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The Oregon Shore Anemones (Anthozoa)

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THE OREGON SHORE ANEMONES (ANTHOZOA) by CHARLES ERNEST CUTRESS A THESIS submitted to OREGON STATE COLLEGE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE. June 1949 APPROVED: Redacted for privacy Associate Professor of Zoology In Charge of Major Redacted for privacy of Department of Zoology Redacted for privacy Chairman of School GraduateCommittee Redacted for privacy Dean of Graduate School ti 5 4, 0 4) O 0 te) 40 10 LO r- CO t0 CD CO (1) tr:2 V CO CV CO C4 CD NtlNV 10 al cd CQ CVCQ er.) tco cr) t4-J VD tr.)ti*.) 4411 .14 '44 4-t 41-1 0 0 4) $4 14 1 11111 1 1 1 41 Al pi 111111111111111 11 1 1 11111 1 111111111111111 IIi 11 1 I 1 1 1 11111 1 111111111111111 14 I If 11 1 1 1 1 1 11111 1 1111111111113 It 1 111 11 14 1 1 1 1 11111 1 111111111111111 1 141 11 11 1 1 1 1 11111 I 111 1t 1111111111 11 11 1 1 k I 11111 111111111111111 1 111 14 11 1 $ 1 1 I 4 1 111 1 1111111111$11111 1 1 11 11 1 1 1 1 I 11113 1 111111111111111 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 11111 1 11.4 1111111111111 11 0 I I I I 11111 1 110110311111111 1 10 +3 +3 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 tal 101 to 4-1 4E 1 ca z 11111111111 # 1 E 4 Od 0 tn C, 11 I I k 1 1 0 1al as ta I 04 till Itttr E f..4 -4 0. I 1 1 t 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 $ 1 0 12 r1 +3 sa 0 0 4-1 1 1 1 1 1 1~ I t la( 0 0, to 0 tt tri itt a) 0,40 cd 1 1 1 I aSI 1 I 0 4z 1 1 1 tott $ m, 03 '.4 4.-4ID Ti t I 0 al 02 oa rI %al 4-, 1 0 $3Cc1 43 1 1 oa 6g 0 nr$ 0 +3*el 4-3 0 0 0 I 0 m-1 0 1 0 4-3 43 +3 4) oct ta ai 4-3 a) r- i133pC8 a) 0 -i to r-I 1 Id 0 0 1)4 .0 03 +3 +3 oS h41! Pi Contents continued Family Aiptasiomorphidae - - o- 48 Genus Aiptasiomorphs ----- - - 48 A. luciae - 49 Summary - - 53. Bibliography - 54 Explanation 0. 58 Plates - 59 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Number Page 1. Larva, Peachia quinquecapi a a 10 2. Siphonoglyph, " # ,04 014 * 44. 10 3. Mesenteries,' " * 10 4. Siphonoglyph, Halcampa duod.eoimcirra.ta 410 14 6. Mesenteries, # # 14 6. Cnidom, Anthopleura xanthogrammioa - - 17 a 7. Sphincter, - - . ..4. .44 17 8. MeSenterieS, * o 444 17 9. Onidom, Bunodactis elegantiesima - - - - * - 21 0 10. Sphincter, " 41. vos wow 21 a 11. Mesenteries, a OP 440 40 .11, 21 12. Cnidom, Evaotis artemisia- MO Nit W. ago 25 w 13. Sphincter, " * * * * * - -- 404 25 14. Mesenteries, " # .- - ... - AOI* 25 15. Cnidom, Epiactie prolifera * *Ns MN * 28 16. Sphincter, 4 N -- * VI*- * 28 17. Mesenteries; green - - .1111. 28 $ a 18. Mesenteries, red - 1,11. 4114 28 19. Sphincter, iaotissp., m Cape Blanco 30 20. Mesenteries, U O 0 30 21. Sphincter, N m Astoria - 30 22. Mesenteries, 4 a 30 23. Cnidom, Tealiafelina orassicornis 35 24. Sphinoter7r-i. 35 25. Mesenteries, 35 26. Onidom, Tealiaf lina ooriaoea4*00 36 27. SphinctWF71"-- 0110, - * - - - - 3 a 28. esenteries, " 36 29. Sphincter, Tealiafelinelofotentis 3? 30. Mesenteries, 11 3? 31. Sphincter, Metridiumseniledianthu 42 32. Mesenteries, 42 33. Onidom, Metridiumsenile fimbriatum 43 34. Sphincter 43 35. Mesenteries," a 43 36. Cnidom, Diadumene r * 444* * - * a 4.4 .. 47 3 ?. Sphincter, " a a - a - - 06, * * 47 w 38. Mesenteries, " - a - * 47 39. Cnidom, Aiptasiomorphaluciae * * * 50 a 40. Mesenteries, " 110. * 50 LIST OF PLATES Plate Number Page I. Haloampa duodeoimoirrata, side view - 59 II. Bunodaotis elegantissima, side view - - 60 III. Tealia felina lofoten side view - - - 61 IV. Aiptasiomorpha luoiae side view 62 V. Haloampa duodeoimoirrata, oral view - - - 63 VI. Bunodaotis elemntissima, oral view - - 64 VII. Anthopleura xanthogrammioa, side view - - 65 VIII. Tealia felina orassioornis, side view - - - 66 IX. Toi a feline ooria0ea, side view- - . 67 X. Evactis artemisia, side view - - - 68 XI. lactis sr., from One Blanco, oral view - - 69 XII. Metridiurn senile dianthus, side view 70 XIII. Diadumene sp., side view 71 A.CKNQW". Expression of appreciation is due Dr. Ivan Pratt of the Zoology Department of Oregon State College for suggesting the topic of this thesis, for furnishing materials and facilities at both the Institute of Marine Biology and at Oregon State College, and for his criti- °ism and guidance of the work throughout. Professor Oskar Carigren of the University of Lund has contributed generously by making available recent pertinent literature and by comparing and determining many species. For invaluable aid in preparing the plates, oriti- al y reading and typing the manuscript, the writer is especially grateful to his wife, Bert. THE OREGON SHORE ANEMONES (ANTHOZOA) INTRODUCTION Coelenterate of the glass Anthozoa are a most variable group of animals. Many of the species are cosmopolitan and therefore live in wide range of environments. This may tremendously affeo their form and color. It was the changeable form ancolor that biologists of the past used to describe these enimals. This use of superficial and variable characterand the incompleteness of many of the early descriptions led to an almost hopeless problem of synonomy. Much of the ,Innfusion may also be attributed to the relative isola ion of the workers prior to about 1850 and to the fact th.t a good many descriptions were made from poorly preser7ed material. The first eff rt to compile information on the anemones of a definite area was made by P.H. Gosse (1860) in his book, "A History othe British Sea Anemones and Corals". FollowingT.A. 5t heneon (1928 and 1935) published "The British Sea Anemones a work which established sound characteristics for many of the larger taxonomic units. At about the same time R.F. Weill (1930 and 1934) proposed a 2 scheme of classification for all Cnidaria, based largely on type and distribution of the nematocysts. C.A. Carlgren has modified Weill's somewhat cumbersome scheme, and has applied this modification, along with other diagnostic characteristios, to anemone classification. This has formed a sounder basis for the establishment of phylo- genetic relationships among the Anthozoa of the world. In spite of Carigren's contribution, the taxonomic status of the sea anemones of Oregon is still not very clear. First of all, there has been very little collect ing done along the Oregon coast; consequentlythere are very few marine zoological specimens from this region in the museums of the world where most taxonomic work is conducted. Secondly, many of the anemones that have been described from the Pacific Coast during the last century are today unknown to most marine biologists of this area. The reason is partly due to the fact that much of the literature is obscure and partly because there has been very little interest shown in the Anthozoa of this region for the past 50 years. Finally, there are probably a considerable number of species 000uring in Oregon that are new to science, some of which are not distinguished from the forms already described. The purpose of this thesis is to bring together infor- mation on the Oregon anemones and to determine valid nomenclature for the forms found here. Through such in vestigation new species are easily detected and can then be properly treated. During this study notes were taken on all phases of the life histories which became apparent during the observation of the anemones. These facts are incorporated in the text wherever they are applicable. The immediate value of this study will be to furnish a local source of information on a rather obvious group of shore animals which to date have not been known to those who frequent the Oregon beaches. METHODS AND MATERIALS Collection. This thesis is intended to cover only the anemones in tidal waters. Because of this restriction most specimens were collected on the shores at low tide. The largest number of anemones was taken in the vicinity of the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology at Charleston, Oregon. Collections were also made at Cape Blanco and Brookings, to the south, and at Newport and txtoria, to the north. A great majority of Oregon shore anemones have a strong base and are capable of clinging tenaciously to rocks, shells, and piling. These delicate animals must be handled carefully if they are to be moved to aquaria or anesthe- tized and killed in anywhere near a normal state of 4 expansion. The best tool found for removing them from ob- jects, without rupturing their basest was a putty knife or stiff spatula. Many excellent and undamaged specimens were obtained by carefully inserting the sharp, broad end of the knife under the edge of the base and scraping the rook, wood or shell from the base of the anemone rather than pry- ing the anemone from the substrate. It was possible to collect one genus of Oregon anemone (H campa) by digging in the pockets of broken shell and coarse sand found between rocks. This genus does not have an adherent base. Larval Peachia were found attached parasitically to small medueae in the bay waters of Coos Bay and were collected with coarse plankton nets. Transporting specimens to the laboratory is a problem that can be fairly successfully met in either of two ways.
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  • Cytolytic Peptide and Protein Toxins from Sea Anemones (Anthozoa

    Cytolytic Peptide and Protein Toxins from Sea Anemones (Anthozoa

    Toxicon 40 2002) 111±124 Review www.elsevier.com/locate/toxicon Cytolytic peptide and protein toxins from sea anemones Anthozoa: Actiniaria) Gregor Anderluh, Peter MacÏek* Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, VecÏna pot 111,1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Received 20 March 2001; accepted 15 July 2001 Abstract More than 32 species of sea anemones have been reported to produce lethal cytolytic peptides and proteins. Based on their primary structure and functional properties, cytolysins have been classi®ed into four polypeptide groups. Group I consists of 5±8 kDa peptides, represented by those from the sea anemones Tealia felina and Radianthus macrodactylus. These peptides form pores in phosphatidylcholine containing membranes. The most numerous is group II comprising 20 kDa basic proteins, actinoporins, isolated from several genera of the fam. Actiniidae and Stichodactylidae. Equinatoxins, sticholysins, and magni- ®calysins from Actinia equina, Stichodactyla helianthus, and Heteractis magni®ca, respectively, have been studied mostly. They associate typically with sphingomyelin containing membranes and create cation-selective pores. The crystal structure of Ê equinatoxin II has been determined at 1.9 A resolution. Lethal 30±40 kDa cytolytic phospholipases A2 from Aiptasia pallida fam. Aiptasiidae) and a similar cytolysin, which is devoid of enzymatic activity, from Urticina piscivora, form group III. A thiol-activated cytolysin, metridiolysin, with a mass of 80 kDa from Metridium senile fam. Metridiidae) is a single representative of the fourth family. Its activity is inhibited by cholesterol or phosphatides. Biological, structure±function, and pharmacological characteristics of these cytolysins are reviewed. q 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Cytolysin; Hemolysin; Pore-forming toxin; Actinoporin; Sea anemone; Actiniaria; Review 1.