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Burmese Buddhist Imagery of the Early Bagan Period (1044 – 1113) Buddhism Is an Integral Part of Burmese Culture
Burmese Buddhist Imagery of the Early Bagan Period (1044 – 1113) 2 Volumes By Charlotte Kendrick Galloway A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian National University November 2006 ii Declaration I declare that to the best of my knowledge, unless where cited, this thesis is my own original work. Signed: Date: Charlotte Kendrick Galloway iii Acknowledgments There are a number of people whose assistance, advice and general support, has enabled me to complete my research: Dr Alexandra Green, Dr Bob Hudson, Dr Pamela Gutman, Dick Richards, Dr Tilman Frasch, Sylvia Fraser- Lu, Dr Royce Wiles, Dr Don Stadtner, Dr Catherine Raymond, Prof Michael Greenhalgh, Ma Khin Mar Mar Kyi, U Aung Kyaing, Dr Than Tun, Sao Htun Hmat Win, U Sai Aung Tun and Dr Thant Thaw Kaung. I thank them all, whether for their direct assistance in matters relating to Burma, for their ability to inspire me, or for simply providing encouragement. I thank my colleagues, past and present, at the National Gallery of Australia and staff at ANU who have also provided support during my thesis candidature, in particular: Ben Divall, Carol Cains, Christine Dixon, Jane Kinsman, Mark Henshaw, Lyn Conybeare, Margaret Brown and Chaitanya Sambrani. I give special mention to U Thaw Kaung, whose personal generosity and encouragement of those of us worldwide who express a keen interest in the study of Burma's rich cultural history, has ensured that I was able to achieve my own personal goals. There is no doubt that without his assistance and interest in my work, my ability to undertake the research required would have been severely compromised – thank you. -
Journals of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bhootan, Afghanistan and The
Journals of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bhootan, Afghanistan and The Neighbouring Countries 1 Journals of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bhootan, Afghanistan and The Neighbouring Countries The Project Gutenberg eBook, Journals of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bhootan, Afghanistan and The Neighbouring Countries, by William Griffith, Edited by John M'Clelland This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re−use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net Title: Journals of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bhootan, Afghanistan and The Neighbouring Countries Author: William Griffith Release Date: February 25, 2005 [eBook #15171] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO−646−US (US−ASCII) ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK JOURNALS OF TRAVELS IN ASSAM, BURMA, BHOOTAN, AFGHANISTAN AND THE NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES*** This eBook was produced by Les Bowler from the 1847 edition. JOURNALS OF TRAVELS IN ASSAM, BURMA, BHOOTAN, AFGHANISTAN AND THE NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES By William Griffith. Arranged by John M'Clelland. [Sketch of William Griffith: pf.jpg] CONTENTS. Notice of the author from the Proceedings of the Linnaean Society, and Extracts from Correspondence. CHAPTER IProceeding with the Assam Deputation for the Examination of the Tea Plant. II Journal of an Excursion in the Mishmee Mountains. III Tea localities in the Muttock Districts, Upper Assam. IV Journey from Upper Assam towards Hookum. V Journey from Hookum to Ava. VI Botanical Notes written in pencil, connected with the foregoing Chapter. Journals of Travels in Assam, Burma, Bhootan, Afghanistan and The Neighbouring Countries 2 VII General Report on the foregoing. -
Writing Systems Reading and Spelling
Writing systems Reading and spelling Writing systems LING 200: Introduction to the Study of Language Hadas Kotek February 2016 Hadas Kotek Writing systems Writing systems Reading and spelling Outline 1 Writing systems 2 Reading and spelling Spelling How we read Slides credit: David Pesetsky, Richard Sproat, Janice Fon Hadas Kotek Writing systems Writing systems Reading and spelling Writing systems What is writing? Writing is not language, but merely a way of recording language by visible marks. –Leonard Bloomfield, Language (1933) Hadas Kotek Writing systems Writing systems Reading and spelling Writing systems Writing and speech Until the 1800s, writing, not spoken language, was what linguists studied. Speech was often ignored. However, writing is secondary to spoken language in at least 3 ways: Children naturally acquire language without being taught, independently of intelligence or education levels. µ Many people struggle to learn to read. All human groups ever encountered possess spoken language. All are equal; no language is more “sophisticated” or “expressive” than others. µ Many languages have no written form. Humans have probably been speaking for as long as there have been anatomically modern Homo Sapiens in the world. µ Writing is a much younger phenomenon. Hadas Kotek Writing systems Writing systems Reading and spelling Writing systems (Possibly) Independent Inventions of Writing Sumeria: ca. 3,200 BC Egypt: ca. 3,200 BC Indus Valley: ca. 2,500 BC China: ca. 1,500 BC Central America: ca. 250 BC (Olmecs, Mayans, Zapotecs) Hadas Kotek Writing systems Writing systems Reading and spelling Writing systems Writing and pictures Let’s define the distinction between pictures and true writing. -
Smash Hits Volume 33
FORTNIGHTLY March 6-19 1980 i: fcMrstfjg i TH LYING LIZARDS .;! albums STS EDMUNDS )ur GRRk/£V£t/HlfLK HATES 7EEJM THAT TVf^ itav UGLYMONSTERS/ ^A \ / ^ / AAGHi. IF THERE'S ONE THING THATMAKES HULK REALLYAM6RY, IT'S PEOPLE WHO DON'T LOOK AFTER THEIRT€€TH! HULK GOES MAD UNLESS PEOPLE CLEAN THEIR TEETH THOROUGHLY EVERY DAY (ESPECIALLY LAST THING ATNIGHT). HE GOES SSRSfRK IFTHEY DON'T VISITTHE DENTIST REGULARLY! IF YOU D0N7 LOOKAFTER YOUR TEETH, SOMEBODY MAY COME BURSTING INTO YOUR HOUSE IN A TERRIBLE TEMPER AND IT WON'T BE THE MamAM...... 1 ! IF YOU WOULD LIKE A FREE COLOUR POSTER COPY OF THIS ADVERTISEMENT, FlU IN THE COUPON AND RETURN IT TO: HULK POSTER P.O BOX 1, SUDBURY, SUFFOLK COlO 6SL. tAeE(PUASETICKTHEAPPROPRIATEBOir)UNDERI3\Z\i3-l7\3lSANDOVER\JOFFERCLOSESONAPRIL30THmO.AUOW2SDAYSFORDELIVERY(sioaMPmisniA5l}l SH 1 uNAME ADDRESS X. i ^i J4 > March 6-19 1980 Vol 2 No. 5 Phew! Talk about moving ANIMATION mountains — we must have The Skids 4 shifted about six Everests' worth of paper this fortnight, what with ALABAMA SONG your voting forms and Walt David Bowie 4 Jabsco entries. With a bit of luck we'll have the poll results ready SPACE ODDITY forthe next issue but you'll find David Bowie 5 our Jabsco winners on page 26 of this issue. There's also an CUBA incredibly generous Ska Gibson Brothers 8 competition on page 24, not to mention our BIG NEWS! Turn to ALL NIGHT LONG the inside back page and find out Rainbow 14 what we mean . I'VE DONE EVERYTHING FOR YOU Sammy Hagar 14 Managing Editor HOT DOG Nick Logan Shakin' Stevens 17 Editor HOLDIN' -
The Differences Between Spoken and Written Grammar in English, in Comparison with Vietnamese1
GIST EDUCATION AND LEARNING RESEARCH JOURNAL. ISSN 1692-5777. NO. 11, (JULY - DECEMBER) 2015. pp. 138-153. The Differences between Spoken and Written Grammar in English, in Comparison 1 with Vietnamese Las Diferencias entre la Gramática Oral y Escrita del Idioma Inglés en Comparación con el Idioma Vietnamita Nguyen Cao Thanh2* Tan Trao University, Vietnam Abstract The fundamental point of this paper is to describe and evaluate some differences between spoken and written grammar in English, and compare some of the points with Vietnamese. This paper illustrates that spoken grammar is less rigid than written grammar. Moreover, it highlights the distinction between speaking and writing in terms of subordination and coordination. Further, the different frequency of adverbials and adjectivals between spoken and written language is also compared and analyzed. Keywords: spoken and written grammar, English, Vietnamese 138 1 Received: July 15, 2015 / Accepted: September 10, 2015 2 [email protected] No. 11 (July - December 2015) No. 11 (July - December 2015) CAO Resumen El principal objetivo de este artículo es describir y evaluar algunas diferencias entre la gramática oral y escrita del idioma inglés y comparar algunos aspectos gramaticales con el idioma vietnamita. Esta revisión muestra como la gramática oral es menos rígida que la gramática escrita. Por otra parte, se destaca la distinción entre el hablar y el escribir en términos de subordinación y coordinación. Además, la diferencia en el uso de adverbios y adjetivos entre la gramática oral y escrita también es comparada y analizada. Palabras clave: gramática oral y escrita, inglés, vietnamita Resumo O principal objetivo deste artigo é descrever e avaliar algumas diferenças entre a gramática oral e escrita do idioma inglês e comparar alguns aspectos gramaticais com o idioma vietnamita. -
Writing Systems: Their Properties and Implications for Reading
Writing Systems: Their Properties and Implications for Reading Brett Kessler and Rebecca Treiman doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324576.013.1 Draft of a chapter to appear in: The Oxford Handbook of Reading, ed. by Alexander Pollatsek and Rebecca Treiman. ISBN 9780199324576. Abstract An understanding of the nature of writing is an important foundation for studies of how people read and how they learn to read. This chapter discusses the characteristics of modern writing systems with a view toward providing that foundation. We consider both the appearance of writing systems and how they function. All writing represents the words of a language according to a set of rules. However, important properties of a language often go unrepresented in writing. Change and variation in the spoken language result in complex links to speech. Redundancies in language and writing mean that readers can often get by without taking in all of the visual information. These redundancies also mean that readers must often supplement the visual information that they do take in with knowledge about the language and about the world. Keywords: writing systems, script, alphabet, syllabary, logography, semasiography, glottography, underrepresentation, conservatism, graphotactics The goal of this chapter is to examine the characteristics of writing systems that are in use today and to consider the implications of these characteristics for how people read. As we will see, a broad understanding of writing systems and how they work can place some important constraints on our conceptualization of the nature of the reading process. It can also constrain our theories about how children learn to read and about how they should be taught to do so. -
The Damned Don't You Wish Press Release.Indd
PRESS RELEASE The Damned: Don’t You Wish That We Were Dead (15) RELEASE DATE On Blu-ray and DVD 29 May 2017 On Digital 22 May 2017 KEY TALENT INFORMATION Starring • David Vanian (lead singer, The Damned) • Captain Sensible (guitar/vocals, The Never mind the Sex Pistols… Damned) • Rat Scabies (drummer, The Damned) here’s The Damned! • Lemmy (Motorhead) • Mick Jones (The Clash) Fast Sell: • Steve Diggle (The Buzzcocks) • Chrissie Hynde (The Pretenders) A rip-roaring, hellraising account of one of the fi rst and • Chris Stein and Clem Burke (Blondie) greatest punk bands, The Damned, who ripped up the • Jon Moss (Culture Club) 70s music scene, fell apart in chaos, reformed and are still • Duff McKagan (Guns ‘N’ Roses) touring today 40 years strong! This joins Lemmy, The Filth • Glen Matlock (Sex Pistols) and the Fury and Anvil as a gleefully riotous, must watch • Nick Mason (Pink Floyd) rock-doc! • Ian MacKaye (Fugazi, Minor Threat) • Jesse Hughes (Eagles of Death Metal) From the co-director of Lemmy, featuring Chrissie Hynde, • Dexter Holland (The Off spring) Mick Jones, Lemmy, and members of Pink Floyd, Black Flag, • Jack Grisham (T.S.O.L) Guns ‘N’ Roses, Sex Pistols, Fugazi, Blondie, The Buzzcocks • David Gahan (Depeche Mode) and many more! • Don Letts • Billy Idol Synopsis: Director The story of the long-ignored pioneers of punk: The • Wes Orshoski (Lemmy) Damned. CONTACT/ORDER MEDIA The long-ignored pioneers of punk, The Damned started out as trailblazers on London’s 70s punk rock scene, being Thomas Hewson - [email protected] the fi rst British punk band to release a single, the immortal New Rose in 1976. -
Good and Cheap – a SNAP Cookbook by Leanne Brown
A SNAP COOKBOOK GOOD AND CHEap LEANNE BROWN Introduction ....................5 Salad ...............................................28 Broiled Eggplant Salad ....................................29 Kale Salad ......................................................30 Taco Salad ......................................................32 Text, recipes, design, Beet and Chickpea Salad ................................33 and photographs by Tips .......................................................6 Cold and Spicy Noodles ..................................34 Leanne Brown, in Apple-Broccoli Salad .......................................36 fulfillment of a final project for a master’s degree in food studies at New York University. Pantry Basics .................8 Soup ..................................................37 I am indebted to Corn Soup .....................................................38 other cooks whose Butternut Squash Soup ..................................40 recipes have guided Dal ................................................................42 me, and all those Methods .....................................9 friends, professors, and classmates who supported me. Snacks and Small This book is distributed Staples .........................................10 under a Creative Tortillas .........................................................11 Bites ..................................................43 Commons Attribution Rotis ..............................................................12 IDEAS Yogurt Smash! ..................................... -
Properties of Spoken and Written Language. Technical Report No. 5. INSTITUTION California Univ., Berkeley
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 282 230 CS 210 519 AUTHOR Chafe, Wallace; Danielwicz, Jane TITLE Properties of Spoken and Written Language. Technical Report No. 5. INSTITUTION California Univ., Berkeley. Center for the Study of Writing. SPONS AGENCY Office of Educational Research and Improvement (ED), Washington, DC. REPORT NO CSW-TR-5 PUB DATE May 87 NOTE 31p. PUB TYPE Reports - Research/Technical (143) EDRS PRICE MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS English; Higher Education; Language Research; *Language Usage; *Oral Language; *Reading Writing Relationship; Sentence Structure; Vocabulary Skills; *Writing Processes; Writing Research; *Written Language ABSTRACT To find differences and similarities between spoken and written English, analyses were made of four specific kindsof language. Twenty adults, either graduate studentsor university professors, provided a sample of each of the following: conversations, lectures, informal letters, and academicpapers. Conversations and lecture samples came from tape recordingsof casual dinner table talk and from class lectures. Lettersand papers were voluntarily provided by the subjects. Findings indicatedthat conversationalists employed a relatively limited vocabulary,made inexplicit lexical choices, and usedmany colloquialisms. They created relatively brief intonation units which they chained together, stopping occasionally to forma sentence boundary. Conversationalists also interacted with their audiences,showed ego involvement, and often spoke specifically. Academiclecturers employed an equally limited vocabulary, -
Writing Language
Writing language Linguists generally agree with the following statement by one of the founders of the modern science of language. Writing is not language, but merely a way of recording language by visible marks. Leonard Bloomfield, Language (1933) Some version of this is clearly true, as we can see by looking at the history of the human species and of each human individual. In both regards, spoken language precedes written language. Speech Writing Present in every society Present only in some societies, and only rather recently Learned before writing Learned after speech is acquired Learned by all children in normal Learned only by instruction, and often not circumstances, without instruction learned at all Human evolution has made speaking Evolution has not specifically favored easier writing Another way to express Bloomfield's point is to say that writing is "parasitic" on speech, expressing some but not all of the things that speech expresses. Specifically, writing systems convey the sequence of known words or other elements of a language in a real or hypothetical utterance, and indicate (usually somewhat less well) the pronunciation of words not already known to the reader. Aspects of speech that writing leaves out can include emphasis, intonation, tone of voice, accent or dialect, and individual characteristics. Some caveats are in order. In the first place, writing is usually not used for "recording language" in the sense of transcribing speech. Writing may substitute for speech, as in a letter, or may deploy the expressive resources of spoken language in visual structures (such as tables) that can't easily be replicated in spoken form at all. -
An Analysis of Spoken Language and Written Language and How They Affect English Language Learning and Teaching
ISSN 1798-4769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 834-838, July 2013 © 2013 ACADEMY PUBLISHER Manufactured in Finland. doi:10.4304/jltr.4.4.834-838 An Analysis of Spoken Language and Written Language and How They Affect English Language Learning and Teaching Bei Zhang School of Foreign Studies of Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan, China Abstract—Language plays a crucial role in the development of human society. It is the main means of communication between individuals, groups and countries. Nowadays in China, more and more people are learning English as a second language. What is the effective method of learning a foreign language becomes their chief concern. Basically speaking, four modules are involved in the process of second language acquisition. They are listening, reading, writing and speaking. In English language teaching and learning, mastering these four modules means a lot. Speaking and writing skills, as the productive modules, are usually more difficult for learners. In this essay, from the origin and functions of language, the correlation and disparities between speaking and writing skills are analyzed and possible ways of improving these two skills in second language acquisition are explored and suggested. Index Terms—second language acquisition, writing, speaking, communication I. INTRODUCTION Kachru and Nelson suggest that English has developed from the native language of a relatively small island nation to the most widely taught, read, and spoken language that the world has ever known (2001, p. 9 cited in Kuo, 2006, p. 213). China, one of the leading emerging economies with the world‟s largest population, perhaps enjoys the largest population of ESL learners. -
May Na Man Have in Talle": the Parabiblical Imaginary in Medieval English Literature
"All May Na Man Have in Talle": The Parabiblical Imaginary in Medieval English Literature The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Tilley, Brandon Rhys. 2016. "All May Na Man Have in Talle": The Parabiblical Imaginary in Medieval English Literature. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33840700 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA © 2016 Brandon Tilley All rights reserved. Dissertation Advisor: Professor Nicholas Watson Brandon Tilley “All May Na Man Have in Talle”: The Parabiblical Imaginary in Late Medieval English Literature Abstract This is a study of four fourteenth-century narrative poems written in a parabiblical mode. The poems—Cursor Mundi (c. 1300), Cleanness, Patience and Pearl (all c. 1380s)—are substantially and thematically concerned with retelling, in English, portions of the Vulgate Bible. “Substantially,” I say, because each poem engages extensively and complexly with the plots of Scripture it stakes out, and “thematically” because each consciously foregrounds the activity of re-telling from prior biblical scripts, from pretexts, as it were, in the double sense that the Bible furnishes both authoritative exemplars and ulterior interests. After situating these texts in their (diachronic and synchronic) historical conditions, the thesis considers biblical and theological curiosities that drive these texts’ shared interest in “biblical disidentity,” then turns to a linked series of poem-specific studies.