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Toward the Integrated Marine Debris Observing System REVIEW published: 28 August 2019 doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00447 Toward the Integrated Marine Debris Observing System Edited by: Sanae Chiba, 1* 2 3 4 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Nikolai Maximenko , Paolo Corradi , Kara Lavender Law , Erik Van Sebille , 5 6 7 Science and Technology, Japan Shungudzemwoyo P. Garaba , Richard Stephen Lampitt , Francois Galgani , Victor Martinez-Vicente 8, Lonneke Goddijn-Murphy 9, Joana Mira Veiga 10, Reviewed by: Richard C. Thompson 11, Christophe Maes 12, Delwyn Moller 13, Carolin Regina Löscher 14, Hans-Peter Plag, 15 16 17 18 Old Dominion University, United States Anna Maria Addamo , Megan R. Lamson , Luca R. Centurioni , Nicole R. Posth , 19 20 21 21 Rene Garello, Rick Lumpkin , Matteo Vinci , Ana Maria Martins , Catharina Diogo Pieper , 22 15 23 24 IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays Atsuhiko Isobe , Georg Hanke , Margo Edwards , Irina P. Chubarenko , de la Loire, France Ernesto Rodriguez 25, Stefano Aliani 26, Manuel Arias 27, Gregory P. Asner 28, 20 29 13 30 31 *Correspondence: Alberto Brosich , James T. Carlton , Yi Chao , Anna-Marie Cook , Andrew B. Cundy , 32 20 19 33 Nikolai Maximenko Tamara S. Galloway , Alessandra Giorgetti , Gustavo Jorge Goni , Yann Guichoux , 34 35 36 37 [email protected] Linsey E. Haram , Britta Denise Hardesty , Neil Holdsworth , Laurent Lebreton , Heather A. Leslie 38, Ilan Macadam-Somer 39, Thomas Mace 40, Mark Manuel 41,42, 31 12 6 7 Specialty section: Robert Marsh , Elodie Martinez , Daniel J. Mayor , Morgan Le Moigne , 20 6 43 This article was submitted to Maria Eugenia Molina Jack , Matt Charles Mowlem , Rachel W. Obbard , Ocean Observation, Katsiaryna Pabortsava 6, Bill Robberson 30, Amelia-Elena Rotaru 14, Gregory M. Ruiz 34, a section of the journal Maria Teresa Spedicato 44, Martin Thiel 45, Alexander Turra 46 and Chris Wilcox 35 Frontiers in Marine Science 1 International Pacific Research Center, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Received: 21 November 2018 HI, United States, 2 European Space Research and Technology Centre, European Space Agency, Noordwijk, Netherlands, Accepted: 05 July 2019 3 Sea Education Association, Falmouth, MA, United States, 4 Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Utrecht Published: 28 August 2019 University, Utrecht, Netherlands, 5 Marine Sensor Systems, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Citation: University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany, 6 National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom, Maximenko N, Corradi P, Law KL, Van 7 Département Océanographie et Dynamique des Écosystémes, Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer, Sebille E, Garaba SP, Lampitt RS, Bastia, France, 8 Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, United Kingdom, 9 Environmental Research Institute, University of Galgani F, Martinez-Vicente V, the Highlands and Islands, Thurso, United Kingdom, 10 Deltares, Delft, Netherlands, 11 University of Plymouth, Plymouth, Goddijn-Murphy L, Veiga JM, United Kingdom, 12 Laboratoire d’Océanographie Physique et Spatiale, Institute of Research for Development, Brest, France, Thompson RC, Maes C, Moller D, 13 Remote Sensing Solutions, Los Angeles, CA, United States, 14 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Löscher CR, Addamo AM, Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark, 15 European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy, 16 Hawai‘i Wildlife Lamson MR, Centurioni LR, Fund, Paia, HI, United States, 17 Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, Posth NR, Lumpkin R, Vinci M, United States, 18 Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management (IGN), University of Copenhagen, Martins AM, Pieper CD, Isobe A, Copenhagen, Denmark, 19 Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (NOAA), Miami, FL, United States, Hanke G, Edwards M, Chubarenko IP, 20 Sezione di Oceanografia, Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, Trieste, Italy, 21 Department of Rodriguez E, Aliani S, Arias M, Oceanography and Fisheries, University of the Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 22 Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Asner GP, Brosich A, Carlton JT, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, 23 Applied Research Laboratory, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, Chao Y, Cook A-M, Cundy AB, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States, 24 P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Galloway TS, Giorgetti A, Goni GJ, Moscow, Russia, 25 NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States, 26 CNR Guichoux Y, Haram LE, Hardesty BD, Institute of Marine Sciences, Lerici, Italy, 27 Argans, Plymouth, United Kingdom, 28 Center for Global Discovery and Holdsworth N, Lebreton L, Leslie HA, Conservation Science, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States, 29 Mystic Seaport Program, Williams College, Macadam-Somer I, Mace T, Mystic, CT, United States, 30 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), San Francisco, CA, United States, 31 School of Ocean Manuel M, Marsh R, Martinez E, and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom, 32 College of Mayor DJ, Le Moigne M, Molina Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, 33 eOdyn, Plouzané, France, 34 Smithsonian Jack ME, Mowlem MC, Obbard RW, Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, United States, 35 CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, Australia, Pabortsava K, Robberson B, 36 International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Copenhagen, Denmark, 37 The Ocean Cleanup, Delft, Netherlands, Rotaru A-E, Ruiz GM, Spedicato MT, 38 Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 39 Algalita Marine Research Thiel M, Turra A and Wilcox C (2019) and Education, Long Beach, CA, United States, 40 Mace Geospatial, LLC, Menasha, WI, United States, 41 Freestone Toward the Integrated Marine Debris Environmental Services, Richland, WA, United States, 42 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, Observing System. United States, 43 Carl Sagan Center, SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA, United States, 44 COISPA Tecnologia and Ricerca, Front. Mar. Sci. 6:447. Bari, Italy, 45 Facultad Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile, 46 Oceanographic Institute, doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00447 Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil Frontiers in Marine Science | www.frontiersin.org 1 August 2019 | Volume 6 | Article 447 Maximenko et al. Integrated Marine Debris Observing System Plastics and other artificial materials pose new risks to the health of the ocean. Anthropogenic debris travels across large distances and is ubiquitous in the water and on shorelines, yet, observations of its sources, composition, pathways, and distributions in the ocean are very sparse and inaccurate. Total amounts of plastics and other man-made debris in the ocean and on the shore, temporal trends in these amounts under exponentially increasing production, as well as degradation processes, vertical fluxes, and time scales are largely unknown. Present ocean circulation models are not able to accurately simulate drift of debris because of its complex hydrodynamics. In this paper we discuss the structure of the future integrated marine debris observing system (IMDOS) that is required to provide long-term monitoring of the state of this anthropogenic pollution and support operational activities to mitigate impacts on the ecosystem and on the safety of maritime activity. The proposed observing system integrates remote sensing and in situ observations. Also, models are used to optimize the design of the system and, in turn, they will be gradually improved using the products of the system. Remote sensing technologies will provide spatially coherent coverage and consistent surveying time series at local to global scale. Optical sensors, including high-resolution imaging, multi- and hyperspectral, fluorescence, and Raman technologies, as well as SAR will be used to measure different types of debris. They will be implemented in a variety of platforms, from hand-held tools to ship-, buoy-, aircraft-, and satellite-based sensors. A network of in situ observations, including reports from volunteers, citizen scientists and ships of opportunity, will be developed to provide data for calibration/validation of remote sensors and to monitor the spread of plastic pollution and other marine debris. IMDOS will interact with other observing systems monitoring physical, chemical, and biological processes in the ocean and on shorelines as well as the state of the ecosystem, maritime activities and safety, drift of sea ice, etc. The synthesized data will support innovative multi-disciplinary research and serve a diverse community of users. Keywords: plastics, marine debris, sensor development, observing network, ecosystem stressors, maritime safety INTRODUCTION The World Ocean plays an integral role in connecting remote areas by transporting substances and materials over In this paper, serving as a Community White Paper contributed large distances and in between continents. This is not limited 1 to the OceanObs19 conference , we present the concept of to transport of heat and chemical compounds that shape the an Integrated Marine Debris Observing System (IMDOS) climate of the planet, but also includes solid objects and that will provide global coverage and accuracy, required for particulate matter floating on or near
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