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Taxonomic Revision of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker

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Taxonomic Revision of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker Neotropical Ichthyology, 12(1):1-25, 2014 Copyright © 2014 Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Taxonomic revision of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker (Loricariidae: Hypostominae: Ancistrini), with description of three new species Carine C. Chamon1,2 and Lúcia H. Rapp Py-Daniel3 A taxonomic review of Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker, including Oligancistrus Rapp Py-Daniel, following a phylogenetic study, is presented. Additionally to S. punctatissimus (Steindachner) and S. murinus Nijssen & Isbrücker, three new species are recognized based on the examination of 159 specimens: S. immaculatus n. sp. from rio Tapajós basin, differs from its congeners by its color pattern consisting of a dark gray body, with no dots or spots, and by having very slender teeth; Spectracanthicus tocantinensis n. sp., from the rio Tocantins drainage is distinguished by the color pattern consisting of dark brown or black body with small, yellowish dots (except in S. punctatissimus), presence of thick teeth, infraorbital 4 forming most of the posterior edge of the orbit and the large basipterigium fenestrae; and Spectracanthicus zuanoni n. sp., from the rio Xingu basin is diagnosed by its color pattern consisting of large, white spots and by the larger orbital diameter. Other characters based on osteological features are also usefull to distinguish the species. A key to the species of the genus and a brief discussion of their threats and conservation are also provided. A revisão taxonômica de Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker, incluindo Oligancistrus Rapp Py-Daniel, baseada em estudos filogenéticos recentes, é apresentada. Adicionalmente a S. punctatissimus (Steindachner) e S. murinus Nijssen & Isbrücker, três espécies novas são reconhecidas baseadas no exame de 159 espécimes: S. immaculatus, sp. n. proveniente da bacia do rio Tapajós, difere de suas congêneres pelo padrão de colorido do corpo cinza escuro sem pontos ou manchas e por possuir dentes bastante delgados; Spectracanthicus tocantinensis sp. n., da bacia do rio Tocantins pode ser distinguida pelo padrão de colorido do corpo marron escuro ou preto com pontos amarelados (exceto de S. punctatissimus), presença de dentes espessos, infraorbital 4 formando quase toda a margem posterior da órbita e pela presença de uma grande fenestra no basipterígio; e Spectracanthicus zuanoni sp. n., da bacia do rio Xingu é diagnosticada pelo padrão de colorido cinza escuro com grandes pontos brancos e por possuir maior diâmetro infraorbital. Outros caracteres osteológicos também podem ser utilizados para distinguir as espécies. Uma chave para as espécies do gênero e uma breve discussão sobre suas ameaças e conservação são também fornecidas. Key words: Acari fish, Aquarism, Amazon basin, Armored Catfish, Ornamental fishery. Introduction divided into historically unstable subfamilies, most of them apparently monophyletic (Loricariinae, Hypoptopomatinae, The Loricariidae is the largest family within Siluriformes Lithogeninae, and Delturinae; Reis et al., 2006). However, the and includes more than 750 species, which represent about monophyly and composition of Hypostominae and Ancistrinae 25% of the diversity of catfishes (Reis et al., 2003; Ferraris, are still under scrutiny (Reis et al., 2003; Ferraris, 2007). 2007). The family is widely distributed in the Neotropical Different hypotheses of rearrangement of the Hypostominae region, from southeastern Costa Rica to northeastern Argentina have been proposed over the years (Regan, 1904; Gosline, (Isbrücker, 1980) and can be found in a large variety of 1947; Isbrücker, 1980; Schaefer, 1987; Armbruster, 2004), and freshwater environments. Loricariidae species are usually the subfamily was considered paraphyletic by several authors 1Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo. Caixa Postal 04218-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 2Universidade de Brasília - UnB, Câmpus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Instituto de Biologia - IB, Departamento de Zoologia, 70910-970 Brasília, DF, Brazil. [email protected] 3Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biologia Aquática., Manaus, AM, Brazil. [email protected] 1 2 Revision of Spectracanthicus (Armbruster, 2004; Schaefer 1987; Montoya-Burgos et al., d’histoire naturelle de la Ville de Genève, Geneva (MHNG), 1998). The subfamily is currently recognized as comprising Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio the tribes Ancistrini (= Ancistrinae sensu Isbrücker, 1980), de Janeiro. (MNRJ), Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Hypostomini, Corymbophanini, Pterygoplichthyini, and Paulo, São Paulo (MZUSP), Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Rhinelepini (Armbruster, 2004). Although the Ancistrini is not Viena (NMW), Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of diagnosed by a unique characters (Armbruster, 2004), most Natural History, Washington D.C. (USNM), and Zoological of its genera are readily recognized by having the opercle Museum of Amsterdam (ZMA) now RMNH = Naturalis - modified into a rectangular bar- or sickle-shaped structure National Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden. with associated eversible plates supporting hypertrophied odontodes. However, this character is apparently reversed Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1987 in some taxa, and the opercle has triangular or oval shaped, which is the plesiomorphic state within Hypostominae (i.e., Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1987: 93.Type species: Spectracanthicus and Hypostomus). Spectracanthicus murinus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1987 by Spectracanthicus Nijssen & Isbrücker was established as original designation and monotypy. Gender masculine. a monotypic genus to include S. murinus from the rio Tapajós Oligancistrus Rapp Py-Daniel, 1989: 246. Type species: basin. Recently, the genus Oligancistrus Rapp Py-Daniel Chaetostomus punctatissimus Steindachner, 1881 by was proposed as a junior synonym of Spectracanthicus by original designation and monotypy. Gender masculine. Armbruster (2004) based in the argument of an unnecessary recognition of two monotypic closely related genera. Chamon Diagnosis. Spectracanthicus is diagnosed from all other (2012) further corroborates such hypothesis in a phylogenetic Ancistrini, except Baryancistrus niveatus and B. beggini, study of the Acanthicus group, which resulted in Oligancistrus and Parancistrus by the presence of an expansion of as paraphyletic, given that Oligancistrus punctatissimus as dorsal-fin membrane connecting the last dorsal-fin ray of well as the new species fitting the diagnosis of that genus, to the adipose-fin spine vs.( dorsal fin not expanded and represented successive sister-groups of Spectracanthicus connected to adipose). Spectracanthicus is distinguished from murinus further justifying the synonymy proposed by Baryancistrus by having up to 25 teeth on premaxilla (vs. more Armbruster (2004). The genus is originally distinguished from than 25); and from Parancistrus by having small gill opening, 1 other Ancistrini by the presence of an expansion of the dorsal- reaching up to /3 of cleithrum length (vs. large gill opening, 1 fin membrane connecting it to the adipose-fin spine and the reaching nearly /2 of cleithrum length). presence of up to 25 teeth on premaxilla. Herein, a taxonomic revision of Spectracanthicus is presented. In addition, a brief Spectracanthicus murinus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1987 phylogenetic discussion on the relationships and a key to the Figs. 1-2 species of the genus are provided. Spectracanthicus murinus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1987: 94, fig. Material and Methods 1 [type locality: Poça de Pedra, rio Tapajós, Pará, Brazil]. - Burgess, 1989: 445 [citation]. - Eschmeyer, 1998: 1138 Measurements and counts were made according to Rapp Py- [catalog]. - Isbrücker, 2001: 32 [catalog]. - Isbrücker, Daniel & Zuanon (2005). Specimens were cleared and stained 2002: 29 [catalog]. - Fisch-Müller, 2003: 395 [catalog]. - (c&s) according to Taylor & Van Dyke (1985). Osteological Ferraris, 2007: 297 [catalog]. - Lujan et al., 2009: 50-56 nomenclature and vertebral counts follow Schaefer (1987) [citation]. - Camargo et al., 2012:169 [catalog, picture]. and Armbruster (2004). Vertebral counts include the first five vertebrae modified into Webberian apparatus, and the fused Diagnosis. Spectracanthicus murinus is distinguished from its pre-ural centrum is counted as a single element. Terminology congeners by the non-eversible cheek plate (vs. check plate for the laterosensory system of the head follows Arratia & eversible); the triangular-shaped opercle (vs. bar shaped); Huaquin (1995); homologies of the preopercle sensory canal presence of three branched anal-fin rays vs.( four); pale (yellow follow Schaefer (1988). Material examined was described in in life) bars on tip of dorsal and caudal fins vs.( bars absent; the following order: Institution number, count, measurements except in some specimens of S. punctatissimus); the frontal of minimum and maximum, locality, geographical coordinates, forming a small portion of orbit border (less than ¼ vs. frontal date of collection, and collectors. Some lots have missing data forming a large portion of orbit border); the anterior process concerning date of collection and/or collectors. Specimens of the pterotic-supracleithrum forming the posterior margin of examined belong to the following institutions: Instituto orbit (vs. pterotic-supracleithrum not forming posterior margin Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus (INPA), Field of orbit in S. immaculatus or contacting only a small area of Museum of Natural History,
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