Mouse Kmo Conditional Knockout Project (CRISPR/Cas9)

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Mouse Kmo Conditional Knockout Project (CRISPR/Cas9) https://www.alphaknockout.com Mouse Kmo Conditional Knockout Project (CRISPR/Cas9) Objective: To create a Kmo conditional knockout Mouse model (C57BL/6J) by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering. Strategy summary: The Kmo gene (NCBI Reference Sequence: NM_133809 ; Ensembl: ENSMUSG00000039783 ) is located on Mouse chromosome 1. 15 exons are identified, with the ATG start codon in exon 1 and the TAG stop codon in exon 15 (Transcript: ENSMUST00000040250). Exon 6~7 will be selected as conditional knockout region (cKO region). Deletion of this region should result in the loss of function of the Mouse Kmo gene. To engineer the targeting vector, homologous arms and cKO region will be generated by PCR using BAC clone RP23-129O14 as template. Cas9, gRNA and targeting vector will be co-injected into fertilized eggs for cKO Mouse production. The pups will be genotyped by PCR followed by sequencing analysis. Note: Mice homozygous for a knock-out allele lack kynurenine 3-monooxygenase activity and altered levels of several tryptophan metabolites. Mice homozygous for another null allele exhibit increased LPS-induced depressive behaviors and altered kynurenine metabolism. Exon 6 starts from about 25.19% of the coding region. The knockout of Exon 6~7 will result in frameshift of the gene. The size of intron 5 for 5'-loxP site insertion: 3506 bp, and the size of intron 7 for 3'-loxP site insertion: 1247 bp. The size of effective cKO region: ~2705 bp. The cKO region does not have any other known gene. Page 1 of 8 https://www.alphaknockout.com Overview of the Targeting Strategy Wildtype allele 5' gRNA region gRNA region 3' 1 6 7 8 15 Targeting vector Targeted allele Constitutive KO allele (After Cre recombination) Legends Exon of mouse Kmo Homology arm cKO region loxP site Page 2 of 8 https://www.alphaknockout.com Overview of the Dot Plot Window size: 10 bp Forward Reverse Complement Sequence 12 Note: The sequence of homologous arms and cKO region is aligned with itself to determine if there are tandem repeats. Tandem repeats are found in the dot plot matrix. It may be difficult to construct this targeting vector. Overview of the GC Content Distribution Window size: 300 bp Sequence 12 Summary: Full Length(9205bp) | A(27.01% 2486) | C(20.88% 1922) | T(31.21% 2873) | G(20.9% 1924) Note: The sequence of homologous arms and cKO region is analyzed to determine the GC content. No significant high GC-content region is found. So this region is suitable for PCR screening or sequencing analysis. Page 3 of 8 https://www.alphaknockout.com BLAT Search Results (up) QUERY SCORE START END QSIZE IDENTITY CHROM STRAND START END SPAN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- browser details YourSeq 3000 1 3000 3000 100.0% chr1 + 175643864 175646863 3000 browser details YourSeq 188 681 1268 3000 88.9% chr10 - 118586635 118681729 95095 browser details YourSeq 166 552 1295 3000 89.1% chr16 - 24111761 24112504 744 browser details YourSeq 165 674 1230 3000 90.2% chr3 + 30781658 30782268 611 browser details YourSeq 164 600 1246 3000 88.8% chr3 - 35674649 35675322 674 browser details YourSeq 155 811 1247 3000 88.0% chr9 - 86364038 86364498 461 browser details YourSeq 145 738 1247 3000 88.1% chr7 - 135321115 135321635 521 browser details YourSeq 142 672 1266 3000 87.5% chrX - 136623556 136624180 625 browser details YourSeq 136 844 1266 3000 87.4% chr19 + 32802233 32802681 449 browser details YourSeq 134 672 1161 3000 91.8% chr18 - 83511910 83934632 422723 browser details YourSeq 127 659 1114 3000 91.1% chr3 - 106011458 106011915 458 browser details YourSeq 123 672 1158 3000 85.7% chr11 - 55307665 55308164 500 browser details YourSeq 122 641 1265 3000 90.8% chr10 - 114478366 114479057 692 browser details YourSeq 122 728 1133 3000 86.4% chr17 + 63881457 63881886 430 browser details YourSeq 121 676 1136 3000 81.9% chr2 + 143797944 143798351 408 browser details YourSeq 113 674 1189 3000 81.4% chr1 - 191463373 191463862 490 browser details YourSeq 110 954 1266 3000 85.0% chr7 + 65117843 65118176 334 browser details YourSeq 104 845 1305 3000 82.9% chr14 - 45170424 45170872 449 browser details YourSeq 104 496 976 3000 84.3% chr14 - 36807605 36808075 471 browser details YourSeq 103 493 980 3000 84.7% chrX + 138790323 138790785 463 Note: The 3000 bp section upstream of Exon 6 is BLAT searched against the genome. No significant similarity is found. BLAT Search Results (down) QUERY SCORE START END QSIZE IDENTITY CHROM STRAND START END SPAN -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- browser details YourSeq 3000 1 3000 3000 100.0% chr1 + 175649569 175652568 3000 browser details YourSeq 301 217 560 3000 93.6% chr10 + 23260598 23260939 342 browser details YourSeq 179 1 220 3000 91.0% chr6 - 135264779 135264995 217 browser details YourSeq 85 2914 3000 3000 98.9% chr11 - 71970822 71970908 87 browser details YourSeq 84 2913 3000 3000 97.8% chr19 - 16553948 16554035 88 browser details YourSeq 84 2913 3000 3000 97.8% chr18 - 54584426 54584513 88 browser details YourSeq 84 2913 3000 3000 97.8% chr13 - 3383806 3383893 88 browser details YourSeq 84 2913 3000 3000 97.8% chr17 + 36246817 36246904 88 browser details YourSeq 83 2914 3000 3000 97.8% chr9 - 8174458 8174544 87 browser details YourSeq 83 2914 3000 3000 97.8% chr4 - 48678870 48678956 87 browser details YourSeq 83 2913 3000 3000 97.8% chrX + 155723785 155723924 140 browser details YourSeq 83 2914 3000 3000 97.8% chr6 + 51555300 51555386 87 browser details YourSeq 83 2914 3000 3000 97.8% chr4 + 141798449 141798535 87 browser details YourSeq 83 2914 3000 3000 97.8% chr11 + 41256028 41256114 87 browser details YourSeq 83 2913 3000 3000 97.8% chr11 + 11111955 11112045 91 browser details YourSeq 82 2913 3000 3000 96.6% chr4 - 34369306 34369393 88 browser details YourSeq 82 2913 3000 3000 96.6% chr3 - 61825794 61825881 88 browser details YourSeq 82 2913 3000 3000 96.6% chr14 - 61479849 61479936 88 browser details YourSeq 82 2913 3000 3000 96.6% chr12 - 50025994 50026081 88 browser details YourSeq 82 2913 3000 3000 96.6% chr3 + 47383999 47384086 88 Note: The 3000 bp section downstream of Exon 7 is BLAT searched against the genome. No significant similarity is found. Page 4 of 8 https://www.alphaknockout.com Gene and protein information: Kmo kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (kynurenine 3-hydroxylase) [ Mus musculus (house mouse) ] Gene ID: 98256, updated on 17-Aug-2019 Gene summary Official Symbol Kmo provided by MGI Official Full Name kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (kynurenine 3-hydroxylase) provided by MGI Primary source MGI:MGI:2138151 See related Ensembl:ENSMUSG00000039783 Gene type protein coding RefSeq status PROVISIONAL Organism Mus musculus Lineage Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Mus; Mus Also known as AI046660 Expression Biased expression in liver adult (RPKM 28.0), kidney adult (RPKM 18.4) and 6 other tissuesS ee more Orthologs human all Genomic context Location: 1; 1 H3 See Kmo in Genome Data Viewer Exon count: 15 Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location 108 current GRCm38.p6 (GCF_000001635.26) 1 NC_000067.6 (175632193..175660853) Build 37.2 previous assembly MGSCv37 (GCF_000001635.18) 1 NC_000067.5 (177562324..177590984) Chromosome 1 - NC_000067.6 Page 5 of 8 https://www.alphaknockout.com Transcript information: This gene has 6 transcripts Gene: Kmo ENSMUSG00000039783 Description kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (kynurenine 3-hydroxylase) [Source:MGI Symbol;Acc:MGI:2138151] Location Chromosome 1: 175,620,381-175,662,116 forward strand. GRCm38:CM000994.2 About this gene This gene has 6 transcripts (splice variants), 205 orthologues, 1 paralogue, is a member of 1 Ensembl protein family and is associated with 6 phenotypes. Transcripts Name Transcript ID bp Protein Translation ID Biotype CCDS UniProt Flags Kmo- ENSMUST00000040250.14 2695 479aa ENSMUSP00000038914.8 Protein coding CCDS15548 Q91WN4 TSL:1 201 GENCODE basic APPRIS P2 Kmo- ENSMUST00000097458.3 3672 445aa ENSMUSP00000095067.3 Protein coding - Q91WN4 TSL:5 202 GENCODE basic APPRIS ALT2 Kmo- ENSMUST00000140474.7 1528 255aa ENSMUSP00000122943.1 Nonsense mediated - Q3V0K6 TSL:1 204 decay Kmo- ENSMUST00000142223.7 1600 No - Retained intron - - TSL:1 205 protein Kmo- ENSMUST00000150646.1 459 No - lncRNA - - TSL:3 206 protein Kmo- ENSMUST00000137174.1 374 No - lncRNA - - TSL:5 203 protein Page 6 of 8 https://www.alphaknockout.com 61.74 kb Forward strand 175.62Mb 175.63Mb 175.64Mb 175.65Mb 175.66Mb 175.67Mb Genes (Comprehensive set... Kmo-204 >nonsense mediated decay Kmo-201 >protein coding Kmo-205 >retained intron Kmo-206 >lncRNA Kmo-202 >protein coding Kmo-203 >lncRNA Contigs AC124366.4 > Genes < Fh1-201protein coding < Opn3-201protein coding (Comprehensive set... < Fh1-204nonsense mediated decay Regulatory Build 175.62Mb 175.63Mb 175.64Mb 175.65Mb 175.66Mb 175.67Mb Reverse strand 61.74 kb Regulation Legend CTCF Enhancer Open Chromatin Promoter Promoter Flank Transcription Factor Binding Site Gene Legend Protein Coding merged Ensembl/Havana Ensembl protein coding Non-Protein Coding RNA gene processed transcript Page 7 of 8 https://www.alphaknockout.com Transcript: ENSMUST00000040250 28.86 kb Forward strand Kmo-201 >protein coding ENSMUSP00000038... Transmembrane heli... Low complexity (Seg) Superfamily FAD/NAD(P)-binding domain superfamily Prints PR00420 Pfam FAD-binding domain PANTHER PTHR46028 PTHR46028:SF2 HAMAP Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase Gene3D FAD/NAD(P)-binding domain superfamily All sequence SNPs/i... Sequence variants (dbSNP and all other sources) Variant Legend missense variant splice region variant synonymous variant Scale bar 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 479 We wish to acknowledge the following valuable scientific information resources: Ensembl, MGI, NCBI, UCSC. Page 8 of 8.
Recommended publications
  • Meta-Analysis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
    BMC Genomics BioMed Central Research article Open Access Meta-analysis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma microarray data explores mechanism of EBV-regulated neoplastic transformation Xia Chen†1,2, Shuang Liang†1, WenLing Zheng1,3, ZhiJun Liao1, Tao Shang1 and WenLi Ma*1 Address: 1Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China, 2Xiangya Pingkuang associated hospital, Pingxiang, Jiangxi, PR China and 3Southern Genomics Research Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, PR China Email: Xia Chen - [email protected]; Shuang Liang - [email protected]; WenLing Zheng - [email protected]; ZhiJun Liao - [email protected]; Tao Shang - [email protected]; WenLi Ma* - [email protected] * Corresponding author †Equal contributors Published: 7 July 2008 Received: 16 February 2008 Accepted: 7 July 2008 BMC Genomics 2008, 9:322 doi:10.1186/1471-2164-9-322 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/9/322 © 2008 Chen et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) presumably plays an important role in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), but the molecular mechanism of EBV-dependent neoplastic transformation is not well understood. The combination of bioinformatics with evidences from biological experiments paved a new way to gain more insights into the molecular mechanism of cancer. Results: We profiled gene expression using a meta-analysis approach. Two sets of meta-genes were obtained. Meta-A genes were identified by finding those commonly activated/deactivated upon EBV infection/reactivation.
    [Show full text]
  • From the DEPARTMENT of CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
    From the DEPARTMENT OF CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden MOLECULAR GENETIC STUDIES ON CEREBROSPINAL FLUID MONOAMINE METABOLITES IN PSYCHOTIC PATIENTS AND HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS Dimitrios Andreou Stockholm 2015 All previously published papers were reproduced with permission from the publisher. Published by Karolinska Institutet. Printed by Eprint AB 2015 © Dimitrios Andreou, 2015 ISBN 978-91-7549-842-3 Molecular genetic studies on cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in psychotic patients and healthy individuals THESIS FOR DOCTORAL DEGREE (Ph.D.) by Dimitrios Andreou Principal Supervisor: Opponent: Associate professor Erik Jönsson Professor emeritus Jayanti Chotai Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden Department of Clinical Neuroscience Department of Clinical Sciences Division of Psychiatry Division of Psychiatry Co-supervisor: Examination Board: Professor Ingrid Agartz Associate professor Catharina Lavebratt University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Clinical Medicine Department of Molecular Medicine and Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway Surgery Department of Psychiatric Research Neurogenetics Unit Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden Department of Clinical Neuroscience Center for Molecular Medicine Professor emerita Lil Träskman-Bendz Lund University, Lund, Sweden Department of Clinical Sciences Division of Psychiatry Professor emeritus Leif Lindström Uppsala University, Uppsala,
    [Show full text]
  • Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase Gene Associated with Nicotine Initiation and Addiction: Analysis of Novel Regulatory Features at 50 and 30-Regions
    fgene-09-00198 June 11, 2018 Time: 19:8 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 13 June 2018 doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00198 Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase Gene Associated With Nicotine Initiation and Addiction: Analysis of Novel Regulatory Features at 50 and 30-Regions Hassan A. Aziz1, Abdel-Salam G. Abdel-Salam1*, Mohammed A. I. Al-Obaide2, Hytham W. Alobydi3 and Saif Al-Humaish3 1 College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar, 2 School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States, 3 Biomedica, LLC, Sterling Heights, MI, United States Tobacco smoking is widespread behavior in Qatar and worldwide and is considered one of the major preventable causes of ill health and death. Nicotine is part of tobacco smoke that causes numerous health risks and is incredibly addictive; it binds Edited by: Rui Henrique, to the a7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (a7nAChR) in the brain. Recent studies IPO Porto, Portugal showed a7nAChR involvement in the initiation and addiction of smoking. Kynurenic Reviewed by: acid (KA), a significant tryptophan metabolite, is an antagonist of a7nAChR. Inhibition Abhijit Shukla, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase enzyme encoded by KMO enhances the KA levels. Center, United States Modulating KMO gene expression could be a useful tactic for the treatment of Ian C. G. Weaver, tobacco initiation and dependence. Since KMO regulation is still poorly understood, Dalhousie University, Canada we aimed to investigate the 50 and 30-regulatory factors of KMO gene to advance our *Correspondence: Abdel-Salam G. Abdel-Salam knowledge to modulate KMO gene expression. In this study, bioinformatics methods [email protected] were used to identify the regulatory sequences associated with expression of KMO.
    [Show full text]
  • Role and Regulation of the P53-Homolog P73 in the Transformation of Normal Human Fibroblasts
    Role and regulation of the p53-homolog p73 in the transformation of normal human fibroblasts Dissertation zur Erlangung des naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades der Bayerischen Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg vorgelegt von Lars Hofmann aus Aschaffenburg Würzburg 2007 Eingereicht am Mitglieder der Promotionskommission: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. Dr. Martin J. Müller Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael P. Schön Gutachter : Prof. Dr. Georg Krohne Tag des Promotionskolloquiums: Doktorurkunde ausgehändigt am Erklärung Hiermit erkläre ich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig angefertigt und keine anderen als die angegebenen Hilfsmittel und Quellen verwendet habe. Diese Arbeit wurde weder in gleicher noch in ähnlicher Form in einem anderen Prüfungsverfahren vorgelegt. Ich habe früher, außer den mit dem Zulassungsgesuch urkundlichen Graden, keine weiteren akademischen Grade erworben und zu erwerben gesucht. Würzburg, Lars Hofmann Content SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ IV ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ............................................................................................. V 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Molecular basics of cancer .......................................................................................... 1 1.2. Early research on tumorigenesis ................................................................................. 3 1.3. Developing
    [Show full text]
  • An Integrated In-Silico Gene Mapping Strategy in Inbred Mice. Alessandra
    Genetics: Published Articles Ahead of Print, published on October 8, 2006 as 10.1534/genetics.106.065359 An integrated in-silico gene mapping strategy in inbred mice. Alessandra C. L. Cervino*, Ariel Darvasi †, Mohammad Fallahi*, Christopher C. Mader* and Nicholas F. Tsinoremas* * Scripps Florida Department of Informatics Jupiter, FL 33458 USA † The Institute of Life Sciences The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, 91904 ISRAEL An integrated gene mapping strategy in mice. SNP, IBD, mice, QTG, in-silico Alessandra C. L. Cervino Department of Informatics Scripps Florida 5353 Parkside Drive, RF-A Jupiter, FL 33458 Telephone: 561-799-8928 Facsimile: 561-799-8952 E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT In recent years in-silico analysis of common laboratory mice has been introduced and subsequently applied, in slightly different ways, as a methodology for gene mapping. Previously we have shown some limitation of the methodology due to sporadic genetic correlations across the genome. Here, we revisit the three main aspects that will affect in- silico analysis. First, we report on the use of marker maps: we compared our existing 20k SNP map to the newly released 140k SNP map. Second, we investigated the effect of varying strain numbers on power to map QTLs. Third, we introduced a novel statistical approach: a cladistic analysis, which is well suited for mouse genetics and has increased flexibility over existing in-silico approaches. We have found that in our examples of complex traits, in-silico analysis by itself does fail to uniquely identify QTG containing regions. However, when combined with additional information it may significantly help to prioritize candidate genes.
    [Show full text]
  • A Chromosome-Centric Human Proteome Project (C-HPP) To
    computational proteomics Laboratory for Computational Proteomics www.FenyoLab.org E-mail: [email protected] Facebook: NYUMC Computational Proteomics Laboratory Twitter: @CompProteomics Perspective pubs.acs.org/jpr A Chromosome-centric Human Proteome Project (C-HPP) to Characterize the Sets of Proteins Encoded in Chromosome 17 † ‡ § ∥ ‡ ⊥ Suli Liu, Hogune Im, Amos Bairoch, Massimo Cristofanilli, Rui Chen, Eric W. Deutsch, # ¶ △ ● § † Stephen Dalton, David Fenyo, Susan Fanayan,$ Chris Gates, , Pascale Gaudet, Marina Hincapie, ○ ■ △ ⬡ ‡ ⊥ ⬢ Samir Hanash, Hoguen Kim, Seul-Ki Jeong, Emma Lundberg, George Mias, Rajasree Menon, , ∥ □ △ # ⬡ ▲ † Zhaomei Mu, Edouard Nice, Young-Ki Paik, , Mathias Uhlen, Lance Wells, Shiaw-Lin Wu, † † † ‡ ⊥ ⬢ ⬡ Fangfei Yan, Fan Zhang, Yue Zhang, Michael Snyder, Gilbert S. Omenn, , Ronald C. Beavis, † # and William S. Hancock*, ,$, † Barnett Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States ‡ Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States § Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland ∥ Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States ⊥ Institute for System Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States ¶ School of Medicine, New York University, New York, United States $Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia ○ MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States ■ Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University,
    [Show full text]
  • Kynurenine Monooxygenase Expression and Activity in Human Astrocytomas
    cells Article Kynurenine Monooxygenase Expression and Activity in Human Astrocytomas Gustavo Ignacio Vázquez Cervantes 1,2 , Benjamín Pineda 3 , Daniela Ramírez Ortega 1 , Alelí Salazar 3 , Dinora Fabiola González Esquivel 1 , Daniel Rembao 4, Sergio Zavala Vega 4, Saúl Gómez-Manzo 5 , Gonzalo Pérez de la Cruz 6 and Verónica Pérez de la Cruz 1,* 1 Neurochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; [email protected] (G.I.V.C.); [email protected] (D.R.O.); [email protected] (D.F.G.E.) 2 Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio A, 1◦ Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico 3 Neuroimmunology Department, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; [email protected] (B.P.); [email protected] (A.S.) 4 Neuropathology Department, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; [email protected] (D.R.); [email protected] (S.Z.V.) 5 Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, México City 04530, Mexico; [email protected] 6 Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +52-555-606-3822 (ext. 2006) Citation: Vázquez Cervantes, G.I.; Abstract: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor. Pineda, B.; Ramírez Ortega, D.; The enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which participates in the rate-limiting step of Salazar, A.; González Esquivel, D.F.; tryptophan catabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP), is associated with poor prognosis Rembao, D.; Zavala Vega, S.; in patients with GBM.
    [Show full text]
  • Adaptive and Behavioral Changes in Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase Knockout Mice: Relevance to Psychotic Disorders
    HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Biol Psychiatry Manuscript Author . Author Manuscript Author manuscript; available in PMC 2018 February 14. Published in final edited form as: Biol Psychiatry. 2017 November 15; 82(10): 756–765. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.12.011. Adaptive and Behavioral Changes in Kynurenine 3- monooxygenase Knockout Mice: Relevance to Psychotic Disorders Sophie Erhardt1,*, Ana Pocivavsek2,*, Mariaelena Repici3, Xi-Cong Liu1, Sophie Imbeault1, Daniel C Maddison3, Marian AR Thomas2, Joshua L Smalley3, Markus K Larsson1, Paul J Muchowski4, Flaviano Giorgini3, and Robert Schwarcz2 1Dept of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 2Department of Psychiatry, Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 3Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK 4KynuRex, 634 Los Palmos Drive, San Francisco, CA, USA Abstract BACKGROUND—Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) converts kynurenine to 3- hydroxykynurenine, and its inhibition shunts the kynurenine pathway - which is implicated as dysfunctional in various psychiatric disorders - towards enhanced synthesis of kynurenic acid (KYNA), an antagonist of both α7 nicotinic acetylcholine and NMDA receptors. Possibly as a result of reduced KMO activity, elevated central nervous system levels of KYNA have been found in patients with psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia (SZ). METHODS—In the present study, we investigated adaptive – and possibly regulatory – changes in mice with a targeted deletion of Kmo (Kmo−/−) and characterized the KMO-deficient mice using six behavioral assays relevant for the study of SZ. RESULTS—Genome-wide differential gene expression analyses in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of these mice identified a network of SZ- and psychosis-related genes, with more pronounced alterations in cerebellar tissue.
    [Show full text]
  • Mouse Kmo Knockout Project (CRISPR/Cas9)
    https://www.alphaknockout.com Mouse Kmo Knockout Project (CRISPR/Cas9) Objective: To create a Kmo knockout Mouse model (C57BL/6N) by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering. Strategy summary: The Kmo gene (NCBI Reference Sequence: NM_133809 ; Ensembl: ENSMUSG00000039783 ) is located on Mouse chromosome 1. 15 exons are identified, with the ATG start codon in exon 1 and the TAG stop codon in exon 15 (Transcript: ENSMUST00000040250). Exon 2~6 will be selected as target site. Cas9 and gRNA will be co-injected into fertilized eggs for KO Mouse production. The pups will be genotyped by PCR followed by sequencing analysis. Note: Mice homozygous for a knock-out allele lack kynurenine 3-monooxygenase activity and altered levels of several tryptophan metabolites. Mice homozygous for another null allele exhibit increased LPS-induced depressive behaviors and altered kynurenine metabolism. Exon 2 starts from about 3.83% of the coding region. Exon 2~6 covers 27.49% of the coding region. The size of effective KO region: ~9692 bp. The KO region does not have any other known gene. Page 1 of 9 https://www.alphaknockout.com Overview of the Targeting Strategy Wildtype allele 5' gRNA region gRNA region 3' 1 2 3 4 5 6 15 Legends Exon of mouse Kmo Knockout region Page 2 of 9 https://www.alphaknockout.com Overview of the Dot Plot (up) Window size: 15 bp Forward Reverse Complement Sequence 12 Note: The 2000 bp section upstream of Exon 2 is aligned with itself to determine if there are tandem repeats. Tandem repeats are found in the dot plot matrix.
    [Show full text]
  • Transcriptional Regulation of RUNX1: an Informatics Analysis
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Transcriptional Regulation of RUNX1: An Informatics Analysis Amarni L. Thomas 1, Judith Marsman 2 , Jisha Antony 1,3, William Schierding 4 , Justin M. O’Sullivan 3,4,5 and Julia A. Horsfield 1,3,6,* 1 Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; [email protected] (A.L.T.); [email protected] (J.A.) 2 Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; [email protected] 3 The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; [email protected] 4 Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; [email protected] 5 MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK 6 Genetics Otago Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand * Correspondence: julia.horsfi[email protected] Abstract: The RUNX1/AML1 gene encodes a developmental transcription factor that is an important regulator of haematopoiesis in vertebrates. Genetic disruptions to the RUNX1 gene are frequently associated with acute myeloid leukaemia. Gene regulatory elements (REs), such as enhancers located in non-coding DNA, are likely to be important for Runx1 transcription. Non-coding elements that modulate Runx1 expression have been investigated over several decades, but how and when these REs function remains poorly understood. Here we used bioinformatic methods and functional data to characterise the regulatory landscape of vertebrate Runx1. We identified REs that are conserved between human and mouse, many of which produce enhancer RNAs in diverse tissues.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Alterations Affecting the Genes Encoding the Enzymes of the Kynurenine Pathway
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by SZTE Publicatio Repozitórium - SZTE - Repository of Publications Genetic alterations affecting the genes encoding the enzymes of the kynurenine pathway and their association with human diseases Fanni Borosa, Zsuzsanna Bohára,b, László Vécsei*a, b aDepartment of Neurology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary bMTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, Szeged, Hungary *Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Neurology, Albert Szent- Györgyi Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged P.O. Box: 427, H-670l, Szeged, Hungary Tel/Fax: +36-62-545-351, +36-545-597 E-mail: [email protected] 1 Abstract: Tryptophan is metabolized primarily via the kynurenine pathway (KP), which involves several enzymes, including indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, tryptophan 2,3 dioxygenase (TDO), kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs), kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO) etc. The majority of metabolites are neuroactive: some of them, such as kynurenic acid, show neuroprotective effects, while others contribute to free radical production, leading to neurodegeneration. Imbalance of the pathway is assumed to contribute to the development of several neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, migraine and multiple sclerosis. Our aim was to summarize published data on genetic alterations of enzymes involved in the KP leading to disturbances of the pathway that can be related to different diseases. To achieve this, a PubMed literature search was performed for publications on genetic alterations of the KP enzymes upto April 2017. Several genetic alterations of the KP have been identified and have been proposed to be associated with diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded, and Merged Into a Single Composite Compound Library, According to Table6
    molecules Article Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening of Novel Competitive Inhibitors of the Neurodegenerative Disease Target Kynurenine-3-Monooxygenase Lizaveta Gotina 1,2 , Seon Hee Seo 2, Chae Won Kim 2, Sang Min Lim 1,2 and Ae Nim Pae 1,2,* 1 Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Korea; [email protected] (L.G.); [email protected] (S.M.L.) 2 Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea; [email protected] (S.H.S.); [email protected] (C.W.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s or Hunting- ton’s disease has been associated with metabolic dysfunctions caused by imbalances in the brain and cerebral spinal fluid levels of neuroactive metabolites. Kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO) is considered an ideal therapeutic target for the regulation of neuroactive tryptophan metabolites. De- spite significant efforts, the known KMO inhibitors lack blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability and upon the mimicking of the substrate binding mode, are subject to produce reactive oxygen species as a side reaction. The computational drug design is further complicated by the absence of complete crystal structure information for human KMO (hKMO). In the current work, we performed virtual Citation: Gotina, L.; Seo, S.H.; Kim, screening of readily available compounds using several protein–ligand complex pharmacophores. C.W.; Lim, S.M.; Pae, A.N. Each of the pharmacophores accounts for one of three distinct reported KMO protein-inhibitor Pharmacophore-Based Virtual binding conformations.
    [Show full text]