A Historical Analysis of the Origin, Colonization, Penetration And
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(JHSSS) Nigeria-Benin Border Closure
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies (JHSSS) Website: www.jhsss.org ISSN: 2663-7197 Original Research Article Nigeria-Benin Border Closure: Implications for Economic Development in Nigeria Ola Abegunde1* & Fabiyi, R.2 1Ekiti State University, Department of Political Science, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria 2Research Officer, Garnet Aught Global, Lagos, Nigeria Corresponding Author: Ola Abegunde, E-mail: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History Nigeria remains the major international market for foreign earnings for many Received: June 02, 2020 countries in the word. The Republic of Benin in the sub-Sahara Africa is majorly Accepted: July 13, 2020 dependent on Nigeria for the survival of her international trade. This study Volume: 2 investigates the Nigeria-Benin border closure and its implications on Nigerian Issue: 4 economic development. Secondary data were used for the research, and content analysis was the instrument used in analysis of the data generated from the KEYWORDS study. Smuggling was confirmed to occur on the Nigeria-Benin border and was perpetrated by residents of both countries. Though legal commercial activities Nigeria-Benin, Custom service, still take place on the same border. Illegal activities on the Nigeria-Benin border border closure, smuggling, include cross-border crimes like banditry and kidnapping as well as trafficking in economic development. human beings, contraband goods, illegal arms and ammunition, illicit drugs, and diverted petroleum products. All these transactions constitute serious threat to Nigeria’s national security and affects it economy. Therefore, the illegal activities on the border led to its closure by the Nigerian federal government in August 2019. The effects of the border closure on Nigerian socio-economic includes decrease in all smuggling activities and other cross-border crimes. -
Multidisciplinary Research
ISSN (Online) : 2455 - 3662 SJIF Impact Factor :5.148 EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Monthly Peer Reviewed & Indexed International Online Journal Volume: 5 Issue: 5 May 2019 Published By :EPRA Publishing CC License Volume: 5 | Issue: 5 | May 2019 || SJIF Impact Factor: 5.148 ISSN (Online): 2455-3662 EPRAEPRA International International Journal Journal of of MultidisciplinaryMultidisciplinary Research Research (IJMR) (IJMR) Peer Peer Reviewed Reviewed Journal Journal GOVERNANCE AND THE YORUBA NATION: THE PLACE OF TRADITIONAL RULERS IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE PEOPLE Folorunso, Christianah Omowamide Emua, Charles Imoisi Social Studies Department, Social Studies Department, College of Education, College of Education, Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria Ikere-Ekiti, Nigeria ABSTRACT In the days of yore, the traditional Rulers played the role of upholding the values of the people and also the concern with the affairs of administering their domain. Their roles were not absolutely independent or collaboration with the local authorities to identify the needs of their communities and be involved in the design of policy and service delivery. This paper examines and compares the place of traditional Rulers in the administration of people during the pre-colonial, colonial, post-colonial era and modern day’s traditional rulers. The paper also examines the role of traditional rulers on the social, cultural and political developments in Yoruba land. This study relies on historical and textual analysis through a survey approach. KEYWORDS: Governance, Yoruba Nation, Traditional Rulers, and Development. INTRODUCTION migrated from the Middle-Eastern part of the world The word traditional ruler entails the reigned of during the medieval period. They are a religious group a monarchy or a title ruler vested with the authority to of people who are mainly Christians, Muslims or of rule over people in the affairs of their life. -
CIFORB Country Profile – Nigeria
CIFORB Country Profile – Nigeria Demographics • Nigeria has a population of 186,053,386 (July 2016 estimate), making it Africa's largest and the world's seventh largest country by population. Almost two thirds of its population (62 per cent) are under the age of 25 years, and 43 per cent are under the age of 15. Just under half the population lives in urban areas, including over 21 million in Lagos, Africa’s largest city and one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. • Nigeria has over 250 ethnic groups, the most populous and politically influential being Hausa-Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%. • It also has over 500 languages, with English being the official language. Religious Affairs • The majority of Nigerians are (mostly Sunni) Muslims or (mostly Protestant) Christians, with estimates varying about which religion is larger. There is a significant number of adherents of other religions, including indigenous animistic religions. • It is difficult and perhaps not sensible to separate religious, ethnic and regional divides in Nigerian domestic politics. In simplified terms, the country can be broken down between the predominantly Hausa-Fulani and Kunari, and Muslim, northern states, the predominantly Igbo, and Christian, south-eastern states, the predominantly Yoruba, and religiously mixed, central and south-western states, and the predominantly Ogoni and Ijaw, and Christian, Niger Delta region. Or, even more simply, the ‘Muslim north’ and the ‘Christian south’ – finely balanced in terms of numbers, and thus regularly competing for ‘a winner-take-all fight for presidential power between regions.’1 Although Nigeria’s main political parties are pan-national and secular in character, they have strong regional, ethnic and religious patterns of support. -
Pastoralism and Security in West Africa and the Sahel
Pastoralism and Security in West Africa and the Sahel Towards Peaceful Coexistence UNOWAS STUDY 1 2 Pastoralism and Security in West Africa and the Sahel Towards Peaceful Coexistence UNOWAS STUDY August 2018 3 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations p.8 Chapter 3: THE REPUBLIC OF MALI p.39-48 Acknowledgements p.9 Introduction Foreword p.10 a. Pastoralism and transhumance UNOWAS Mandate p.11 Pastoral Transhumance Methodology and Unit of Analysis of the b. Challenges facing pastoralists Study p.11 A weak state with institutional constraints Executive Summary p.12 Reduced access to pasture and water Introductionp.19 c. Security challenges and the causes and Pastoralism and Transhumance p.21 drivers of conflict Rebellion, terrorism, and the Malian state Chapter 1: BURKINA FASO p.23-30 Communal violence and farmer-herder Introduction conflicts a. Pastoralism, transhumance and d. Conflict prevention and resolution migration Recommendations b. Challenges facing pastoralists Loss of pasture land and blockage of Chapter 4: THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF transhumance routes MAURITANIA p.49-57 Political (under-)representation and Introduction passivity a. Pastoralism and transhumance in Climate change and adaptation Mauritania Veterinary services b. Challenges facing pastoralists Education Water scarcity c. Security challenges and the causes and Shortages of pasture and animal feed in the drivers of conflict dry season Farmer-herder relations Challenges relating to cross-border Cattle rustling transhumance: The spread of terrorism to Burkina Faso Mauritania-Mali d. Conflict prevention and resolution Pastoralists and forest guards in Mali Recommendations Mauritania-Senegal c. Security challenges and the causes and Chapter 2: THE REPUBLIC OF GUINEA p.31- drivers of conflict 38 The terrorist threat Introduction Armed robbery a. -
Criminality & Reprisal Attacks in Nigeria's Middle Belt
PAST IS PROLOGUE: CRIMINALITY & REPRISAL ATTACKS IN NIGERIA’S MIDDLE BELT CHOM BAGU KATIE SMITH PAST IS PROLOGUE: CRIMINALITY & REPRISAL ATTACKS IN NIGERIA’S MIDDLE BELT CHOM BAGU KATIE SMITH PAST IS PROLOGUE: 3 Criminality And Reprisal Attacks In Nigeria’s Middle Belt ABOUT THE AUTHORS Chom Bagu is Senior Peace and Conflict Advisor for Search for Common Ground in Nigeria. He previously served as Search’s Country Director in Nigeria, was a conflict advisor for USAID, and is a journalist by training. He is based in Abuja, Nigeria. Katie Smith is a Policy Research Associate for Search for Common Ground, based in Washington, DC. This report is issued by Search for Common Ground as part of a series highlighting policy insights from peacebuilding experts around the world, identified through our network of staff and partners. The views expressed in this report are those of the authors alone and do not represent the institutional position of Search for Common Ground. For further information on Search for Common Ground or this report, please write to Search for Common Ground’s office in Washington DC, 1601 Connecticut Ave NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20009, or call the Communications Office at +1 202-265-4300 or visit our website, www.sfcg.org © 2017 Search for Common Ground This publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or nonprofit purposes without special permission from Search for Common Ground, provided the reproduction includes this Copyright notices and the Disclaimer below. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from Search for Common Ground. -
Religious Conflicts and Education in Nigeria: Implications for National Security
Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.6, No.2, 2015 Religious Conflicts and Education in Nigeria: Implications for National Security Ushe Mike Ushe, Ph.D School of Arts and Social Sciences,National Open University of Nigeria,Lagos. Abstract The persistent religious conflicts and insecurity in Nigeria has given meaningful Nigerians a cause for deep concern in recent times. Many of them wonder why religion which used to be the cohesive factor and core of national unity, peaceful co-existence and national development has become a tool for political manipulation, violence, destruction of lives and property in Nigeria in contemporary time. This paper examines education as a catalyst for resolving conflicts and enhancing national security in Nigeria. The paper first of all defined the terms that are used in this presentation. It also makes a review of some religious conflicts experienced in Nigeria together with their causes and the effects. Furthermore, the paper examined education in Nigeria as a catalyst for sustenance of national security. The paper utilized both secondary sources and observation methods for data collection and presentation. Finding from the research reveals that religious conflicts and insecurity are endemic in Nigeria in the last two decades. The Muslims and Christian adherents have fought wars in Nigeria than they had actually fought for peace, thereby threatening peaceful co-existence and national security among the citizenry. The paper recommends among others, that the government should employ meaningful ways such as education and inter-faith dialogue to enhance peaceful co-existence and national security in Nigeria. -
NIGERIA Executive Summary The
NIGERIA Executive Summary The constitution and other laws and policies protect religious freedom and, in practice, the government generally respected religious freedom. Selected state governments, individuals, and groups outside of the national government occasionally committed abuses. The government did not demonstrate a trend toward either improvement or deterioration in respect for and protection of the right to religious freedom. Overall, the government did not act swiftly or effectively to quell communal violence or to investigate and prosecute those responsible for such violence. Federal, state, and local authorities have not effectively addressed underlying political, ethnic, and religious grievances leading to violence. A climate of impunity exists, as authorities rarely prosecute and punish those responsible for violent attacks. The main targets of such violence include political and ethnic rivals, businesses, homes, churches, mosques, and rural villages. There were reports of societal abuses or discrimination based on religious affiliation, belief, or practice. Attacks by elements of the extremist sect Boko Haram, which purportedly aimed to implement a stricter form of Sharia throughout the country, claimed the lives of both Christians and Muslims. The sect claimed responsibility for such acts of violence as the United Nations headquarters suicide bombing in Abuja on August 26 and the Christmas Day bombing in front of a church in Madalla on December 25. Violence, tension, and hostility between Christians and Muslims increased, particularly in the “Middle Belt,” exacerbated by “indigene” (native) and settler laws, discriminatory employment practices, and fierce competition between herdsmen and farmers over use of land. The U.S. government regularly discussed religious freedom and tolerance with the government as part of its overall policy to promote human rights and improve inter-religious relations. -
The Ombatse Crisis in Nigeria: Background, Recent Developments and Possible Solutions
Journal of Interdisciplinary Conflict Science Volume 2 Issue 2 Article 1 2-2016 The Ombatse Crisis in Nigeria: Background, Recent Developments and Possible Solutions Simeon Onyemachi Hilary Alozieuwa Ph.D. Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution, Abuja, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/jics Part of the American Politics Commons, Comparative Politics Commons, International and Area Studies Commons, International Relations Commons, Models and Methods Commons, Other Political Science Commons, Peace and Conflict Studies Commons, and the Political Theory Commons Recommended Citation Alozieuwa, S. O. (2016). The Ombatse Crisis in Nigeria: Background, Recent Developments and Possible Solutions. Journal of Interdisciplinary Conflict Science, 2(2), -. Retrieved from https://nsuworks.nova.edu/ jics/vol2/iss2/1 This Research Article is brought to you for free and open access by the CAHSS Journals at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Interdisciplinary Conflict Science by an authorized editor of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Ombatse Crisis in Nigeria: Background, Recent Developments and Possible Solutions Cover Page Footnote References Anton du Plessis. 2011. “Exploring the Concept of Identity in World Politics.” Politics of Identity and Exclusion in Africa: From Violent Confrontation to Peaceful Cooperation, No. 11 (Seminar Report) Johannesburg, RSA Ankie Hoogvelt. 2001 (second edition). Globalization and Post -Colonial World: the New Political Economy of Development. Hampshire, Palgrave. Bolaji Akinyemi. 2003. “Ethnic militias and the national question in Nigeria” in Tunde Babawale, (ed) Urban violence, ethnic militias and the challenge of democratic consolidation in Nigeria. Lagos, Malthouse Press Limited. Badmus Isiaka Alani, 2003. -
No Tribe in Crime Changing Pastoralism and Conflict in Nigeria’S Middle Belt
No Tribe in Crime Changing Pastoralism and Conflict in Nigeria’s Middle Belt. Chitra Nagarajan 9/4/19 Pastoralism in the Middle Belt Contents 1.0 Executive summary ....................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Summary of findings ................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 4 1.4 Overarching Principles ......................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Research Methods ............................................................................................................... 6 1.5.1 Limitations..................................................................................................................... 8 2.0 Pastoralism in Nigeria today ................................................................................................ 8 2.1 Group identification ......................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Occupation ....................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 The settled/ nomadic spectrum ...................................................................................... -
Fulani Herdsmen Attacks and Cattle Colonies: Covert Islamization of Nigeria Or Terrorism? a Historical Investigation
World Journal of Innovative Research (WJIR) ISSN: 2454-8236, Volume-10, Issue-5, May 2021 Pages 75-81 Fulani Herdsmen Attacks and Cattle Colonies: Covert Islamization of Nigeria or Terrorism? A Historical Investigation Nnatuanya Chinedu Emmanuel herdsmen and the farmers in particular. To achieve this I shall Abstract— This research work is geared towards x-raying look at some important causal factors that are involved in the Fulani pastoralists' killings in Nigeria and its antecedents. The issue. study revealed the controversies over the conflict between the Fulani herdsmen and farmers coupled with the federal government cattle colony policy in Nigeria. This was partly the cause of ethnic and religious tension in the country. In the II. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK course of this research work, I observed that the challenges of Currently, literature on terrorism is inconclusive on what the Fulani herdsmen attacks posed a threat to the existence of constitutes terrorism and what constitutes other forms of Nigeria as one indivisible entity. The objective of this research violence which do not amount to acts of terrorism. Imenda work was to present a way forward against similar regular or frequent occurrence in future. I recommended that there should (2017) citing Maogeto (2003) avers that the term "terrorism" be synergies by the federal government, state governments, is of French origin and was first coined in connection with the local councils, security agents, religious institutions especially Jacobin "Reign of Terror", a period of the bloody French the Church and by all and sundry towards ameliorating the Revolution in which the French state asserted its authority by menace of the herdsmen's killings. -
In Plateau and Kaduna States, Nigeria
HUMAN “Leave Everything to God” RIGHTS Accountability for Inter-Communal Violence WATCH in Plateau and Kaduna States, Nigeria “Leave Everything to God” Accountability for Inter-Communal Violence in Plateau and Kaduna States, Nigeria Copyright © 2013 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-62313-0855 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable. We challenge governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law. We enlist the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org DECEMBER 2013 978-1-62313-0855 “Leave Everything to God” Accountability for Inter-Communal Violence in Plateau and Kaduna States, Nigeria Summary and Recommendations .................................................................................................... -
Religious Freedom I
Written Statement Submitted to the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom Hearing on “Religious Freedom in Nigeria: Extremism and Government Inaction” Statement of Mike Jobbins, Search for Common Ground Wednesday, June 9, 2021 - 10:30 AM - 12:00pm Held via Zoom Chairwoman Bhargava, Vice Chair Perkins, Members of the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom, I thank you for holding this hearing to draw urgent attention to the terrible violence affecting rural Nigeria, and for your work and the work of this Commission in ensuring a focus on human rights around the world. My name is Mike Jobbins, Vice President of Global Affairs and Partnerships at Search for Common Ground. Search for Common Ground (Search) has worked in Nigeria since 2004 and currently has six offices across the country. Search works to advance religious tolerance, transform violent extremism, promote reconciliation across dividing lines, strengthening community-led security, and strengthening democratic governance. We often work in close cooperation with, and with support from, USAID and the State Department as well as many others.1 While this testimony is informed by my work with Search for Common Ground, the opinions and recommendations expressed are my own. 1. DYNAMICS OF VIOLENT CONFLICT Violence and insecurity have had a profound impact on the Nigerian people. Most Nigerians do not feel the country is secure – this percentage jumps to more than four in five when only considering residents of northern Nigeria.2 There is significant public support for political, religious, and ethnic tolerance in Nigeria. 86% of Nigerians say they “would not care” if their neighbors were from a different religious group, and by a ratio of 2-to-1, citizens think that there is more that unite Nigerians as a people (62%) than divides them (36%).