Species of the Genus Meligethes Occurring in Oil-Seed Crop Fields in the Czech Republic
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Plant Protect. Sci. Vol. 49, 2013, No. 4: 177–186 Species of the Genus Meligethes Occurring in Oil-Seed Crop Fields in the Czech Republic Pavel TÓTH 1, Eva HRUDOVÁ1, Eva SAPÁKOVÁ1, Eva Z ÁVADSKÁ 1 and Marek SEIDENGLANZ 2 1Department of Crop Science, Breeding and Plant Medicine, Faculty od Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; 2Department of Plant Protection, AGRITEC, Research, Breeding & Services Ltd., Šumperk, Czech Republic Abstract Tóth P., Hrudová E., Sapáková E., Závadská E., Seidenglanz M. (2013): Species of the genus Meligethes occurring in oil-seed crop fields in the Czech Republic. Plant Protect. Sci., 49: 177–186. Identification of Meligethes species and their frequencies in adult samples collected at different localities in Central and South Moravia (Czech Republic, 2009–2011) was based on comparisons of morphometric and colour characters and on differences in male and female genitalia. M. aeneus, M. viridescens, M. subaeneus, M. atratus, and M. coracinus were recorded throughout the observation period, while M. nigrescens was recorded just in 2009 and 2011, M. carinulatus and M. maurus in 2010 and 2011. M. aeneus was the most frequent species of all compared samples (2009–2011). Of the accompanying species, M. subaeneus and M. viridescens were markedly more frequent in this study. Considering high resistance of M. aeneus to esteric pyrethroids, it could be helpful to distinguish among the individual Meligethes species occurring in field samples intended for laboratory testing. Keywords: index of dominance; Meligethes aeneus; Meligethes spp.; pollen beetle resistance The pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus Fabricius, among the individual species which are more or 1787; Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) is one of the ma- less abundant and often intermittently present in jor pests in European oilseed rape known to be oilseed rape fields in Europe (Cook & Denholm quite destructive once infestation thresholds are 2008; Richardson 2008; Thieme et al. 2008; Tóth exceeded and no chemical control measures are et al. 2011). With respect to practical control needs taken (Williams 2004). In the Czech Republic it is not necessary to distinguish one from the other. M. aeneus causes significant losses in rapeseed However, with respect to the confirmed resistance crops every year and together with Ceutorhynchus of pollen beetles to pyrethroids in Europe (IRAC napi Gyllenhal, 1837, Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus 2008) it is important to know if the phenomenon (Marsham, 1802), and Dasineura brassicae (Winertz, concerns only M. aeneus or more Meligethes species 1853) is usually controlled by insecticides (Kazda are affected (Thieme et al. 2008; Tóth et al. 2011). 2007). The importance of M. aeneus for oil seed In many parts of Europe, M. aeneus has become rape in the Czech Republic is quite similar as it is resistant to pyrethroid insecticides. For example, in Germany (Glattkowski et al. 2008) and Poland in Germany in 2006, beetles that could not be con- (Wegorek & Zamojska 2008). Not only one but trolled with pyrethroids destroyed 30 000 ha and usually more species of the genus Meligethes have seriously damaged 200 000 ha of winter oilseed occurred in winter oilseed rape crops (Thieme et rape. Such resistance is now well established over al. 2008). Agricultural practice does not distinguish much of Central and Eastern Europe (IRAC 2008; Supported by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic, Projects No. QH81218 and No. QJ1230077, and by the Internal Grant Agency of Mendel University in Brno, Grant No. IP11/2011. 177 Vol. 49, 2013, No. 4: 177–186 Plant Protect. Sci. Wegorek et al. 2009; Stará et al. 2010; Zimmer tle resistance to pyrethroids Derron et al (2004) & Nauen 2011; Seidenglanz et al. 2012), as well reported M. viridescens is not resistant and was as Scandinavia (Djurberg & Gustafsson 2007; present in variable frequencies depending on the Hansen 2008). time and place where the samples were collected. The occurrence of different species in both winter The aim of the paper was to establish indices of and spring oilseed rape is not new (Reitter 1871; dominance for individual Meligethes species oc- Kauffmann 1925; Bollow 1950; Fritzsche 1955; curring in winter oilseed rape crops in the Czech Kirk-Spriggs 1996; Marczali & Keszthelyi Republic. In comparison, the portions of Meligethes 2003). From the genus Meligethes, M. aeneus is con- species were also expressed in several samples col- sidered to be highly prevalent in European oilseed lected in two other oilseed crops which are relatively rape fields (Thieme et al. 2008; Tóth et al. 2011). significant in Czech agriculture – white mustard The development of this species is closely related (Sinapis alba L.) and poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). to oilseed rape even though its adults also feed on different plant species (Charpentier 1985). Thieme et al. (2008) have shown that also M. viri- MATERIAL AND METHODS descens (Fabricius, 1787), M. nigrescens (Stephens, 1830), and M. coracinus (Sturm, 1845) accompany Samples of Meligethes adults from different M. aeneus in oilseed rape crops in Germany and localities in the Czech Republic were collected the UK. Billquist (2001) proved the dominance from commercial winter oilseed rape (Brassica of M. aeneus in oilseed rape fields in Scandinavia. napus L.) fields in 2009–2011. Sweep nets were However, he also mentioned variable but not neg- used for collecting. Samples were taken from the ligible frequencies of M. viridescens in Meligethes field margins (min. 10 m from field edges; usually samples. In Hungary Marczali and Keszthelyi 4 different collecting places per field). For the (2003) monitored Meligethes species in oilseed transfer of adults into the transport boxes (aerated rape with similar results. In relation to pollen bee- containers with several inflorescences as a food Figure 1. Sampling localities were situated in the region of Central and Southern Moravia in the Czech Republic (total acreage approximately 20 000 km2) 178 Plant Protect. Sci. Vol. 49, 2013, No. 4: 177–186 Figure 2. Locations of sampling places (2009–2011) (the locality numbers used on the map correspond with the numbers used in Tables 1–3 – column three) source) an entomological suction pump (exhaus- For each of the sampling places indices of domi- tor) was used. The sampling period began when nance (Losos et al. 1985; Magan et al. 2003) for the green buds appeared on plants (BBCH 55) the individual Meligethes species were stated. The and finished at the end of flowering (BBCH 69; in values of D (%) were calculated for each Meligethes some cases BBCH 69–73). The dates of sampling species separately. For calculating D the following were different for the individual localities. Only formula was used: one sample per locality was made each year. The sampling localities were mainly situated in the re- D = (ni /n) × 100 (%) gions of Central and South Moravia (Figures 1 and where: 2). Minimal distance between adjacent localities n – sum of all Meligethes individuals recorded in the sample was 3 km. In addition, in 2010 and 2011 several n – number of individuals of a certain Meligethes species in samples were also collected from poppy (Papaver i the sample somniferum L.) and white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) in the same region. The complete lists of the According to the calculated value, one of five localities are given in Tables 1–3. dominance indices was assigned to every recorded Approximately 1000 Meligethes adults were col- Meligethes species in each sample (eudominant lected from each field. The adults were also used > 10.1%; dominant 5.1–10%, subdominant 2.1–5%, for testing for susceptibility to insecticides (IRAC recedent 1.1–2%, and subrecedent < 1%). 2008). In most cases 200 individuals of them were used for species identification. Meligethes species were identified using pub- RESULTS lished taxonomic keys (Nunberg 1976; Audi- sio et al. 2001, 2005; Marczali & Keszthelyi M. aeneus, M. viridescens Fabricius, 1787, M. su- 2003). Identification was based on comparisons baeneus (Sturm, 1845), M. atratus (Olivier, 1890), and of morphometric and colour characters and on M. coracinus Sturm, 1845 were recorded in each of differences in male and female genitalia. the three years (2009–2011). In addition, M. nigres- 179 Vol. 49, 2013, No. 4: 177–186 Plant Protect. Sci. Table 1. Dominance indices stated for individual species of Meligethes genus recorded at various localities in the Czech Republic in 2009 Dominance index D (%) Locality (district), date of sampling (BBCH) D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 Locality No. Growth stage eudominant dominant subdominat recedent subrecedent Blučina (BO) 55 1 M. aeneus 84.2 M. viridescens 7.9 M. subaeneus 0.7 20.4.2009 M. coracinus 7.2 Troubsko (BO) 55-57 2 M. aeneus 79.7 M. viridescens 7.5 20.4.2009 M. coracinus 12.8 Žabčice (BO) 55 3 M. aeneus 94.8 M. viridescens 2.2 20.4.2009 M. coracinus 3.0 Blatnička u Hodoní- 59 4 M. aeneus 88.2 M. viridescens 10.0 M. coracinus 1.8 na (HO) 22.4.2009 Moutnice (BO) 60 5 M. aeneus 91.0 M. viridescens 6.5 M. coracinus 2.5 22.4.2009 Brno-Líšeň (BM) 60 6 M. aeneus 89.2 M. coracinus 7.0 M. viridescens 3.2 M. nigrescens 0.0 27.4.2009 M. atratus 0.6 Braniškov (BO) 65 7 M. aeneus 88.1 M. viridescens 8.1 M. coracinus 2.4 M. atratus 1.4 10.5.2009 Veverská Bítýška 63–65 8 M. aeneus 90.7 M. viridescens 4.8 M. atratus 0.5 (BO) 10.5.2009 M. coracinus 4.0 Maršov (BO) 65 9 M. aeneus 71.0 M. coracinus 9.0 10.5.2009 M. viridescens 20.0 Horní Domaslavice 65–67 10 M. aeneus 82.8 M. viridescens 6.3 (FM) 17.5.2009 M. coracinus 10.9 Kněževes (ZR) 67 11 M.