Sabbath and Sunday Laws in the Roman Empire
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The Biblical Canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahdo Church
Anke Wanger THE-733 1 Student Name: ANKE WANGER Student Country: ETHIOPIA Program: MTH Course Code or Name: THE-733 This paper uses [x] US or [ ] UK standards for spelling and punctuation The Biblical Canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahdo Church 1) Introduction The topic of Biblical canon formation is a wide one, and has received increased attention in the last few decades, as many ancient manuscripts have been discovered, such as the Dead Sea Scrolls, and the question arose as to whether the composition of the current Biblical canon(s) should be re-evaluated based on these and other findings. Not that the question had actually been settled before, as can be observed from the various Church councils throughout the last two thousand years with their decisions, and the fact that different Christian denominations often have very different books included in their Biblical Canons. Even Churches who are in communion with each other disagree over the question of which books belong in the Holy Bible. One Church which occupies a unique position in this regard is the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahdo Church. Currently, it is the only Church whose Bible is comprised of Anke Wanger THE-733 2 81 Books in total, 46 in the Old Testament, and 35 in the New Testament.1 It is also the biggest Bible, according to the number of books: Protestant Bibles usually contain 66 books, Roman Catholic Bibles 73, and Eastern Orthodox Bibles have around 76 books, sometimes more, sometimes less, depending on their belonging to the Greek Orthodox, Slavonic Orthodox, or Georgian -
On Keeping the Lord's Day Holy
The Holy See APOSTOLIC LETTER DIES DOMINI OF THE HOLY FATHER JOHN PAUL II TO THE BISHOPS, CLERGY AND FAITHFUL OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH ON KEEPING THE LORD'S DAY HOLY My esteemed Brothers in the Episcopate and the Priesthood, Dear Brothers and Sisters! 1. The Lord's Day — as Sunday was called from Apostolic times(1) — has always been accorded special attention in the history of the Church because of its close connection with the very core of the Christian mystery. In fact, in the weekly reckoning of time Sunday recalls the day of Christ's Resurrection. It is Easter which returns week by week, celebrating Christ's victory over sin and death, the fulfilment in him of the first creation and the dawn of "the new creation" (cf. 2 Cor 5:17). It is the day which recalls in grateful adoration the world's first day and looks forward in active hope to "the last day", when Christ will come in glory (cf. Acts 1:11; 1 Th 4:13-17) and all things will be made new (cf. Rev 21:5). Rightly, then, the Psalmist's cry is applied to Sunday: "This is the day which the Lord has made: let us rejoice and be glad in it" (Ps 118:24). This invitation to joy, which the Easter liturgy makes its own, reflects the astonishment which came over the women who, having seen the crucifixion of Christ, found the tomb empty when they went there "very early on the first day after the Sabbath" (Mk 16:2). -
The Principles, Process, and Purpose of the Canon of Scripture
Diligence: Journal of the Liberty University Online Religion Capstone in Research and Scholarship Volume 5 Spring 2020 Article 4 May 2020 The Principles, Process, and Purpose of the Canon of Scripture Earle M. Kelley Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/djrc Part of the Biblical Studies Commons, and the Christianity Commons Recommended Citation Kelley, Earle M. (2020) "The Principles, Process, and Purpose of the Canon of Scripture," Diligence: Journal of the Liberty University Online Religion Capstone in Research and Scholarship: Vol. 5 , Article 4. Available at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/djrc/vol5/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Divinity at Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in Diligence: Journal of the Liberty University Online Religion Capstone in Research and Scholarship by an authorized editor of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Kelley: The Canon of Scripture (Principles, Process & Purpose) Abstract There are many factors that contribute to the questioning of the Bible’s reliability and authority. One of these is ignorance of how the modern Biblical canon was formed. Dan Brown, in his best-selling novel, The Da Vinci Code, took inspiration from an erroneous position that the Bible was pieced together by politically motivated members of the Council of Nicaea at the order of Constantine where some books were banned, and others accepted. Holding this view, or others like it erodes the very foundation of the Christian’s faith, and calls into question the relevance of Scripture to modern everyday life as well as its historic reliability and authority as it pertains to one’s relationship and position with God. -
Women's Status and Ordination As Elders Or Bishops in the Early Church, Reformation, and Post-Reformation Eras P
Andrews University Digital Commons @ Andrews University Faculty Publications Church History 7-2013 Women's Status and Ordination as Elders or Bishops in the Early Church, Reformation, and Post-Reformation Eras P. Gerard Damsteegt Andrews University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/church-history-pubs Part of the History of Christianity Commons, and the Practical Theology Commons Recommended Citation Damsteegt, P. Gerard, "Women's Status and Ordination as Elders or Bishops in the Early Church, Reformation, and Post-Reformation Eras" (2013). Faculty Publications. Paper 70. http://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/church-history-pubs/70 This Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by the Church History at Digital Commons @ Andrews University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Andrews University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WOMEN’S STATUS AND ORDINATION AS ELDERS OR BISHOPS IN THE EARLY CHURCH, REFORMATION, AND POST-REFORMATION ERAS P. Gerard Damsteegt, Dr. Theol. Andrews University Theology of Ordination Study Committee July 2013 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................... 3 Status of Women Ordination in Early Church era before Nicea (AD 325) .......... 4 John the Revelator...................................................................................................... 4 Irenaeus -
Council of Laodicea in Phrygia Forbade Inferior Classes, Subdeacons, Readers, Etc., to Usurp the Orarium
0363-0363 – Synodus Laodiciae – Documenta Omnia Synod Of Laodicea this file has been downloaded from http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.html NPNF (V2-14) Philip Schaff At the end of this canon in Labbe’s version of Dionysius we find these words added. “And thirty bishops signed who were gathered together at this Synod.” Isidore Mercator has a still fuller text, viz.: “I, Eusebius, being present subscribe to all things constituted by this holy Synod. Theodore, Nicetas, Macedonius, Anatolius, Tarcodimantus, Æthereus, Narcissus, Eustachius, Hesychius, Mauricius, Paulus, and the rest, thirty bishops agreed and signed.” Van Espen after noting that this addition is not found in the Greek, nor in Martin Bracarensis, adds “there is little probability that this clause is of the same antiquity as the canons.” 123 SYNOD OF LAODICEA. A.D. 343–381. Elenchus. Historical Introduction. The Canons, with the Ancient Epitome and Notes. Excursus to Canon XVIII., On the Choir Offices of the Early Church. Excursus to Canon XIX., On the Worship of the Early Church. Excursus to Canon XXII., On the Vestments of the Early Church. Excursus to Canon XXIV., On the Minor Orders in the Early Church. Historical Introduction. 124 The Laodicea at which the Synod met is Laodicea in Phrygia Pacatiana, also called Laodicea ad Lycum, and to be carefully distinguished from the Laodicea in Syria. This much is certain, but as to the exact date of the Synod there is much discussion. Peter de Marca fixed it at the year 365, 199 NPNF (V2-14) Philip Schaff but Pagi in his Critica on Baronius’s Annals172 seems to have overthrown the arguments upon which de Marca rested, and agrees with Gothofred in placing it circa 363. -
Holy Church Canon
Holy Church Canon The Seven Ecumenical Councils of the Undivided Church. Canons and Decrees. Canons of Local Synods with Ecumenical Acceptance FIRST ECUMENICAL COUNCIL - THE CANONS OF THE 318 HOLY FATHERS ASSEMBLED IN THE CITY OF NICE, IN BITHYNIA (CANONS I TO XX) THE NICENE CREED EXCURSUS ON THE NUMBER OF THE NICENE CANONS -- THE CAPTIONS OF THE ARABIC CANONS ATTRIBUTED TO THE COUNCIL OF NICE PROPOSED ACTION ON CLERICAL CELIBACY THE SYNODAL LETTER ON THE KEEPING OF EASTER THE CANONS OF THE COUNCILS OF ANCYRA, GANGRA NEOCAESAREA, ANTIOCH AND LAODICEA--ACCEPTED AND RECEIVED BY THE ECUMENICAL SYNODS, INTRODUCTORY NOTE THE COUNCIL OF ANCYRA, HISTORICAL NOTE & CANONS THE COUNCIL OF NEOCAESAREA, HISTORICAL NOTE & CANONS THE COUNCIL OF GANGRA, HISTORICAL NOTE, SYNODICAL LETTER & CANONS THE SYNOD OF ANTIOCH IN ENCAENIIS, SYNODICAL LETTER & CANONS SYNOD OF LAODICEA, HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION & CANONS THE SECOND ECUMENICAL COUNCIL--THE FIRST COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE THE THIRD ECUMENICAL COUNCIL--THE COUNCIL OF EPHESUS THE FOURTH ECUMENICAL COUNCIL--THE COUNCIL OF CHALCEDON THE FIFTH ECUMENICAL COUNCIL--THE SECOND COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE THE SIXTH ECUMENICAL COUNCIL--THE THIRD COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE THE CANONS OF THE COUNCIL IN TRULLO (THE QUINISEXT COUNCIL) THE CANONS OF THE SYNODS OF SARDICA, CARTHAGE, CONSTANTINOPLE, AND CARTHAGE UNDER ST. CYPRIAN THE CANONS OF THE CCXVII BLESSED FATHERS WHO ASSEMBLED AT CARTHAGE (THE CODE OF CANONS OF THE AFRICAN CHURCH) COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE HELD UNDER NECTARIUS THE COUNCIL OF CARTHAGE HELD UNDER CYPRIAN THE SEVENTH ECUMENICAL COUNCIL--THE SECOND COUNCIL OF NICE APPENDIX CONTAINING CANONS AND RULINGS NOT HAVING CONCILIAR ORIGIN BUT APPROVED BY NAME IN CANON II OF THE SYNOD IN TRULLO. -
The Canon of the Bible by Samuel Davidson
The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Canon of the Bible by Samuel Davidson This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license Title: The Canon of the Bible Author: Samuel Davidson Release Date: September 29, 2009 [Ebook 30132] Language: English ***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CANON OF THE BIBLE*** The Canon of the Bible: Its Formation, History, And Fluctuations By Samuel Davidson, D.D. Of Halle, And LL.D. From the Third Revised and Enlarged Edition. New York Peter Eckler Publishing Co. 1877 Contents Preface. .2 Chapter I. Introductory. .5 Chapter II. The Old Testament Canon From Its Beginning To Its Close. 10 Chapter III. The Samaritan And Alexandrian Canons. 43 Chapter IV. Number And Order Of The Separate Books. 48 Chapter V. Use Of The Old Testament By The First Christian Writers, And By The Fathers Till The Time Of Origen. 51 Chapter VI. The New Testament Canon In The First Three Centuries. 57 Chapter VII. The Bible Canon From The Fourth Century To The Reformation. 88 Chapter VIII. Order Of The New Testament Books. 112 Chapter IX. Summary Of The Subject. 117 Chapter X. The Canon In The Confession Of Different Churches. 121 Chapter XI. The Canon From Semler To The Present Time, With Reflections On Its Readjustment. 125 Footnotes . 141 [iii] Preface. The substance of the present work was written toward the close of the year 1875 for the new edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. -
Helpful Or Harmful? the “Apocrypha” and Evangelical Theology,” European Journal of Theology 13.2 (2004): 81-90
Henri Blocher, “Helpful or Harmful? The “Apocrypha” and Evangelical Theology,” European Journal of Theology 13.2 (2004): 81-90. Helpful or Harmful? The “Apocrypha” and Evangelical Theology Henri Blocher Wheaton College/Vaux-sur-Seine From his inaugural lecture as Knoedler professor of Systematic: Theology, Wheaton College Graduate School of Biblical & Theological Studies, 10 October 2003. [p.81] SUMMARY The argument is that the issue of the OT Apocrypha is not an insignificant one. The author lists historical reasons for seeing the canon as fixed in Judaism by the time of Jesus, whatever the state of various and conflicting collections of Greek Old Testament writings. Theological reasons for acknowledging the Hebrew canon include the Church’s need to acknowledge what Israel has passed on to her as canonical under God’s providence. The content of much of the Apocrypha leaves much to be desired. For all there is continuity of God’s providence between the times of the testaments there was also a pause in revelation. The New Testament comes as something new indeed, even if works such as the apocrypha illustrate the context into which God’s word was spoken, and can be seen as witness to God’s uninterrupted providence. St. John the Seer solemnly warns that God will attach apocalyptic plagues to any one who attaches any addition to the Book and will take away his/her share in the Tree of life from any one who takes away from its words (Rev 22:18f). He thus applies “Ptah hotep’s principle,” as it is called,1 the use of curses to dissuade tampering with texts. -
Timeline of Church History
Timeline of Church History From OrthodoxWiki Timeline of Church History Eras Timeline of Church History (Abridged article) Eras New Testament Era | Apostolic Era (33-100) | Ante-Nicene Era (100-325) | Nicene Era (325-451) | Byzantine Era (451-843) | Late Byzantine Era (843-1054) | Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453) | Post-Imperial Era (1453-1821) | Modern Era (1821-1917) | Communist Era (1917-1991) | Post-Communist Era (1991-Present) | (Main articles) This article forms part of the series Introduction to Orthodox Christianity Holy Tradition Holy Scripture The Symbol of Faith Ecumenical Councils Church Fathers Liturgy Canons Icons The Holy Trinity God the Father Jesus Christ The Holy Spirit The Church Ecclesiology History Holy Mysteries Church Life Edit this box (http://www.orthodoxwiki.org/index.php?title=Template:Orthodoxchristianity& action=edit) The History of the Church is a vital part of the Orthodox Christian faith. Orthodox Christians are defined significantly by their continuity with all those who have gone before, those who first received and preached the truth of Jesus Christ to the world, those who helped to formulate the expression and worship of our faith, and those who continue to move forward in the unchanging yet ever-dynamic Holy Tradition of the Orthodox Church. Contents 1 New Testament era 2 Apostolic era (33-100) 3 Ante-Nicene era (100-325) 4 Nicene era (325-451) 5 Byzantine era (451-843) 6 Late Byzantine era (843-1054) 7 Post-Roman Schism (1054-1453) 8 Post-Imperial era (1453-1821) 9 Modern era (1821-1917) 10 Communist era (1917-1991) 11 Post-Communist era (1991-Present) 12 Notes 13 See also 14 Published works 15 External links New Testament era Main article: Timeline of Church History (New Testament Era) ca. -
The Emperor Julian (AD 331-363)
Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Institute for the Humanities Theses Institute for the Humanities Spring 1996 The mpE eror Julian (A.D. 331-363): His Life and His Neoplatonic Philosophy Anthony W. Nattania Old Dominion University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/humanities_etds Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, Ancient Philosophy Commons, and the History of Philosophy Commons Recommended Citation Nattania, Anthony W.. "The mpeE ror Julian (A.D. 331-363): His Life and His Neoplatonic Philosophy" (1996). Master of Arts (MA), thesis, Humanities, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/51rj-gj04 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/humanities_etds/15 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Institute for the Humanities at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Institute for the Humanities Theses by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EMPEROR JULIAN (A.D. 331-363): HIS LIFE AND HIS NEOPLATONIC PHILOSOPHY by Anthony W. Nattania B.S. June 1992, Old Dominion University A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS HUMANITIES OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY May, 1996 Approved by: R. Baine Harri^ (Director) Katljiy^ Pearson Lawrence Hatab R eproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1378760 Copyright 1996 by Nattania, Anthony Wayne All rights reserved. UMI Microform 1378760 Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. -
The Specificity of the Scripture's Canon
International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences Online: 2015-10-05 ISSN: 2300-2697, Vol. 61, pp 60-69 doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILSHS.61.60 CC BY 4.0. Published by SciPress Ltd, Switzerland, 2015 The Specificity of the Scripture's Canon Iulian Faraoanu University “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Iasi Str. Vascauteanu 6, 700462 Iasi, Romania E-mail address: [email protected] Keywords: canon, Bible, sacred inspired books, Old and New Testament, history. ABSTRACT. This study is aimed at capturing some aspects relating to the specificities of the Biblical Canon. The two parts of the Holy Scripture are analyzed in the attempt to find an answer to the question: why is there a limited number of sacred and canonical books? The point of view used for the analysis of the themes is the historical perspective, with a focus on the evolution of the writings of the Old and of the New Testament, until their capturing in an official catalog. The study ends with a summary of the elements that can help a better understanding of the Canon of the Scripture. 1. INTRODUCTION The word “canon” comes from the Hebrew term qaneh, which means “measuring rod” (see Ezekiel 40:3). The term also means “measure”, “norm” (not necessarily from ethical perspective). In Greek, the word kanon means “measure” [1]. When used in philosophy, it acquires the meaning of “norm”, “rule” (see Galatians 6:16). In religion, at the beginning of Christianity, the word “canon” was mostly interpreted as “norm or rule on faith”. Later on, this word was also used for the canonical books, the inspired writings representing the norm for the revealed truth, useful for Christians’ faith and life. -
First Baptist Church Buda Midweek Prayer Meeting & Bible Study ALL
Wednesday, February 25, 2015 – First Baptist Church Buda Midweek Prayer Meeting & Bible Study ALL ABOUT THE BIBLE How We Got the Bible – Canonicity 2 Timothy 3:16-17, 2 Peter 1:19-21 FOR REVIEW Let’s review just a little bit where we have been in our study “All About the Bible.” This study is primarily concerned with how we got the Bible, is it reliable and how to get the most out of it. We began our study by look at what the Bible says about the itself. You know… the claims that the Bible makes about itself. Our two key text for what the Bible claims about itself and the key texts for our study are: 2 Timothy 3:16-17 “16 All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness, 17 so that the servant of God may be thoroughly equipped for every good work.” - 2 Timothy 3:16-17 (NIV) 2 Peter 1:19-21 “19 We also have the prophetic message as something completely reliable, and you will do well to pay attention to it, as to a light shining in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts. 20 Above all, you must understand that no prophecy of Scripture came about by the prophet’s own interpretation of things. 21 For prophecy never had its origin in the human will, but prophets, though human, spoke from God as they were carried along by the Holy Spirit.” – 2 Peter 1:19-21 (NIV) Observation: Based on these two verses we must affirm that at some point our faith in the claims of the Bible must be relied upon for the ultimate acceptance and believe in the Bible as the Word of God.