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Documento Completo Descargar Archivo Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata Trabajo de tesis para optar por el título de Doctor en Ciencias Naturales Anatomía y morfología funcional del esqueleto de pingüinos (Aves, Sphenisciformes) actuales, aplicaciones en los fósiles Lic. Nadia Soledad Haidr Dirección Dra. Carolina Acosta Hospitaleche Dr. Flavio Quintana ÍNDICE AGRADECIMIENTOS I RESUMEN IV ABSTRACT V CAPÍTULO I INTRODUCCIÓN MODIFICACIONES ADAPTATIVAS AL MEDIO ACUÁTICO PALEOBIOLOGÍA, MORFOLOGÍA FUNCIONAL Y ECOMORFOLOGÍA PINGÜINOS ACTUALES: BUCEO Y DIETA OBJETIVO GENERAL CAPÍTULO II MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS MATERIALES ABREVIATURAS INSTITUCIONALES MÉTODOS TERMINOLOGÍA EMPLEADA ABREVIACIONES ANATÓMICAS DISECCIONES MUSCULARES ANÁLISIS DE LOS PESOS DE LOS MÚSCULOS MORFOMETRÍA GEOMÉTRICA ANÁLISIS ESTADÍSTICOS CAPÍTULO III CRÁNEO INTRODUCCIÓN MORFOLOGÍA Y HÁBITOS ALIMENTICIOS CIERRE Y APERTURA DEL PICO Y LA MANDÍBULA OBJETIVO MATERIALES MÉTODOS RESULTADOS: MIOLOGÍA COMPARADA CAPA SUPERFICIAL CAPA PROFUNDA LIGAMENTOS RESULTADOS: ANÁLISIS CRÁNEO CONFIGURACIÓN DEL CRÁNEO, VISTA DORSAL CONFIGURACIÓN DE LA CAJA CRANEANA, VISTA DORSAL CONFIGURACIÓN DEL PICO, VISTA DORSAL RESULTADOS: ANÁLISIS MANDÍBULA CONFIGURACIÓN DE LA MANDÍBULA VISTA DORSAL DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES CAPÍTULO IV ALA INTRODUCCIÓN ADAPTACIONES OSTEOMUSCULARES DEL ALA Y CINTURA PECTORAL OBJETIVOS MATERIALES MÉTODOS RESULTADOS: MIOLOGÍA COMPARADA MIOLOGÍA COMPARADA PRIMERA CAPA SEGUNDA CAPA MÚSCULOS DE LA TERCERA CAPA MÚSCULOS DE LA CUARTA CAPA MÚSCULO DE LA QUINTA CAPA ANÁLISIS DE LOS PESOS DE LOS MÚSCULOS RESULTADOS: ANÁLISIS HÚMERO CONFIGURACIÓN DEL HÚMERO VISTA DORSAL CONFIGURACIÓN DEL HÚMERO VISTA VENTRAL DISCUSIÓN INTEGRAL DE LOS ANÁLISIS DEL HÚMERO RESULTADOS: ANÁLISIS CORACOIDES CONFIGURACIÓN DEL CORACOIDES EN VISTA ESTERNAL CONFIGURACIÓN DEL CORACOIDES EN VISTA DORSAL CONFIGURACIÓN DEL CORACOIDES EN VISTA VENTRAL DISCUSIÓN INTEGRAL DE LOS ANÁLISIS DEL CORACOIDES RESULTADOS: ANÁLISIS ESTERNÓN CONFIGURACIÓN DEL ESTERNÓN EN VISTA LATERAL CONFIGURACIÓN DEL ESTERNÓN EN VISTA VENTRAL DISCUSIÓN INTEGRAL DE LOS ANÁLISIS DEL ESTERNÓN DISCUSIONES Y CONCLUSIÓN CAPÍTULO V MODULARIDAD, INTEGRACIÓN Y CORRELACIÓN ENTRE ESTRUCTURAS INTRODUCCIÓN MATERIALES MÉTODOS RESULTADOS HIPÓTESIS DE MODULARIDAD COVARIACIÓN ENTRE ESTRUCTURAS: PLS DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES CAPÍTULO VI PINGÜINOS FÓSILES, EL CASO DE MADRYNORNIS MIRANDUS INTRODUCCIÓN PINGÜINOS FÓSILES CASO DE ESTUDIO: MADRYNORNIS MIRANDUS OBJETIVO MATERIALES MÉTODOS RESULTADOS: DESCRIPCIÓN OSTEOLÓGICA CRÁNEO MANDÍBULA CORACOIDES ESCÁPULA ESTERNÓN FÚRCULA HÚMERO RESULTADOS: INFERENCIAS DIETARIAS ANÁLISIS DISCRIMINANTES CONCLUSIÓN Y DISCUSIÓN FUTURO CAPÍTULO VII BIBLIOGRAFÍA ANEXO I ANEXO II AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi directora, Carolina Acosta Hospitaleche. Por tantos años de confianza y apoyo, por estar presente en todo momento y al instante, en la distancia y cercanía. A mi director, Flavio Quintana, quien me dio una inmensa oportunidad sin siquiera conocerme. Y a todo el LEPTOMAR por la ayuda brindada. A los jurados, Dr. Eduardo Tonni, Dr. Jorge Noriega, y Dr. Diego Montalti por sus valiosos comentarios. A la Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, por los años de invaluable formación. A CONICET, por financiar esta tesis. Y al IBIOMAR-CENPAT por brindarme un lugar de trabajo. A Puerto Madryn, el que fue mi hogar estos cinco años, uno de los lugares más maravillosos de la Tierra. A mis compañeros de oficina en el CENPAT. Nori Lisnizer, Cristian Marinao, Taty Kasinsky, Gaby Torchio, Ramiro Braga y Julián Pontones, gracias por los mates, las risas, y la compañía diaria. A Pablo Yorio, Nicolás Suárez, Nora Lisnizer, Alejandro Gatto, Tatiana Kasinsky, Cristian Marinao, y Cynthia Ibarra, por haberme ayudado en la recolección de pingüinos, invitado de campaña a las costas de Chubut, y por haberme hecho sentir bienvenida desde el primer día. A Julio Torres y Mirsha Quinto Sánchez, por las largas charlas sobre morfometría geométrica. A Luciana Gallo, y a Rodrigo Amado, Olalla Martínez, Ariel Serra, Germán Solveira y todo el equipo del Parque Interjurisdiccional Marino Costero Patagonia Austral, quienes desinteresadamente colaboraron en la colección de especímenes. A María Teresa Dozo, por su amable colaboración durante estos años en el CENPAT. A Eduardo Ruigómez, por permitirme acceso a Madrynornis mirandus. A Mercedes Santos, quien donó especímenes para disección. A la Fundación Natalie Goodall, Diego Montalti, Mariana Picasso, Marcelo Reguero, y Yolanda Davis, por recibirme en las colecciones tan amablemente, haciendo que todo fuese más fácil. A Natalie Goodall, por haberme abierto las puertas de su Museo tantas veces, e invitarme a volver una vez más. A Moni Torres, Ani San Martín, y Kta Marchesi, por su ayuda en el museo y darme un lugar en mis estadías en Ushuaia. A los compañeros pasantes del Museo Acatushún, en especial a Laura Diaz Burgos, Flor Leone, y Facundo Deforel, por la compañía en esos largos días frente al canal Beagle. Del fin del mundo me llevo muchos momentos felices. Hasta siempre, Acatushún. I A Andrés Ibáñez, por haber confiado en mí ayudándome, a la vez, a cumplir un sueño. Y por compartir sus materiales colectados para las disecciones musculares. A todos los integrantes de la Sección de Ornitología del Museo de La Plata. En especial a Daniela Fuchs, Lucas Garbin, Andrés Ibáñez, Juan Manuel Girini, y Diego Montalti, quienes me brindaron un lugar para trabajar siempre que lo necesité. A Eduardo Etcheverry y Luis Pagano, quienes también en muchas oportunidades abrieron desinteresadamente las puertas de su taller para que pudiera diseccionar pingüinos. A Walter Acosta, quien hizo que diseccionar pingüinos se convirtiera en una tarea mucho más sencilla después de sus enseñanzas. A la División de Paleontología Vertebrados, por brindarme un lugar para trabajar, y permitirme el uso del escáner 3D. A Agustín Ruella, quien me ayudó con los escaneos 3D de Madrynornis mirandus haciendo un excelente trabajo. Y por su incondicional amistad. A aquellos que fueron parte del camino. Adriana y Jerry, quienes me ayudaron en una etapa fundamental de mi educación, y señalaron el camino que me llevó a conocer gente como Joe Bopp, mi primer mentor y quien me mostró por primera vez este mundo de los museos. A Federico Laos, quien me ayudó muchas veces con su perfecto inglés. A mis amigos de la facultad por todos esos inolvidables años vividos, y por seguir presentes en cada encuentro. Sabri Hochman, Mai Scheffer, Mili Laborde, Agus Cremaschi, Agus Perez, Pato Santamarina, Agus Ruella, Jesica Sansiñena y Nico Kass, gracias. A Kristin, Victoria y Tari, por su amistad a lo largo de los años y los kilómetros. A Facu, por su compañía y cariño, que hizo que la Patagonia no fuera tan lejana. A la tesis le debo el haberlo conocido. A mi familia, quienes me acompañaron en cada etapa de mi vida. Y a quienes les debo y dedico cada logro. A mi mamá, por haberme dado siempre la libertad y el apoyo para seguir mis sueños. A mi papá, por transmitirme su amor a los animales marinos y alentarme siempre. A mi abuela Norma, por seguir esperándome con ese cariño, como cuando iba a la escuela. Al abuelo Juan Carlos, por sus historias, su bondad, y por haberme acompañado desde chica a la biblioteca. A los abuelos, José y Susana, por los hermosos recuerdos de la infancia. A Leia y Pip, quienes todavía me reciben como si no me hubiese ido nunca. Y a mis hermanos. Josefina, Lucía y Mauro, mis compañeros de la vida, por hacerme reír como nadie. Son mi tesoro más grande. II Al Abuelo y a la Abuela III RESUMEN Los pingüinos (Aves, Sphenisciformes) poseen una serie de modificaciones anatómicas, fisiológicas, y comportamentales relacionadas con el buceo. Su abundante registro fósil se remonta al Paleoceno, y cuenta con especímenes fósiles en excelente estado de conservación como por ejemplo Madrynornis mirandus (Mioceno Medio tardío de Patagonia), el cual resulta un interesante caso de estudio por su cercanía filogenética con las especies actuales y porque presenta un esqueleto casi completo. El estudio morfológico de formas actuales, de las cuales se posee información sobre el tipo de presa y buceo, sirve de base para obtener modelos anatómicos que podamos relacionar con el hábito de vida que poseen los pingüinos. Esto nos permite inferir y proponer el posible hábito que la especie fósil habría tenido. En la presente tesis se diseccionaron un gran número de pingüinos de diferentes especies, para estudiar en detalle la musculatura del cráneo y aquella relacionada con el movimiento del ala. También se tomaron fotos en diferentes vistas del cráneo, mandíbula, húmero, coracoides, y esternón, de un gran número de especímenes, para realizar análisis de morfometría geométrica. Esto nos permitió llevar a cabo análisis exploratorios de la variación de forma que incluyeron un gran número de especies actuales, estudiar si existen diferencias morfológicas entre las categorías dietarias asignadas a las especies actuales, determinar de qué manera varía la morfología entre categorías, y por último estudiar si los cambios morfológicos entre estructuras diferentes (como por ejemplo entre el cráneo y el húmero) se correlacionan. Además se re-describió a Madrynornis mirandus, el espécimen fósil bajo estudio, y se lo incluyó en los análisis. Resultó que las categorías alimentarias pre-asignadas presentan diferencias morfológicas significativas para todas las estructuras analizadas. Se determinó además, que existe una moderada correlación en la variación de
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