DOCSLIB.ORG

Proving Coercion & Defeating Common Defenses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Proving Coercion & Defeating Common Defenses Proving Coercion & Defeating Common Defenses Jamie Schoen, Assistant United States Attorney United States Attorney’s Office, District of South Carolina U.S. Department of Justice Sean Tepfer, National Program Manager Human Trafficking Prosecution Unit Civil Rights Division U.S. Department of Justice Objectives • Understand legal definition of coercion • Review key coercion concepts • Discuss coercive schemes and how to articulate theories • Discuss common defenses used in human trafficking cases HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Coercion Baseline • Kozminski & Pre-TVPA (2000) • 1581 & 1584: peonage & involuntary servitude • Limited to physical or legal coercion • Brennan concurrence: “Certain psychological, economic, and social means of coercion can be just as effective as physical or legal means, particularly where the victims are especially vulnerable.” • TVPA (2000) & Human Trafficking • Established 1589 & 1591 to address nonviolent coercion • Recognition of “increasingly subtle methods of traffickers” HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Coercion Baseline • Physical coercion / legal coercion / nonviolent coercion • Statutorily defined in § 1591(e)(2) as three means: 1. Serious harm; physical restraint 2. Abuse of law; legal process 3. Scheme, plan, or pattern intended to coerce • Same three means set forth in § 1589(a) • Any harm that’s sufficient to compel • Directed towards any person • Other coercive means not labeled “coercion” 1. Force 2. Fraud • Think of your cases in terms of coercion puzzle HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT What Does Coercion Look Like? HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Some of the Challenges 1. Fact intensive analysis 2. Individualized/gradual/graduated process Easy Answer 3. Conduct occurs over period of time 4. “Good” and “bad” facts involved 5. Relies heavily on testimonial evidence 6. Educating, advocating & expectations HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Coercion Framework 1. Focus on trafficker’s conduct • “Scheme, plan, pattern” 2. Focus on victim’s perspective • “Serious harm” Sufficient Victim Scheme Circumstances Harm + + + = to Coerce? HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Legal Framework: Part One FOCUS ON TRAFFICKER’S CONDUCT HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Legal Framework: Part One Coercive Scheme “Scheme, plan, or pattern intended to cause the victim to believe that failure to perform an act would result in serious harm” 1. Totality of trafficker’s conduct, not a specific means 2. Coercive effect of that conduct on victim 3. Trafficker’s intent to coerce victim’s labor/commercial sex HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Sum Of The Parts Coercive Scheme Serious Abuse of Nonviolent Force Fraud Harm Law Conduct HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Scheme (what did the trafficker do) Scheme (totality of conduct) Threats Physical Abuse Sexual Assault Isolation Atmosphere of and/or Harassment Violence Rules False Documents Verbal Abuse and Poor Working Debt Manipulation or Illegal Entry Insults Conditions Denial of Food, No Key to House Denial of Medical Use of Alcohol, Withholding of Pay Water, Sleep, Care Drugs, Other Shelter Intoxicants Punishment No Days Off or False Promises Restricted Use of False Accusations by Sick Days Phone / Computer Subject Branding/Tattoos Document and Forced Abortions Public Emotional Passport Embarrassment Manipulation Confiscation Demeaning Not Allowed to Excessive or Monitoring and Subject Brags of Behavior / Sex Handle Money Unnecessary Surveillance Power & Chores Connections HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Legal Framework: Part Two FOCUS ON VICTIM’S PERSPECTIVE HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Legal Framework: Part Two Serious Harm “Any harm that’s sufficiently serious, under all surrounding circumstances, to compel a reasonable person with the same background and in the same circumstances” 1. Physical, legal, and nonviolent coercion (any harm) 2. Coercive effect of conduct from victim’s perspective 3. Take into account effect of situational circumstances HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Victim Background, Experiences, Vulnerabilities HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Just a Lake? HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Tell Me About The Victim • “Reasonable person of the same background and in the same circumstances.” • Vulnerabilities are relevant in determining “whether coercion could plausibly have compelled the victim.” • Evidence of victim’s “troubled past” established how she was “more susceptible” to the defendant’s “coercive methods.” HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT But The Victim Has Issues . • Yes, Exactly • “Weakness is the best trait a person can find in someone they want to control. If you can’t find a weakness, you have to create one.” • Targeted & Exploited “Issues” • Pre-existing drug addictions • Criminal & arrest history • Undocumented status & complicity in smuggling • Complicated feelings & emotions • Prior/Subsequent Involvement in Prostitution • Doesn’t mean this trafficker didn’t coerce victim to do the same • Consent on one occasion doesn’t mean consent on all occasions • Standard isn’t to cause a person to “become a prostitute” • Irrelevant whether victim otherwise would have engaged in prostitution • Rule 412 applicability and considerations HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Victim (why this person could be coerced) Background & Vulnerabilities (“a reasonable person of the same background”) Age Immigration Status “Station in Life” Socioeconomic Status Physical or Mental Life Experience Sexual Experience Debt Condition Education Level Religion Cultural Background Family Hardships English Language Ability Drug or Alcohol History of Sexual Abuse Witness or Victim of Addiction Traumatic Event Power Imbalances Victim’s Attachment to Family/ Friends Criminal History between Victim and Subject’s Family Resources Subject HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Victim’s Experiences & Background 1. Tell me about the victim • Vulnerabilities are “relevant in determining whether coercion . could plausibly have compelled the victim.” Kozminski, 487 U.S. at 952. • Evidence of victim’s “troubled past” established how she was “more susceptible” to the defendant’s “coercive methods.” Bell, 761 at 913-14 • Coercion must be considered in light of victim’s “special vulnerabilities.” Alzanki, 54 F.3d at 1005 n.10. 2. What did the trafficker know • Why did the trafficker target this victim? • What vulnerability did the trafficker seek to exploit? • “[T]o rely upon some hidden emotional flaw or weakness unknown to the [trafficker] would raise various problems (e.g., scienter).” Bradley, 390 F.3d at 153. HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Circumstances (why victim has no or limited choices) Circumstances (resulting and contributing factors) Lack of support Power disparity Gang ties Significant debt Undocumented status system Restricted Limited Financial Emotional Incentives movement Alternatives Dependence Dependence Language Barriers Cultural Barriers Physical Exhaustion Diminished Self- Trauma Bonding Worth Punishment Anxious Self Loathing Physical Mental Exhaustion Attachment Dependency Hopelessness Dehumanized Loss of Moral Dispensable Financial Duty to Values Others HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Harm (what did victim reasonably fear) Harm (physical, financial, psychological & reputational) Violence Drug Withdrawal Homelessness Loss of Child Arrest & Deportation Custody Shame Financial Loss & Bankruptcy Embarrassment Family/Other Learning Hardship Through Release of of Victim’s Illicit Photos/Videos Embarrassing Behavior Cultural Shunning False Information Physical Harm to Trafficker Leaving Betrayal of Trafficker or Given to Third Parties or not Liking the Others Family/Others Victim Anymore HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Putting It All Together HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Coercion Framework Sufficient Victim Scheme Circumstances Harm + + + = to Coerce? Victim (Background, Vulnerabilities, Weaknesses) • Age, education level, socio-economic status, family & living situation, language ability, religion & culture, immigration status, drug addiction, mental capacity, prior abuse, etc. Scheme (Totality of Conduct) • Beatings, false promises, verbal & emotional abuse, intimidation, debt manipulation, threat of deportation & child custody, monitoring & surveillance, drugs, ominous comments, confiscation of documents, manipulation & control, work conditions, third part threats, etc. Circumstances (Resulting & Contributing Factors) • Isolation, lack of support system, power disparity, gang ties, significant debt, undocumented status, restricted movement, limited alternatives, financial & emotional dependence, incentives, language & cultural barriers, exhaustion, diminished self-worth, etc. Harm (Actual/Perceived Consequences) • Violence, drug withdrawal, homelessness, child custody, arrest & deportation, shame & reputational damage, financial hardship & bankruptcy, psychological harm, etc. HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Nonviolent Methods of Coercion HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Identifying Nonviolent Coercion • Let power, control, and greed be your guides • Instilling sense of helplessness and dependence • Wearing down ability and will to resist • Isolating victim from alternatives • Discouraging victim about alternatives • Demonstrating trafficker’s power or appearance HUMAN TRAFFICKING PROSECUTION UNIT Nonviolent Coercive Means • Separation & Isolation • Deprive support & create dependency • Humiliation & Degradation • Feelings of incompetence & exhaustion • Trivial Demands • Reinforces power & control • Malnourishment
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Hegemony, Coercion, and Their Teeth-Gritting Harmony: a Commentary on Power, Culture, and Sexuality in Franco's Spain
    University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform Volume 33 2000 Hegemony, Coercion, and their Teeth-Gritting Harmony: A Commentary on Power, Culture, and Sexuality in Franco's Spain Ratna Kapur Centre for Feminist Legal Research Tayyab Mahmud Cleveland-Marshall College of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjlr Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Legal History Commons, and the Sexuality and the Law Commons Recommended Citation Ratna Kapur & Tayyab Mahmud, Hegemony, Coercion, and their Teeth-Gritting Harmony: A Commentary on Power, Culture, and Sexuality in Franco's Spain, 33 U. MICH. J. L. REFORM 411 (2000). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjlr/vol33/iss3/9 This Response or Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SUMMER 2000] Hegemony, Coercion SPRING 2000] Hegemony, Coercion 411 HEGEMONY, COERCION, AND THEIR TEETH-GRITTING HARMONY: A COMMENTARY ON POWER, CULTURE, AND SEXUALITY IN FRANCO'S SPAIN Ratna Kapur* Tayyab Mahmud** Professor Gema P~rez-Sdinchez's article, Franco's Spain, Queer Na- tion?' focuses on the last years of Francisco Franco's fascist dictatorship and the early years of the young Spanish democracy, roughly from the late 1960's to the early 1980's.' The centerpiece of her article looks at how, through law, Franco's regime sought to define and contain what it considered dangerous social behavior, particularly homosexuality.
    [Show full text]
  • The Content of Coercion
    The Content of Coercion ∗ Michael M. Oswalt This Article is about a new approach to one of the law’s most basic questions: what is coercion? Under its traditional framing, coercion is about transactions. One person makes an offer to another person, who, under the circumstances, has no realistic option but to say “yes.” But that conception has not helped courts articulate a way to test when pressures cross the line from lawful persuasion to illegal compulsion. Without a metric, critics charge that coercion analyses are inevitably normative. This Article challenges that inevitability. Using the workplace as a case study, it argues that it is possible to weigh the impact of speech or conduct on choice, but only if the coercion’s content is clarified so that judges know what they are supposed to be evaluating. Drawing from rapid advances at the intersection of decision-making and emotion science, the Article is the first to describe what it is, exactly, about an external force that might push employees, their superiors, and consumers toward irrational judgments. The new approach unites labor law with emerging law and emotion scholarship, applies across existing doctrine, and, by lending itself to quantifiable assessments, defies normative assumptions to finally standardize the law of coercion at work. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. 1587 I. LABOR LAW AS DECISION-MAKING AND INTERVENTION IN DECISION-MAKING ................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Heller's Scapegoats Katie Rose Guest Pryal
    NORTH CAROLINA LAW REVIEW Volume 93 Number 5 Symposium 2014: Vulnerable Defendants Article 11 in the Criminal Justice System 6-1-2015 Heller's Scapegoats Katie Rose Guest Pryal Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/nclr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Katie R. Guest Pryal, Heller's Scapegoats, 93 N.C. L. Rev. 1439 (2015). Available at: http://scholarship.law.unc.edu/nclr/vol93/iss5/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in North Carolina Law Review by an authorized administrator of Carolina Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CITE AS 93 N.C. L. REV. 1439 (2015) HELLER’S SCAPEGOATS* KATIE ROSE GUEST PRYAL** In the United States, a psychiatric diagnosis, or involuntary civil commitment to a psychiatric ward—which is considered treatment in the medical context—almost always leads to quasi- criminalization in the legal context. After such diagnosis or treatment, you are rendered, automatically and permanently, a member of one of our nation’s most vulnerable populations and stripped of rights based on your status. In no area is the U.S. populace in greater agreement over this stripping of rights than in the areas of gun control and civil commitment, especially in our apparently new “era of spree-killings.” When it comes to stripping gun rights and involuntarily treating people with psychiatric disabilities (“PPDs”), politicians and pundits on the left and the right are eerily aligned. This Article provides an answer as to why: PPDs are our society’s scapegoats, the tool we use to externalize our fear of the unpredictable violence of what appears to be the rise of spree-killings.
    [Show full text]
  • Extending Managerial Control Through Coercion and Internalisation in the Context of Workplace Bullying Amongst Nurses in Ireland
    societies Article “It’s Not Us, It’s You!”: Extending Managerial Control through Coercion and Internalisation in the Context of Workplace Bullying amongst Nurses in Ireland Juliet McMahon * , Michelle O’Sullivan, Sarah MacCurtain, Caroline Murphy and Lorraine Ryan Department of Work & Employment Studies, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; [email protected] (M.O.); [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (C.M.); [email protected] (L.R.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This article investigates why workers submit to managerial bullying and, in doing so, we extend the growing research on managerial control and workplace bullying. We employ a labour process lens to explore the rationality of management both engaging in and perpetuating bullying. Labour process theory posits that employee submission to workplace bullying can be a valuable method of managerial control and this article examines this assertion. Based on the qualitative feedback in a large-scale survey of nurses in Ireland, we find that management reframed bullying complaints as deficiencies in the competency and citizenship of employees. Such reframing took place at various critical junctures such as when employees resisted extremely pressurized environments and when they resisted bullying behaviours. We find that such reframing succeeds in suppressing resistance and elicits compliance in achieving organisational objectives. We demonstrate how a pervasive bullying culture oriented towards expanding management control weakens an ethical Citation: McMahon, J.; O’Sullivan, climate conducive to collegiality and the exercise of voice, and strengthens a more instrumental M.; MacCurtain, S.; Murphy, C.; Ryan, climate. Whilst such a climate can have negative outcomes for individuals, it may achieve desired L.
    [Show full text]
  • ANTI-HAZING POLICY Jackson State University Is Dedicated To
    APPENDIX G: STUDENT ANTI-HAZING POLICY ANTI-HAZING POLICY Jackson State University is dedicated to maintaining an environment that promotes academic excellence and the collective responsibility of its community members towards achieving the mission of the university. Therefore, the university has a zero-tolerance policy for hazing to protect the safety and well-being of all students. Hazing Defined The University defines hazing as any action taken or situation or intimidation created, intentionally whether on- or off-campus, to produce mental or physical discomfort, embarrassment, harassment, ridicule, or the breaking of the school’s rules. Activities considered to be hazing include two elements: (1) Coercion, either overt or covert, and (2) Production of physical or mental discomfort, in either the participant(s) or spectators. Such activities suggested or ordered by a group or a member of a group to new or trial members will be considered to carry with them covert coercion, even if the activity is defined as “voluntary.” Paddling in any form, physical and psychological shocks and creating excessive fatigue are always considered hazing. Other activities include but are not limited to the following: quests, treasure hunts, scavenger hunts, road trips or any other such activities; wearing apparel in public which is conspicuous and not normally in good taste; engaging in public stunts and buffoonery; morally degrading or humiliating games and activities; late work sessions which interfere with scholastic activities; and any other activities which are not consistent with the regulations of the university. Mississippi State Law Criminality of Hazing: As defined by Mississippi, hazing is a crime.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychological Coercion of Human Trafficking Victims
    IHRLR 18 HOPPER 6-04-06 6/5/2006 4:50:23 PM INVISIBLE CHAINS: PSYCHOLOGICAL COERCION OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING VICTIMS * ** ELIZABETH HOPPER, PH.D. AND JOSÉ HIDALGO, M.D. I. Introduction The terror that grips a victim of abuse can be the same whether physical violence or psychological force is used. Rashi1 was a victim of modern-day slavery for over ten years. She was brought to the United States as a domestic servant and was forced to work from morning to night, was not paid, and was made to sleep on a mat on the floor. She was forced to beg for her meager portions of food and suffered from untreated tuberculosis because she was not al- lowed to seek medical care. Rashi had no contact with the outside world because her employer forbade her to leave the home, to use the telephone, or even to watch television. She was denigrated and ver- bally abused on a daily basis. Her employer frequently flew into rages, threatening to have her family killed if she tried to escape. Af- ter years of this treatment, a hard stare from her employer was enough to send her cowering into the corner. When Rashi was fi- nally rescued, she was asked why she had not left. It is easy to comprehend slavery created with chains. Physi- cal forms of violence and control are understandable because of their visibility. If slaves are locked inside a room, it is obvious why they do not leave. If they have bruises, the harm that has come to them is apparent.
    [Show full text]
  • An Experimental Investigation of Victim Blaming in Sexual Assault: the Roles of Victim Sexual Orientation, Coercion Type, and Stereotypes About Bisexual Women
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UND Scholarly Commons (University of North Dakota) University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Psychology Faculty Publications Department of Psychology 11-2019 An Experimental Investigation of Victim Blaming in Sexual Assault: The Roles of Victim Sexual Orientation, Coercion Type, and Stereotypes About Bisexual Women Christina Dyar Brian A. Feinstein RaeAnn E. Anderson University of North Dakota, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/psych-fac Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Dyar, Christina; Feinstein, Brian A.; and Anderson, RaeAnn E., "An Experimental Investigation of Victim Blaming in Sexual Assault: The Roles of Victim Sexual Orientation, Coercion Type, and Stereotypes About Bisexual Women" (2019). Psychology Faculty Publications. 27. https://commons.und.edu/psych-fac/27 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Psychology at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Psychology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND VICTIM BLAME IN SEXUAL ASSAULT 1 An experimental investigation of victim blaming in sexual assault: The roles of victim sexual orientation, coercion type, and stereotypes about bisexual women 1* 1 2 Christina Dyar, Brian A. Feinstein, and RaeAnn E. Anderson 1 Northwestern University, Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing 2 University of North Dakota, Department of Psychology * Corresponding author: Christina Dyar, Northwestern University, Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing; 625 N.
    [Show full text]
  • Georgetown Law's Fact Sheet Protecting Against Voter Intimidation
    for Constitutional Advocacy and Protection GEORGETOWN LAW Fact Sheet: Protecting Against Voter Intimidation Is voter intimidation illegal? Yes. The right of each voter to cast his or her ballot free from intimidation or coercion is a foundational principle of a free and democratic society. Federal law prohibits voter intimidation. Multiple federal statutes make it a crime to intimidate voters: it is illegal to intimidate, threaten, or coerce a person, or attempt to do so, “for the purpose of interfering with” that person’s right “to vote or to vote as he may choose.” 18 U.S.C. § 594. It is also a crime to knowingly and willfully intimidate, threaten, or coerce any person, or attempt to do so, for “registering to vote, or voting,” or for “urging or aiding” anyone to vote or register to vote. 52 U.S.C. § 20511(1). And it is a crime to “by force or threat of force” willfully injure, intimidate, or interfere with any person because he or she is voting or has voted or “in order to intimidate” anyone from voting. 18 U.S.C. § 245(b)(1)(A). Federal law also provides for civil lawsuits based on voter intimidation. Section 11 of the Voting Rights Act makes it unlawful to “intimidate, threaten, or coerce” another person, or attempt to do so, “for voting or attempting to vote” or “for urging or aiding any person to vote or attempt to vote.” 52 U.S.C. § 10307(b). And Section 2 of the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 makes it unlawful for “two or more persons to conspire to prevent by force, intimidation, or threat,” any voter from casting a ballot for the candidate of his or her choice.
    [Show full text]
  • Crime and Coercion: a Test of Core Theoretical Propositions
    10.1177/0022427803257251JOURNALUnneverARTICLE et al.OF / RESEARCHCORE THEORETICAL IN CRIME PROPOSITIONSAND DELINQUENCY CRIME AND COERCION: A TEST OF CORE THEORETICAL PROPOSITIONS JAMES D. UNNEVER MARK COLVIN FRANCIS T. CULLEN In his recent Crime and Coercion, Colvin contends that individuals exposed to coer- cive environments develop social-psychological deficits that enhance their probabil- ity of engaging in criminal behavior.Using a sample of 2,472 students from six middle schools, the authors test core propositions of Colvin’s differential coercion theory. Thus, they assess whether delinquent involvement is related to four coercive environ- ments: parental coercion, peer coercion, a coercive school environment, and a coer- cive neighborhood environment. The authors also assess whether the influence of these coercive environments on delinquency is mediated by four social-psychological deficits: coercive ideation, anger,school social bonds, and parental social bonds. The analysis revealed fairly consistent support for the core propositions of differential coercion theory. Thus, they found that students exposed to coercive environments develop social-psychological deficits and therefore engage in relatively serious delin- quent behavior. Keywords: coercion; coercive ideation; crime The theme that coercion is a cause of crime has emerged in the crimino- logical literature over the past two decades (Agnew 1992; Athens 1994; Colvin 2000; Colvin and Pauly 1983; Hagan and McCarthy 1997; Patterson 1982; Regoli and Hewitt 1994; Tittle 1995). Coercion can be defined as a force that compels or intimidates an individual to act because of the fear or anxiety it creates (Colvin 2000; Etzioni 1970). This force can emerge from impersonal sources, such as violent conflict among gangs that create a coer- cive neighborhood environment, or from interpersonal sources in which an This research was supported by a grant from the Bureau of Justice, Office of Community Ori- ented Policing Services (1999-SB-WX-0056).
    [Show full text]
  • HUMAN TRAFFICKING: from Victim to Survivor
    HUMAN TRAFFICKING: From Victim to Survivor Monarch Services Formely Women’s Crisis Support ~ Defensa de Mujeres 1685 Commercial Way 233 East Lake Ave Santa Cruz, CA 95065 Watsonville, CA Phone: (831) 425-4030 Phone: (831) 722-4532 24-Hour Crisis Line: 1-888-900-4232 WHAT IS HUMAN TRAFFICKING? Human Trafficking is defined as the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery. It also refers to sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act is under 18 years of age. IMPACT OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING ON VICTIMS: Human trafficking deprives people of their human rights and freedoms, it is a global health risk, and it fuels the growth of organized crime. It has a devastating impact on individual victims, who often suffer physical and emotional abuse, rape, threats against self and family, passport theft, and even death. The impact of Human Trafficking on victims can take many forms, all of which can be devastating to the victims. Debt bondage - victims cannot send money home - they are never able to pay off their debt because the amount owed keeps increasing. Isolation - document removal; no one around them speaks their language except for their employer; they are denied access to health care and other sources of assistance. Fearful of law enforcement and fail to recognize assistance - victims are told that if they come into contact with law enforcement that it will be worse than what is currently happening to them.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychological Coercion in Human Trafficking
    55708708787 QHRQH XXX X10.1177/1049732314557087Qualitative1100..11111717777/17/100404979797323232312314144555757070870808787Quualitativeveve HealthH ResearchResearchBaldwin et al. research-article2014 General: Article Qualitative Health Research 2015, Vol. 25(9) 1171 –1181 Psychological Coercion in Human © The Author(s) 2014 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Trafficking: An Application of DOI: 10.1177/1049732314557087 Biderman’s Framework qhr.sagepub.com Susie B. Baldwin1, Anne E. Fehrenbacher2, and David P. Eisenman2 Abstract This study examined coercive conditions experienced by trafficked persons in the context of Biderman’s theory of coercion. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 12 adult women trafficked into Los Angeles County, from 10 countries, for domestic work and/or sex work. Participants described health problems they experienced in relation to their trafficking experience and their perceptions of conditions that caused health problems. Utilizing a framework analysis approach, we analyzed themes using Biderman’s framework. Participants reported experiencing the range of nonphysical coercive tactics outlined by Biderman, including isolation, monopolization of perception, induced debility or exhaustion, threats, occasional indulgences, demonstration of omnipotence, degradation, and enforcement of trivial demands. Our analysis demonstrates how these coercion tactics reinforced the submission of trafficked persons to their traffickers even in the absence of physical force or restraints. Such psychological abuse creates extreme stress that can lead to acute and chronic, physical and mental health problems. Keywords abuse, emotional; immigrants / migrants; marginalized populations; qualitative analysis; stress / distress; violence against women; vulnerable populations Human trafficking is a diverse, global crime in which been examined (Amnesty International, 1975; Logan, people exploit others for profit or benefit (United Nations, 2007; Sackett & Saunders, 1999; Tiwari et al., 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Surveillance, Governmentality and Moving the Goalposts: the Influence of Ofsted on the Work of Schools in a Post-Panoptic Era
    Surveillance, governmentality and moving the goalposts: the influence of Ofsted on the work of schools in a post-panoptic era. Abstract This paper asks the question: to what extent do inspection regimes, particularly Ofsted, influence the work of a school, and how might that influence be conceptualised? It draws on an ESRC funded study of ‘policy enactments in secondary schools’ which was based on case-study work in four ‘ordinary’ schools. Here the data set is re-examined to understand the extent to which Ofsted had an ongoing influence on the work of the leadership, management and teachers in these schools. We undertook a process of secondary analysis of the data from the project and found that the influence of the inspection agenda was strong in the schools, policy decisions were often being made to conform to Ofsted’s expectations and the influence on leadership and management was clearly apparent. In resisting this agenda we also found that schools to some extent performed ‘the good school’ for inspections. Finally we relate this empirical evidence to conceptions of governmentality and post-panopticism to shed new light on their theoretical relevance to contemporary inspection regimes. 1 Surveillance, governmentality and moving the goal-posts: the influence of Ofsted on the work of schools in a post-panoptic era. Introduction This paper asks the question: to what extent do inspection regimes, particularly Ofsted, influence the work of a school, and how might that influence be conceptualised? It draws on an ESRC funded study of ‘policy enactments in secondary schools’ (RES- 062-23-1484), which was based on case-study work in four ‘ordinary’ schools.
    [Show full text]