIQUE OF CONTEMPORARY FIGURE SKATING— THE SYSTEM AND AN ALTERNATIVE............. 57 The Present Competitive System Organizational Structure Judging System Technique The Coach and Technique The University Student and Competition The Placement System iv TABUS OF COUTBHTS— Continued Chapter Page Discussion Rationale for Design of New Model Program The New Organizational Structure The New Judging System The New Placement System Format of Model Competition Criteria For Critiquing Performance VI, EXECUTION OF THE MODEL PROGRAM......................... 75 Critique of Performance Assessment of New Model Programs by Participants VII. THEORETICAL APPLICATION OF NEN MODEL COMPETITION........ 82 Organization of University Competitions Intranational Level National Level International Level Competition with Large Numbers Discussion VIII, SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................... 91 APPENDICES A. UNITED STATES FIGURE SKATING ASSOCIATION FIGURES ........ 97 B. SCORE SHEET AMD SCORING ANALYSIS......................... 106 Scoring Analysis Score Sheet C. QUESTIONNAIRES AND RESPONSES Assessment Questionnaire Skating Background of Participants Evaluation of Structure of Model Comments of Participants BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................115 v LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1, Analysis of Available Championship Competitions ........ 52 2. Scoring Analysis, .»,;••••• .................... 108 3. Skating Background............. * ................ 111 4, Evaluation of Structure of Model 112 vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION There is no blueprint of the future, however, a segment of today*s population believes that there is. They believe this blue print was devised unconsciously by an industrial society and its present course is unalterable unless social and psychological attitudes are changed. According to Reich, the industrial society has produced three categories of conscious awareness. Each level of awareness is highly impressionistic and arbitrary, and because each type of consciousness is a construct, no real individual is expected to exhibit all the types of characteristic consciousness. The first level, known as Consciousness I, was formed in the nineteenth century. It may be described as the "traditional outlook of the American farmer, small businessman, and worker who is trying to get ahead,It does not accept the reality of an interdependent society and believes in a narrow, rugged individualism. The second level, Consciousness II, developed in the first ^Charles A, Reich, The Greening of America, (New lorki Bantam Books, 1971)i P, 16, 1 2 half of this century and is characterized by the individual who 2 "represents the values of an organizational society," This type believes in the Corporate State and derives happiness from its material rewards. There is a belief in rationality, planning by experts, and attending reform. Consciousness III is the new emerging generation which rejects what the technological society stands for. This type is difficult to categorize. It is this third level of awareness with whioh we will be most concerned. There appears to be an underlying theme which is characteristic of this groupi The United States is the most powerful nation in history, but it now appears that the price of such national power is the increasing— and eventually complete— powerlessness of the individual citizen. The almost perpetual state of civil strife which has recently emerged can be seen as a direct result of the refusal of rapidly growing numbers of people to accept this intolerable condition of powerlessness. Unfortunately, the tactics of lawlessness and violence used by those who seek to remedy their powerless condition are giving rise to an equally intolerable condition of social anarchy. The counter-tactics of repression are in turn leading us to the development of that very thing we have all thought can't happen here, the police state. Nobody will be free in America, and few will have any real power over their own lives, if it becomes nec essary to have policemen and/or soldiers on every street corner of our cities. And yet such a prospect is clearly possible in light of recent events, Americans neither deserve nor want such a future, nor do they have to accept such a future. Traditionally, Americans have looked forward to a future of increased freedom rather than diminished freedom. Such a future still lies before us, but to get there we must change some of our social and psych ological attitudes. Our present social and psychological 2Ibid. 3 attitudes are leading us to disaster.^ Basically, this is the liet motif of current thought in the rhetoric of what has popularly come to be known as the "counter culture"— the powerlessness of the individual to control his own life and destiny due to external forces over which he has no direct control. In our modem American culture there has been a tendency for human activities, which originate in human needs and desires, to become heavily regulated and organized by elite bureaucracies. This bureau cratic network within institutions eventually

Load more