Predicting Student's Attributes from Their Physiological Response to An

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Predicting Student's Attributes from Their Physiological Response to An ISSN 2007-9737 Predicción de atributos de estudiantes a partir de su respuesta fisiológica a cursos en línea Marco A. Hernández Pérez1, Emmanuel Rosado Martínez2, Rolando Menchaca Méndez1, Ricardo Menchaca Méndez1, Mario E. Rivero Ángeles1, Víctor M. González3 1 Centro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México 2 Escuela Superior de Cómputo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México [email protected], [email protected], {rmen, ric, erivero}@cic.ipn.mx, [email protected] Resumen. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados Predicting Student’s Attributes from de un estudio donde se monitorizó la respuesta fisiológica de un conjunto de cincuenta estudiantes de their Physiological Response to an nivel medio superior, durante su participación en un Online Course curso en línea. Por cada uno de los sujetos de prueba, se recolectaron series de tiempo obtenidas por medio de Abstract. In this work, we present the results of a study sensores de señales fisiológicas como actividad where we monitored the physiological response of a set eléctrica cerebral, ritmo cardiaco, respuesta galvánica of fifty high-school students during their participation in de la piel, temperatura corporal, entre otros. A partir de an online course. For each of the subjects, we los primeros cuatro momentos estadísticos (media, recollected time-series obtained from sensors of varianza, asimetría y curtosis) de dichas series de physiological signals such as electrical cerebral activity, tiempo, se entrenaron modelos de redes neuronales y heart rate, galvanic skin response, body temperature, máquinas de vector de soporte que demostraron ser among others. From the first four moments (mean, efectivas para determinar el sexo del sujeto de prueba, variance, skewness and kurtosis) of the time-series we el tipo de actividad que se encuentra realizando, su trained Artificial Neural Network and Support Vector estilo de aprendizaje, así como si contaban o no con Machine models that showed to be effective for conocimientos previos acerca del contenido del curso. determining the gender of the subjects, as well as the La importancia de estos resultados radica en que type of activity they were performing, their learning style demuestran que las señales fisiológicas contienen and whether they had previous knowledge about the información relevante acerca de las características de course contents. These results show that the los estudiantes y que dicha información puede ser physiological signals contain relevant information about extraída y utilizada para mejorar la calidad de the characteristics of a user of an online learning plataformas de educación en línea. platform and that this information can be extracted to develop better online learning tools. Palabras clave. Aprendizaje de máquina, Keywords. Machine learning, electroencephalography, electroencefalografía, respuesta fisiológica, educación physiological response, e-learning. en línea. Computación y Sistemas, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2019, pp. 1199–1214 doi: 10.13053/CyS-23-4-3050 ISSN 2007-9737 1200 Marco A. Hernández Pérez, Emmanuel Rosado Martínez, Rolando Menchaca Méndez, et al. 1. Introducción Tabla 1. Diferencias entre estilos de aprendizaje Holistas Serialistas Los cursos en línea, también conocidos como Adoptan un enfoque e-learning, gradualmente han permeado en el Adoptan un enfoque global y rápidamente analítico, examinando ámbito educativo moderno. Este tipo de materiales crean vínculos conceptos individuales educativos poseen el potencial de llegar a un gran conceptuales entre antes de vincularlos. número de personas que pueden beneficiarse del objetos. acceso fácil a un conocimiento de calidad. Un Analizan la teoría o los ejemplo de estas tecnologías son los cursos en Son capaces de alternar ejemplos prácticos por entre la teoría y ejemplos línea masivos abiertos, coloquialmente conocidos separado. Solo los juntan prácticos desde el inicio. como MOOCs por sus siglas en inglés (Massive si es necesario. Open Online Courses). En este tipo de entornos, Visión amplia. Prefieren una gran cantidad de estudiantes pueden Visión enfocada. Prefieren estar ocupados en aprender remotamente del material y avanzar a su completar una tarea antes múltiples tareas ritmo, con la posibilidad de ser evaluados dentro de pasar a la siguiente. simultáneas. del mismo entorno. Procesan la información Procesan la información En cualquier sistema de aprendizaje en línea de lo general a lo de lo particular a lo es vital que el material sea de calidad para que el particular. general. aprovechamiento de los alumnos sea maximizado. Sin embargo, muchas veces los materiales de e- learning son estandarizados e idénticos para todos de manera diferente de acuerdo con la tendencia los estudiantes. En la gran mayoría de las de estilo de aprendizaje que presentan. ocasiones no se considera adaptar el material en Los estilos cognitivos se refieren al enfoque caso de que el estudiante ya tenga conocimientos coherente de cada individuo de procesar y previos acerca del tema. En estas situaciones el organizar la información [5]. La investigación alumno avanzado tiene que limitarse a aprender existente ha indicado que los estilos cognitivos con el mismo material que el resto de los influyen en el aprendizaje [6]. En el pasado, este estudiantes. Esto suele ser perjudicial, ya que un tipo de investigación se centró en el campo de alumno con conocimientos previos se comporta de dependencia/independencia propuesto por Witkin manera distinta a un alumno neófito [1] y puede et al. [7]. llegar a perder interés en el material, ya que los Trabajos más recientes han tratado de cambiar alumnos con un nivel más avanzado de lo usual, a otras dimensiones de estilos cognitivos [8, 9, 10]. manifiestan expectativas de conocimientos Por ejemplo, el estilo holista/serialista se considera nuevos como prioridad al participar en cursos como otra dimensión influyente [11,12]. Las en línea [2]. diferencias entre holistas y serialistas se Además de esto, existe un factor aún más enumeran en la Tabla 1. relevante que la presencia de conocimientos En la última década, varios estudios previos que afecta el aprovechamiento de los encontraron que los holistas y serialistas materiales educativos: los llamados “estilos demuestran diferentes comportamientos de cognitivos”. Existen diferencias individuales entre aprendizaje. En [9], los autores investigaron las los alumnos, por lo que no hay un método preferencias de los estudiantes para el uso de los instruccional adecuado para todos [3]. Entre las motores de búsqueda desde una perspectiva de diversas diferencias individuales, los estilos estilo cognitivo. Se encontró que los holistas cognitivos son particularmente importantes porque prefieren múltiples opciones, pero los serialistas afectan los hábitos de procesamiento de no demostraron tal preferencia. Más tarde, estos información de una persona, lo que refleja el modo autores llevaron a cabo otro estudio que examina preferido de un individuo de percibir, pensar, la relación entre los estilos cognitivos y las recordar y solucionar problemas [4]. En otras preferencias de los estudiantes para el aprendizaje palabras, los individuos procesan la información basado en la web (WBL). Computación y Sistemas, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2019, pp. 1199–1214 doi: 10.13053/CyS-23-4-3050 ISSN 2007-9737 Predicting1201 Student’s Attributes from their Physiological Response to an Online Course Los resultados mostraron que los holistas estudiante y la clasificación del tipo de actividad tuvieron mayores problemas en el uso de los que realiza (lectura vs. respuesta de preguntas). botones adelante/atrás que los serialistas [10]. La principal contribución de este trabajo es Los factores antes mencionados ponen en demostrar que las señales fisiológicas generadas evidencia la necesidad de identificar el estilo de por usuarios de herramientas de aprendizaje en aprendizaje de cada estudiante para adaptar a sus línea contienen información relevante acerca de necesidades la forma de presentación de los las características de dichos estudiantes y que esa conceptos que componen un curso en línea, así información puede ser extraída automáticamente como para detectar a aquellos estudiantes que ya por medio de algoritmos de aprendizaje tienen familiaridad con el tema y, por ende, de máquina. necesitan de material más avanzado. Resolver El resto de este artículo se estructura de la estos problemas posibilitaría desarrollar siguiente manera: la Sección 2 ofrece un resumen materiales de aprendizaje en línea que se ajusten de los trabajos relacionados relativos al uso de a las necesidades particulares de cada señales electroencefalográficas con énfasis en el estudiante [1]. uso del Emotiv EPOC para resolver problemas de Por lo tanto, es importante desarrollar una e-learning y otros dominios. De la misma forma, forma de identificar automáticamente el estilo de se revisan trabajos que hayan aplicado los aprendizaje y la presencia de conocimientos clasificadores usados en esta investigación a otros previos en un estudiante de un curso en línea. En problemas de e-learning. Posteriormente, la este trabajo se propone el uso de tecnologías de Sección 3 detalla las características del entorno monitoreo no invasivo para encontrar patrones en experimental, el cual incluye a la población las señales fisiológicas de los alumnos que los estudiada, los dispositivos usados, la estructura identifiquen como pertenecientes a un del curso, el tratamiento de los datos recabados en determinado estilo de aprendizaje
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