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Popular Television and Visual Culture: Intentions And POPULAR TELEVISION AND VISUAL CULTURE: INTENTIONS AND PERCEPTIONS OF ALIENS IN AMERICA A Dissertation by LUDOVIC A. SOURDOT Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 2009 Major Subject: Curriculum & Instruction POPULAR TELEVISION AND VISUAL CULTURE: INTENTIONS AND PERCEPTIONS OF ALIENS IN AMERICA A Dissertation by LUDOVIC A. SOURDOT Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Approved by: Co-Chairs of Committee, B. Stephen Carpenter, II G. Patrick Slattery Committee Members, Larry J. Kelly Chance W. Lewis Head of Department, Dennie Smith August 2009 Major Subject: Curriculum & Instruction iii ABSTRACT Popular Television and Visual Culture: Intentions and Perceptions of Aliens in America. (August 2009) Ludovic A. Sourdot, B.A., University Jean-Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France; B.S., Arkansas State University; M.Ed. Texas State University Co-Chairs of Advisory Committee: Dr. B. Stephen Carpenter, II Dr. Patrick Slattery This study examined the intentions of a group of individuals who created the sitcom Aliens in America broadcast on the CW Network in 2007-2008 and the ways in which three separate groups (bloggers, TV critics and local television viewers) perceived the show. In doing so I attempted to uncover the pedagogical implications of these intentions and perceptions for visual culture studies. I used a qualitative approach to conduct this study. I gathered interviews the creators of the show gave to media outlets in 2007 and 2008. I also gathered data from three other distinct groups for this study. First, I conducted focus group interviews with 13 individuals who watched and discussed their perceptions of Aliens in America. Second, I surveyed the perceptions of bloggers through a narrative analysis of postings published on the CW network website in 2007-2008. Thirdly, I sampled reviews of the show by TV critics to learn about their perceptions of the show. iv This study uncovered three key findings. First, the existence of a gap or disconnect between the ways in which the show was intended by its creators and how it was perceived by selected audiences. The second major finding was the unexpected level of engagement with the show exhibited by bloggers and focus group participants and their deep connection with some of the characters. The third finding involved the use of audio cues in some episodes of the series and its possible influence on viewers to react in a certain way to specific situations. These findings have specific implications for visual culture studies. First, the show presents an immense potential for use with seasoned educators during workshops. Second, these findings indicate that the use of audio cues in TV shows is problematic for younger audiences and requires more media literacy to take place in the art education classroom. Third, teacher education programs could use the show to train pre-service teachers and help them relate to the type of television programming their students are engaging with on a daily basis. v DEDICATION To my loving wife Keri and son Luke who believed in me from day one and made all of this possible. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank my committee for their guidance and support throughout my graduate studies. I would like to thank Dr. B.S. Carpenter, II for his tremendous support and guidance throughout this journey. I would also like to thank Dr. Larry Kelly for his encouragement, support and the teaching opportunities he provided me. I would like to thank Dr. Chance Lewis for his nuggets of wisdom. Dr. Patrick Slattery, thank you for your guidance and for always pushing me to do my best. I would also like to thank Dr. Dennie Smith and the entire staff in the Department of Teaching Learning and Culture who have been very supportive over the past two years. A special thanks to the focus group participants for their dedication to this study. I would also like to thank Dr. Jean-François Brun for helping me come to the United States many years ago when I was a student at the Université Jean-Monnet in Saint-Etienne, France. To my dear friend and mentor Dr. William B. Maynard who has believed in me from the start. Thank you for your words of wisdom, for always making time to answers my questions over the years. And for my family Mike and Carol Chapman thank you so much for always showing your support, for allowing Keri to “extend” her stays in order for me to finish my work, caring for Luke, and always encouraging me. Special mention of thanks to the entire Seekatz and Reeh family, it means so much to me to have family like all of you in my life. vii And last, but certainly not least to my parents, Alain and Annie, who first encouraged me to learn to speak English, you once told me that it may help me in the future…you were right! Thanks for pushing me to achieve my true potential. To my sister Caroline who gave me the competition I needed to strive for more and to my brother Rodolphe who reminded me of where I had come from and where I could go thanks for your friendship and support. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION .......................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... viii INTRODUCTION: ALIEN IDENTITY, TELEVISION, ART EDUCATION AND VISUAL CULTURE ................................................................................................. 1 Alien Identity ....................................................................................................... 2 Television ............................................................................................................ 5 Defining Visual Culture ..................................................................................... 7 New Shows and the Need for More Research ..................................................... 10 Why Investigate Aliens in America? ................................................................... 11 Representations and Perceptions of Muslims in Post 9/11 Era ........................... 13 Statement of the Problem .................................................................................... 20 Research Questions ............................................................................................. 20 Delimitations ................................................................................................... 21 Definition of Terms ............................................................................................. 21 Organization of the Study ................................................................................... 21 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ........................................................................... 23 An Evolving Landscape ...................................................................................... 23 A New Recent Trend: Participatory Culture ....................................................... 32 Popular Culture, Television and the Challenges for Educators........................... 33 Research on Television and Education ............................................................... 41 The Case for Visual Culture in Art Education ................................................ 43 Visual Culture in the Post 9/11 Era ..................................................................... 46 Summary .......................................................................................................... 48 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 49 Research Design ................................................................................................. 49 Rationale for Using a Qualitative Approach ....................................................... 50 Rationale for Using Focus Group Interviews ...................................................... 51 Focus Group Interview Population ..................................................................... 52 ix Page Focus Group Data Collection .............................................................................. 53 Rationale for Using Blogs as Data .................................................................. 53 Methodological Choices for Investigating Blogs ................................................ 55 Rationale for Using Reviews by Television Critics ......................................... 56 Methodological Choices for Using Reviews by Television Critics ................... 57 Validity and Reliability ....................................................................................... 57 Limitations of the Study .................................................................................... 59 FINDINGS ................................................................................................................ 60 The Creator’s Views and the Main Actor’s Perspective ..................................... 60 Defining the Word “Intentions” ............................................................. 60 Background Information on the Creators of Aliens
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