Chapter 2 Treatment of Metropolitan Culture in the Selected 27-81 Novels
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CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the work embodied in this thesis entitled “METROPOLITAN CULTURE AND THE MAJOR CHALLENGES IN SELECT POST 2005 INDIAN ENGLISH NOVELS” has been carried out by Mrs. Vijayata Pareek under my direct guidance and supervision. I certify that the work done and presented in this thesis is original and independent. I, further, declare that the work has not been submitted to any other institute or university for any award or degree. Date: 24/02/2016 Signature of the Guide Dr. Anita Kothari Lecturer, Dept. of English Govt. College, Kota ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This Ph.D. constitutes an intellectual journey, a journey at once arduous and rewarding, journey which I could not have made alone. It would not have been possible to complete the task without the help and support of the kind people around me, only some of whom it is possible to give particular mention here. It gives me great pleasure in expressing my gratitude to all those who have supported me and had their contributions in making this thesis possible. First and foremost, I must acknowledge and thank The Almighty God for blessing, protecting and guiding me throughout this period. I could never have accomplished this without the faith I have in Him. I am very grateful for His spiritual power as I always fall short of words and feel impossible to describe His grace in words. I express my profound sense of reverence to my mentor, supervisor and promoter Dr. Anita Kothari for her constant guidance, support, motivation and untiring help during the course of my PhD. I can’t imagine my current position without her. It’s an honor to get her as my motherly and affectionate supervisor. Her in-depth knowledge on a broad spectrum of contemporary literature has been proved extremely beneficial for me. She has given me enough freedom during my research, and has always been nice to me. I will always remember her calm and relaxed nature. I am thankful to the Almighty for giving me a mentor like her. A very special thanks to my lovable mother, Mrs. Santosh Pareek whose contribution to all aspects of this Ph.D. no words could do justice to, for walking this journey with me, holding my hands, lifting my spirits, and lighting the way. Then, I would like to appreciate and pay regards in tons to my adorable father, Mr. Dinesh Pareek for all his love, moral support, care and encouragement, who raised me with love of literature and co-operated in all my pursuits. My husband Varun’s name is also needed to mention who co- operated me in whatever way I wanted. My cute son Aarav inspired me to complete the task. My close friends and colleagues Anjali Ramaria and Tushar Nair deserve to get big appreciating words as this task would not have been possible without their moral support and encouragement. My gratitude goes to all the well-wishers who truly are precious part of my life. To all above mentioned and to the others whose contributions to my work, both tangible and intangible, have been invaluable. I thank you all deeply with the core of my heart. Mrs. Vijayata Pareek Table of Contents Chapters Title Page No. Chapter 1 Introduction 1-26 Chapter 2 Treatment of Metropolitan Culture in the Selected 27-81 Novels Chapter 3 Ethnic Challenges in the midst of Cultural Erosion 82-134 Chapter 4 Psychological Challenges and the Existential 135-181 Dilemma Chapter 5 Narrative Techniques in the Selected Novels 182-204 Chapter 6 Conclusion 205-223 Bibliography 224-237 Chapter 1 Introduction CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The postmodern period has opened up fresh avenues for exploration before the human world and human beings are faced with bewildering choices. Postmodernism has broken down boundaries and as a result, the twenty first century Indian novelists writing in English are faced with trans-cultural and transnational issues which give rise to sub-cultural patterns. These patterns then make their appearance in the writings of the postmodern writers. In the postmodern age, works of literature are polished and well crafted products reflecting the global, commercial and socio- economic trends. The novels of the postmodern period written by Indian writers writing in English exhibit a more cosmopolitan culture, sophistication and urbanity. The erstwhile themes of the pre-independence era have gracefully given way to a paradigm shift, in which the complexities of life have been brought to the fore. Several concepts have been deconstructed and ideals have been questioned and transformed. The new generation Indian English novel is a post Rushdian phenomenon. It makes a diversion from the weird and technique conscious fiction of the tradition set by Rushdie. It is free from the craze for modernity and is concerned with real characters and their destiny. Rather it is about reality, the roots of Indian psyche, family centered life, generation gap, to be precise, about the challenges faced by the youth and the irreparable splits that have taken place in their consciousness. Every generation has its own dilemmas and pitfalls, so has the contemporary youth. The new generation English novel is on the whole representational in style, and registers a revival of the traditional narrative manner and explores the significant Introduction 2 role tradition plays in gaining psychic stability. The first thing to be noted about postmodern Indian English fiction is the shift in the locale. Postmodern writers of Indian English novel have gradually but gracefully moved away from the rural orientation of the Gandhian era to the urban based life of metropolitan culture. There is a shift in the thematic concerns of the writers who have left behind the Indian village in order to focus their attention on the metropolises of the country. Many of the writers have ventured to write about life in foreign lands. Within the pages of the Indian novel today, the entire world appears to be a sophisticated village; a global village. The pristine immaculate culture which once pervaded the Indian rural society has encountered a wide variety of urban influences to which has been added the influence of the East-West encounter. It appears that contemporary writers have concentrated their themes around sociological, diasporic elements, feminine subjects, science and technologies, explorative writings, and much more. India has significantly contributed to the overall world literature. This contribution of India has been chiefly through the Indian writing in English, novelists being in the forefront in this regard. A number of novelists on the contemporary scene have given expression to their creative urge in no other language than English and have brought credit to the Indian English novel as a distinctive force in the world novel writing. To attempt a creative expression on a national scale in an alien medium has seldom happened in human history; and it speaks of the prolific quality of the Indian mind to assimilate the newly confronting situations and the complex dilemmas of modern world. The new English novel exhibits confidence in tackling new themes and experiments with new techniques and approaches to handle the themes. The novelists come to their task without any Introduction 3 preconceived notions of what constitutes literary content. This encourages them to focus on a vast and comprehensive canvas and to invest their themes with epic dimensions. Thus, in present times, the emerging form of novel bears many new trends of writing which are usually based on metropolitan culture and the major challenges. It is in this context that the research aims at exploring the culture of metropolises with above discussed features undertaken by the selected postmodern Indian English writers and their works. Indian English writers Aravind Adiga, Chetan Bhagat, Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, Manu Joseph and Tarun J. Tejpal are chosen for the research as they hold centrality in the contemporary literary scenario with their focus basically on the darker aspects of metropolitan life and culture and in a way they are a critique and a window to the contemporary society. They have received national and international recognition in the arena of novel writing. Their works are selected for this study as they are based on various real life incidents happening in metro cities. Aravind Adiga’s The White Tiger is a true picture of metropolises like Delhi and Bangalore where chauffeurs are seen murdering their masters for the sake of their benefits, daily news headlines are seen covering such beastly killings; Chetan Bhagat’s The Three Mistakes of My Life leads with realistic tragic events of Bhuj earthquake and Gujarat’s Godhra riots, how such disasters cause havoc in peoples’ lives and make them face psychological and ethnic challenges; Chitra Bannerjee Divakaruni’s One Amazing Thing is based on the Haiti earthquake as she is inspired by this realistic incident occurred once and how this put many people in the trauma of psychological and ethnic challenges; Manu Joseph’s Serious Men presents class conflict as still shown in metropolis Mumbai, and realistically reveals the Introduction 4 psychological and ethnic challenges faced by down trodden people living in tenements; Tarun J. Tejpal’s The Story of My Assassins deals with the real tragic news of the assassination of the journalist of Tehelka, who exposes corrupt life of underworld people and how he faces challenges to escape from the troubles and paints the disturbing picture of metropolis Delhi. These novels are selected for the research work because of their realistic approach to the lives in metropolises with bitter truths of cultural and ethical erosion. Chitra Bannerjee Divakaruni’s novel One Amazing Thing has been especially selected because it deals with the issues of immigration and multiculturalism, as immigration and multiculturalism are salient features of metropolitan culture nowadays.