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Home , Donald Segretti, Egil Krogh, Maurice Stans, Robert Mardian, Watergate scandal

NORTHMUNC IV Crisis Committee:

Start Date: June 18, 1972 (day of Watergate break-in)

Chair:

History: In the 1968 election, the death of Robert F. Kennedy opened the doors for previous Vice President to become the Democratic Party’s presidential candidate. On the other side was Republican Richard Nixon, who ran on a platform promoting domestic and foreign peace. Nixon claimed victory over the by 500,000 popular votes. Once in office, Nixon’s greatest problem was the . How was he going to stop it and fulfil the promises he had made to the American public during his campaign? The war was widely unpopular among the American people and resulted in many protests demanding peace. Nixon urged the American people to be patient and pursued negotiations. By the end of Nixon’s first year in office, he sported a 59% approval rating. At the end of his second year, that figure had fallen to 52%. At the beginning of 1972, Nixon’s approval rating reached a high of 62%. Possible causes of Nixon’s high approval ratings include landing the first man on the moon in 1969 and running a successful re-election campaign. It is safe to say that Nixon was relatively popular amongst the American people during his first term. During the 1972 election, the Democratic Party chose George McGovern as their nomination over Senator . The Republican Party renominated Richard Nixon. In early June, it seemed likely that Nixon would win his second presidential election as many Americans believed he was taking the right course of action in Vietnam. Before the Watergate Scandal broke loose, 1972 marked an important year for Nixon’s political moves: he established strong diplomatic relations with China following a trip to Beijing and he dropped bombs on and placed mines in Haiphong Harbor in an attempt to stop Communist attacks. His decision to bomb North Vietnam resonated well with people back home, further increasing the incumbent politician’s chances of winning the White House a second time. However, problems still plagued Nixon’s administration. In June 1971, and The Post’s release of excerpts from ​ ​ the posed as a serious issue for Nixon. Nixon’s attempts to censor the press––which proved to be a huge mistake following the Supreme Court’s decision in New York ​ Times Co. v. ––put the administration under an immense amount of public pressure ​ and fire to end the Vietnam War. Moreover, the Mai Lai Massacre of 1968, Nixon’s secret bombing of Cambodia in 1969 (a fact hidden from Congress and the public for over fourteen months), and the Kent State massacre of 1971 further infuriated the American public. To assuage American concerns about these issues and remain in office, Nixon withdrew 70,000 American troops from Vietnam in a three month process, leaving the remaining troops with less than half of their previous strength. In a move that is likely to be a bright spot on his record, Nixon revealed that he had been engaging in secret peace negotiations with the Vietcong, though peace has not been achieved yet. However, a cornerstone of debate going into the election might be the recent arrests at a Democratic National Committee’s office in the . Five men were caught breaking into and trying to bug the office. However, as this is an extremely recent event, more information is not available yet.

Current Situation: The year is 1972, and America is embroiled in scandal and chaos. ​ has leaked the Pentagon Papers, the Vietnam War is costing taxpayers dollars and lives, and public perception of government is generally low. Most importantly, the Democratic National Committee’s headquarters have just been broken into and ransacked—searched, apparently, for proof of Democratic Candidate George McGovern’s inadequacy. The place has been swept clean. Wiretaps have been discovered in high-ranking Democrats’ phones. Five men have been arrested. The entire setup reeks of political orders of magnitude more severe than anything seen in the past. The situation arouses suspicion simply by virtue of how brash and careless it seems, especially since a $25,000 check has conveniently landed in one of the suspected burglars’ bank accounts. Who, you might ask, wrote a check to a felon? As you, trusted officials with security clearance, are well aware, Richard Nixon’s reelection campaign wrote that check. The story continues to swell in magnitude as more and more officials are drawn into investigations and accused of political subterfuge. As of now, the public hasn’t been informed of Nixon’s ties to the break-in; they simply know about the crime. But you can already imagine the headlines of national papers: “Nixon: President or Thief?” to “Nixon: Traitor-in-Chief?”. As always, the court of public opinion will answer these questions come election day—but only if they come to learn of the scandal itself. Nixon’s extreme insecurity, penchant for going to extreme lengths to preserve his power, and remarkable ability to alienate allies will put him in a difficult position. Nixon’s entire presidency stands on the edge of a precipice; as information about his surveillance tactics—including his extensive use of hidden tape recorders—threatens to leak, Richard Nixon’s campaign for reelection is in dire straits. Today is June 18th, the day after the Watergate break-in. President Nixon has assembled an emergency cabinet, consisting of members of his presidential cabinet and the Committee to Re-elect the President (CRP), to deal with the emerging crisis. Your task today is to do two things: prevent the leakage of sensitive and almost certainly damaging information, and ensure that he wins November’s election by enough of a margin for the election to go uncontested. Some of you are RNC chairpeople; some of you are heads of federal agencies; some of you are assorted attorneys, strategists, and analysts. Nixon demands only one thing from all of you in equal measure: absolute, unwavering, unshakeable conviction and loyalty. You have a few months to quell the tide of information which threatens to inundate the Nixon administration. It’s no easy task yet it’s something that a team a fraction of the size of the janitorial staff of the Pentagon has been tasked with. The 210 million people in this county clamor for change as you read this. Vietnam has already enraged them enough. They are entirely disgusted by the opacity and corruption of public office. Faith is fast declining, and it’s quickly being replaced by anger, choler, and inflammatory rhetoric. If Watergate comes to light, it will be the end of Richard Nixon—and perhaps the end of the Republican Party’s control over America. Personally, you each have a choice. The Nixon administration is a faulty ship on the brink of sinking. Help save it, and you are hailed as a hero. Let it sink, and you drown alongside it. Will your loyalty to an official perceived as corrupt outweigh your desire to preserve your own political career? We’ll see. Good luck — you’ll need it.

Challenges: At this point in the game, things seem look astoundingly terrible for Nixon and the GOP in general. Besides the obvious break-in scandal that this committee has been charged with diverting before it reaches the public, terrible economic growth, combined with huge amounts of inflation has left the economy in shambles, being dubbed “stagflation”. Furthermore, the war in Vietnam is causing higher taxes across the nation, leading to outrage from desperate families throughout America that cannot afford to have another burden on their plates. People throughout the nation are calling for change, change which the Democratic candidate, George McGovern has been claiming to provide, calling for a swift end to the Vietnam war. Even worse, the American people are losing faith in the Nixon Campaign, or more accurately, whatever faith they had left, throughout the nation. President Nixon has long been in the eyes of public scrutiny, whether it be for the quick disappearance of his political rivals, or botched cover-up operations that seem to point to his corruption. This break-in threatens to be the straw that breaks the camel’s back, ruining Nixon’s career forever. Though the majority in this committee may believe Nixon was the perpetrator of this crime, this committee may want to investigate whether this is just a set-up, or whether Nixon was guilty of this political scandal. While Nixon doesn’t have much credibility to his name, ANY evidence that this wasn’t him could go a long way in saving his reputation––whether that evidence be real or fake…that is up to you, as a committee, to decide. This committee faces an almost insurmountable task when it comes to building and salvaging President Nixon’s public image again. Nixon’s bid for re-election seems to have been jeopardized. Thus the question remains: how will Nixon win the upcoming re-election? If this committee decides to put up another candidate in place of Nixon for the election, how could the committee overcome the blemishes on the face of the GOP? However, not everything looks insuperable for incumbent president Nixon just yet. Nixon has been able to maintain a huge margin over McGovern, leading with an astounding margin of 30% in the last few polls that were administered throughout the nation. Furthermore, Nixon’s campaign has succeeded in portraying McGovern as a leftist radical, using the popular slogan “amnesty, abortion, and acid”. In the end, this committee can choose to either support or retract Nixon’s nomination, but either way, things look terrible in terms of reputation for the GOP. Each of you must ask yourselves: How far are you willing to go? If this committee decides that Nixon should continue his campaign on account of his infallible popularity in the polls, what methods would be employed in order to save this “drowning sailor” in a sea of sharks? Finally, if subterfuge and misdirection are used as weapons against McGovern, how will the committee ensure that the public won’t find out? No matter, what you choose, choose carefully, because you’re walking on thin ice––and it just might break.

Questions to Consider: ● Will the committee try to suppress the truth behind the Watergate break-in? How? ● Is Nixon really “a crook”, or is Watergate an elaborate set up by the Democrats? Can you make the country believe the latter? How? ● How will Nixon win the election with a scandal looming over his head? ● Can the GOP retract its nomination of Nixon for reelection? Will it? If so, who will they nominate in Nixon’s place? Can the party afford to nominate someone new days before the election? ● How can Nixon rebuild his reputation amongst the public? ● What are the individual ramifications of the choices you will make individually and collectively? ● Is your loyalty to, or fear of, Richard Nixon stronger than your understanding that this scandal can, and likely will, permanently mar your reputations as notable public figures?

Committee Positions: 1. —: Before serving as White House counsel, John Dean ​ was a before serving as chief minority counsel to the House Judiciary Committee. ​ After, he served as the associate director of the National Commission on Reform of Federal Criminal Laws, with a degree in Law from Georgetown University, and later moved on to be an associate deputy attorney general. John Dean is responsible for ​ ​ ​ advising the president on his policies, decision to sign or veto legislation, ethical questions, financial disclosures, and conflicts of interest during employment and post employment.

2. Frederick "Fred" Cheney LaRue, Sr.—White House aid: Fred LaRue served as a ​ White House aid under President Nixon’s administration. He comes from a wealthy family; his father, Isaac Parsons, made millions of dollars in the oil industry. After LaRue’s father’s death, LaRue sold his Bolton oil field for $30 million in 1967. LaRue used his wealth to become a political financier for the Republican National Committee. He also served as a member of the RNC from 1963 until 1968. LaRue is a close confidant of President Nixon as he was responsible of devising Nixon's successful strategy for capturing Southern votes. LaRue attended a meeting meeting in Key Biscayne, , on March 30, 1972. However, the contents of this meeting are confidential.

3. H.R. “Bob” Haldeman — Chief of Staff: Haldeman attend the University of , ​ Los Angeles; he became well-known in prominent Los Angeles social circles by serving as the Chairman of the UCLA Alumni Association and a member of the University of California Board of Regents. A true Republican at heart, Haldeman was involved in several political campaigns. He worked on President Dwight D. Eisenhower's re-election campaign in 1956, Nixon's 1960 presidential campaign, and managed Nixon's 1962 run ​ ​ for Governor of California. in 1968, Nixon chose Haldeman as his Chief of Staff. ​ ​ ​ ​ Haldeman’s style of work is impeccable; he is a strict official who expects the best of all of his workers. Haldeman plays both a managerial and advisory role in Nixon’s administration.

4. — Assistant to the President for Communications and Speechwriter: Previously serving as the U.S. Treasurer under President Reagan’s administration, Pat Buchanan serves as an assistant to President. He also worked on Nixon's presidential campaign as an opposition researcher. Nicknamed "Mr. Inside.", Buchanan traveled with ​ ​ Nixon throughout the campaigns of 1966 and 1968. In 1969, he was a White House ​ adviser and speechwriter for Nixon. Buchanan also helped create a strategy that drew millions of Democrats to vote for Nixon. As an assistant to the President, Buchanan is in charge of developing political strategy, publishing the President's Daily News Summary, and preparing briefing books for news conferences.

5. John N. Mitchell — Head of the Committee to Re-elect the President and Director: One of Nixon's closest personal friends, John N. Mitchell served as the Attorney General ​ of the United States. However, he retired from his job as Attorney General to manage ​ Nixon’s 1972 re-election campaign, becoming the Head of the Committee to Re-elect the President. Mitchell had also managed Nixon's 1968 presidential campaign. Mitchell is. It ​ ​ has been rumored that Mitchell played a critical role in covert attempts to sabotage the 1968 , a treaty that could have ended the Vietnam War. ​ ​

6. — to the President: In 1961, Charles Colson founded ​ the law firm of Colson & Morin. The firm expanded its reach into Washington, D.C and ​ Boston. In 1968, Colson served as counsel to Republican presidential candidate Richard ​ ​ ​ Nixon's Key Issues Committee. Later, in January 1961, Colson left his firm to join the ​ Richard Nixon administration as Special Counsel to the President. Colson’s role entailed inviting influential private special-interest groups to the policy-making process and winning their support on specific issues. Along with spearheading lobbying efforts, Colson is also in charge of drafting legal briefs and reviewing presidential appointments.

7. — Political Operative for the Committee to Re-elect the President ​ and Attorney: Hired by his friend, Dwight L. Chapin, Donald Segretti was instructed to ​ ​ ​ run a dirty campaign against the Democrats. Segretti faked several letters defaming Democratic politicians, even getting one official to withdraw from the Presidential primaries. Segretti was paid from presidential campaign re-election funds gathered before an April 7, 1972 law required that contributors be identified.

8. — Finance Chairman and former United States Secretary of ​ Commerce: Maurice Stans served under both the Eisenhower and Nixon administrations. ​ ​ He resigned as Secretary of Commerce to chair the finance committee of the Committee ​ for the Re-Election of the President. Stans fund-raising efforts have brought in millions of ​ dollars for Nixon’s campaign. Stans alleges that he does not know what tasks the funds are directed towards.

9. — Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs: As the Assistant ​ to the President for Domestic Affairs, John Ehrlichman was an important influence on Nixon's domestic policy, especially those involving the environment. He previously served as White House Counsel, a position currently filled by John Dean. Ehrlichman is part of Nixon’s inner circle and confidant. He is also close friends with H. R. Haldeman. Ehrlichman also works closely with . ​ ​

10. L. Patrick Gray — FBI Director: In 1970, Nixon appointed L. Patrick Gray as Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Division in the Department of Justice. In 1972, ​ ​ Gray was nominated to be Deputy Attorney General but his nomination was withdrawn ​ before his position could be confirmed. Nixon then made him Acting Director of the FBI ​ after the death of J. Edgar Hoover. Gray worked alongside Associate Director . ​ ​ ​ ​ (Note: for the purpose of the committee, disregard his resignation as director in 1973) 11. E. Howard Hunt — Campaign Aide: Previously serving as an officer in the CIA, E. Howard Hunt works closely with G Gordon Liddy on Nixon’s campaign team. His primary job is to identify government sources of national security information "leaks" to ​ ​ third parties. He worked for the Robert R. Mullen Company, a business connected to the ​ ​ CIA. Hunt has been involved in various illegal and shallow activities, including breaking into the Los Angeles office of 's psychiatrist, Lewis J. Fielding, and ​ ​ ​ ​ looking for scandalous information on Senator Edward Kennedy which related to the ​ Chappaquiddick incident under the orders of Special Counsel Charles Colson. On , 1972, Hunt was at the Watergate hotel.

12. G. Gordon Liddy — Campaign Aide: Former FBI agent G. Gordon Liddy works ​ closely with W. Howard Hunt. Both of them supervised the 1971 break-in at the Los Angeles office of Lewis J. Fielding, psychiatrist to Daniel Ellsberg, leaker of the “Pentagon Papers” to the New York Times. In early 1972, while serving on the Committee to Re-elect the President, Liddy devised several plans to degrade the Democratic Party. On the Committee, Liddy was officially known as the General Counsel of the Finance Operation. On June 17, 1972, Liddy was at the Watergate hotel with Hunt.

13. Robert “Bob” Dole — Chairman of the RNC: The chairman of the Republican Party, ​ Bob Dole is responsible for flipping seats, winning elections, and acting as the face of the party. The stakes are the highest for him, since the blame for a lost election will fall squarely on his shoulders. After all, the chairman of a weak party is nothing at all. Dole’s priorities lie with his party since he derives his own power from it. Dole has significant influence over advertising, private-sector contracting, and revenue; he also has a number of contacts within the legislature.

14. Herbert Kalmbach — Personal Attorney and Deputy Finance Chairman of the Committee to Re-elect the President: Herbert Kalmbach was introduced to Nixon ​ ​ through Haldeman. Kalmbach has been a lawyer since 1952 and was a founding partner of his own law practice, the Bank of Newport, in Newport Beach, California. This firm ​ ​ deals with many of Nixon’s legal affairs. Kalmbach has fundraised for Nixon’s campaign in the past two elections and continues to raise funds for Nixon’s projects. Kalmbach is tied to a corporation in Delaware with heavy involvement in the funding of polls. He is a very close friend of the President, knowing Nixon for over two decades. Kalbach also held a second occupation as the Deputy Finance Chairman for the Committee to Re-elect ​ the President, fundraising for the re-election campaign. ​

15. — Deputy Director of the Committee for the Re-Election of ​ ​ the President: After pursuing a career in business, Magruder served a political operative ​ in the Republican Party. Later, he joined Nixon’s administration in 1969, serving as the Director of the Committee for the Re-Election of the President. However, after Dean was appointed as the Director, Magruder assumed the role of Deputy Director. As a Deputy Director of Nixon's Committee for the Re-Election of the President, Magruder manages the staff and devises plans to help Nixon win the election.

16. ––Campaign Manager: In the 1964 presidential election, Mardian ​ ​ managed the Goldwater campaign, and continued to do same for Nixon’s 1968 campaign. Before obtaining a law degree from University of Southern California, he served in the . In 1970, he served as the assistant Attorney General and headed the Internal Security Division. He tapped phones of reporters and launched investigations of those opposed to the Vietnam War. Mardian headed the government's team prosecuting ​ ​ Daniel Ellsberg in the Pentagon Papers case in 1971. Mardian is good friends with ​ Mitchell, establishes financial strategies for Nixon’s campaign and has a strong links to many government officials.

17. Hugh W. Sloan Jr.—Treasurer of the Committee to Re-elect President: Hugh W. ​ Sloan Jr. is the treasurer of the committee to re-elect the president. In the past, Sloan has worked in several managerial positions in companies throughout the nation including Woodbridge Sales & Engineering Inc. and Woodbridge Foam Corporation. Furthermore, Sloan is concerned about maintaining his public image, and wants to make sure that if there IS a scandal, he isn’t a part of it. Shrewd yet widely admired for his integrity, Sloan certainly won’t be caught in the wreckage the scandal -- if, indeed, there is one.

18. Egil Krogh — director of CRP: Egil Krogh served in the Navy during the Vietnam ​ War, and then followed by graduating from law school at the University of Washington Law Review. After, he joined as an assistant to the Counsel to the president in 1968. He approved a covert operation investigating the leak of the Pentagon Papers. Bud is responsible for working with the early Special Investigation Unit (or “Plumbers”), law enforcement, narcotics control policy, and transportation policy. Integrity is essential to Egil Krogh and would never wreck his image.

19. Gordon C. Strachan — CRP director: With a degree in International Relations from ​ University of Southern California, and then a law degree from Berkeley, Gordon C Strachan first started working at the same Law firm that Nixon worked at before his presidency. At the CRP, he oversees all political operations, such as intelligence-gathering.

20. — Nixon Press Secretary: Ziegler transferred to the University of Southern ​ ​ ​ California his sophomore year in 1958 and graduated in 3 years later with a degree in government and politics, where he met other participants of the scandle like Dwight ​ Chapin, Donald Segretti, and Herbert Porter. As the press secretary, Ziegler dismissed the ​ ​ ​ first report of the break-in at the Watergate Hotel without realize the gravity of the ​ situation. The press secretary is responsible for collecting information about actions and events regarding the president's administration, and other foreign events.. The press secretary has strong ties to the media, and deals with the White House press corps ​ regularly for debriefs.

21. DeVan L. "Van" Shumway––Director of Public Relations of the Committee to ​ Re-Elect the President: Attending the University of Utah, DeVan Shumway is a loyal ​ ​ supporter of Nixon. He previously worked on the re-election campaign of George Murphy, which was widely unsuccessful. Later, he started to work for Nixon’s campaign. Currently, he serves as the spokesperson and director of public relations for Nixon’s re-election campaign. Shumway has many contacts within the media and is the primary outreach contact of the committee.

22. Kenneth Parkinson––Counsel to the Committee Re-Elect the President: Before ​ getting involved in politics, Kenneth Parkinson was a lawyer. Parkinson works closely with many other members of the Committee such as Mitchell, Liddy, and Ehrlichman. He has strong links to the other members of the Committee and Nixon.

23. James St. Clair — Chief Counsel to Richard Nixon, Hale & Dorr, LLC: A senior ​ partner at Hale & Dorr, James St. Clair is Richard Nixon’s chief counsel, tasked with defending the president from damaging news report and legal missteps. St. Clair, one of the most immediately-recognizable celebrity in the country, is widely regarded as one of the best in his field due to his unparalleled media savvy and legal intuition. Even he, however, faces near-certain defeat when confronted by a case that seems little more than open-and-shut. Will St. Clair risk his career, or the integrity of the field he’s dedicated his life to?

24. Leonard Garment — White House Counsel: As in-house counsel for the President ​ himself, the role of Leonard Garment — the White House Counsel — seems clear. His sworn duty is to defend the President of the United States from any and all legal charges, be they accusations of tax fraud or high treason. However, like most other members of the President’s legal team, Garment faces a choice: job or country?

25. — Senate Minority Leader, Republican Party: As one of the most ​ prominent Congressional Republicans in America, Hugh Scott’s knowledge of what makes a voter base tick is unparalleled. How he applies that knowledge, however, is yet to be seen. Scott must deal with the impeachment and public disgrace of a Republican president, navigate the approaching elections, and handle the media in such a way as to preserve the party’s chances of survival, which — at the moment — look more than slim.

26. — EPA Administrator and Nixon Confidante: One of Nixon’s first cabinet appointees, William Ruckelshaus, the close confidante of a disgraced president, must choose whether or not to support his patron and friend over his country and career.

Format of Committee: Crisis Committees differ from General Assemblies in that actions that committees or members thereof take can directly influence the movement of the topic or the committee as a whole. As you sit with your fellow delegates, NorthMUNC staffers are hard at work preparing exciting and dynamic updates. Pertinent crisis updates will be presented on a regular basis during the course of the conference. Delegates will be tasked with responding to these updates through a combination of public and private directives, communiques, or press releases, along with actions in committee. Crisis staff can also assist by posing as outside resources and experts who may not necessarily be represented in committee. Furthermore, delegates should use the portfolio powers assigned to them and ask crisis staff for clarification if necessary through a crisis note. Please note that the discretion of the Chair and Crisis Director are final regarding any notes or requests that are issued by delegates.

In the absence of any motions, committee will default to a moderated caucus with 45-second speaking time. Discussion of specific topics salient to issues at hand through the medium of a ten-minute moderated caucus with 30-second speaking time is highly preferred. If clear reasoning is provided, amendments (to directives), question-and-answer sessions, round-robins, and gentlemen’s unmod (seated) as well as conventional unmoderated caucuses will be entertained at the discretion of the chair. If you have any questions about the format of committee, feel free to email us at [email protected].

Portfolio Powers: A unique aspect in Crisis Committees is that every individual is allotted a set of personal powers. These powers depend on the delegate’s assigned position. Each delegate is allowed to use the following proposals to meet their public or private goals.

DIRECTIVE: A formal action (either public or private) that can be taken on by the entire ​ committee or by an individual member, consisting primarily of bullet points that specifically deal with a topic, a title, a list of sponsors, and the signatures of at least 1/4 of the members of committee. Possible directives include: launch decisions, trade agreements, and formal alliances, among others. More impactful directives will require public approval of committee, although joint private directives can also be used to increase the chances of success.

COMMUNIQUE: A formal message (either public or private) that can be addressed by either the ​ whole committee or by an individual member to an entity outside of committee. An example of a communique might be the passing of critical information to an outside , or the arrangement of a meeting involving committee members and figures that are not represented by delegates in committee. Public communiques must be approved by the committee and cannot be sent through crisis.

PRESS RELEASE: A formal statement (either public or private) from committee as a whole or an ​ individual delegate that is intended for public distribution. A public press release should not be sent through crisis. It will be treated as a directive in terms of being introduced and voted upon. Private press releases can be sent through crisis.

Position Papers: NORTHMUNC requires all delegates to write a position paper in order to be eligible for awards. Crisis position papers differ from General Assembly or Specialized Committees position papers. They are not as strict and do not have as clear of a structure. Delegates should try to include their character’s views on the crisis and an outline of a possible course of action on how to solve the most pressing issue.

All position papers should be one-page, single spaced and typed. In the top right hand corner, write the delegate’s name, position name, committee name and school name (in that order). A cover page is not required but is acceptable.

Works Consulted: https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/forresearchers/find/textual/special/smof/butterfield.php https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mardian https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/22/us/22mardian.html https://www.nytimes.com/1974/12/19/archives/parkinson-denies-knowingly-playing-watergatepa yment-role-passed-on.html

Sources for Challenges: ​ https://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/08/1970-stagflation.asp https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/nixon-wins-landslide-victory-democrats-hold-senate-h ouse/2012/06/06/gJQAJ4bIJV_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.304648a3b80a https://vault.fbi.gov/watergate/watergate-summary-part-01-of-02/view https://archive.is/20120525120029/http://www.kennesaw.edu/pols/3380/pres/1972.html https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/educational-resources/watergate-cover https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/3848570/Deep-Throat-Watergat e-timeline-of-events.html https://millercenter.org/president/nixon/campaigns-and-elections https://ropercenter.cornell.edu/the-american-publics-attitudes-about-nixon-post-watergate/ http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/vietnam/timeline.htm https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/richard-m-nixon/ https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/u-s-bombs-cambodia-for-the-first-time https://www.nixonlibrary.gov/thelife/apolitician/thepresident/index.php https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1972 https://historyinpieces.com/research/nixon-approval-ratings http://www.thepresidency.org/experts/mr-egil-krogh https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg

Works Cited Broder, David S. “Nixon Wins Landslide Victory; Democrats Hold Senate, House.” The ​ Washington Post, WP Company, 8 Nov. 1972, ​ www.washingtonpost.com/politics/nixon-wins-landslide-victory-democrats-hold-senate-ho use/2012/06/06/gJQAJ4bIJV_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.304648a3b80a. Nielsen, Barry. “Stagflation, Style.” Investopedia, Investopedia, 18 July 2018, ​ ​ www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/08/1970-stagflation.asp. “Nixon's Presidential Approval Ratings.” Research, 30 July 2014, ​ ​ historyinpieces.com/research/nixon-approval-ratings. Perlstein, Rick. “Watergate Scandal.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., ​ ​ 10 June 2018, www.britannica.com/event/Watergate-Scandal. “Richard M. Nixon.” The White House, The United States Government, ​ ​ www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/richard-m-nixon/. “U.S. Bombs Cambodia for the First Time.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, ​ ​ www.history.com/this-day-in-history/u-s-bombs-cambodia-for-the-first-time. “Vietnam War Timeline.” Gwendolyn Bennett's Life and Career, ​ ​ www.english..edu/maps/vietnam/timeline.htm. “Vietnam War Timeline.” Gwendolyn Bennett's Life and Career, ​ ​ www.english.illinois.edu/maps/vietnam/timeline.htm. “Watergate Summary Part 01 of 02.” FBI, FBI, 8 July 2011, ​ ​ vault.fbi.gov/watergate/watergate-summary-part-01-of-02/view. “Watergate Scandal Key Players.” The Washington Post, WP Company, ​ ​ www.washingtonpost.com/politics/watergate-scandal-key-players/2012/06/05/gJQAkn1jL V_gallery.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.7ce70cf17834. “Watergate: The Cover-Up.” Miller Center, 3 Aug. 2017, ​ ​ millercenter.org/the-presidency/educational-resources/watergate-cover.