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Currumbin Creek Study Guide Is a Gold Coast Waterwatch Initiative Designed to Assist Students and Teachers to Undertake Local Area and Catchment Management Studies

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Currumbin Creek Study Guide Is a Gold Coast Waterwatch Initiative Designed to Assist Students and Teachers to Undertake Local Area and Catchment Management Studies Acknowledgements We would like to thank the following people for their contributions to the creation of the Currumbin Creek Catchment Study Guide. Thanks to: Paul Evans – Somerset College Paul Wotton – Hillcrest Christian College Shannon McKiernan – Gold Coast City Council Staff of the Gold Coast City Council’s Catchment Management Unit The host of teachers involved in the Gold Coast Waterwatch Program over the past 4 years Preface The Currumbin Creek Study Guide is a Gold Coast Waterwatch initiative designed to assist students and teachers to undertake local area and catchment management studies. The guide is designed primarily for use by secondary school students and teachers, particularly those undertaking studies within the Studies of Society and Environment, (SOSE), and the Science curriculum. However, it is recognised that a range of other curricula areas utilise local areas in their delivery and the structure and content of this guide has been developed to accommodate these needs. In particular, the needs of various science curricula are noted as of major importance for use and uptake of this resource. Information used in the development of this guide is diverse and has been sourced from: • Gold Coast City Council – Catchment Management Unit • Gold Coast City Council – Libraries • Gold Coast City Council – Local Area Studies • Griffith Centre for Coastal Management • Waterwatch Australia • Waterwatch Queensland • Waterwatch Victoria • Waterwatch South Australia • Healthy Waterways • GECKO (Gold Coast and Hinterland Environment Council Association) For further details, a list of resources and references is provided in this guide. This guide is provided in four sections – • Background/catchment information • Testing and field monitoring information • Field trip or in-class uses for the guide • Resources, glossary and maps Each of these sections can be viewed independently, however it is recommended that sections be reviewed and considered as part of the whole. What’s in this Guide? Catchment Information _________________________________ 7 What is a Catchment? __________________________________ 8 General Description of the Currumbin Creek Catchment______ 9 Looking at Currumbin Creek - Cross Sections ___________________________ 11 History of Land-use and Catchment Management __________ 14 Influences on the Catchment Health and Water Quality______ 15 Stormwater ________________________________________________________ 16 Urban Development _________________________________________________ 18 River Mouth Structures and Dredging __________________________________ 19 Water Barrage and Other Impediments _________________________________ 21 Water Quality Measurement ____________________________ 23 Field Data _________________________________________________________ 24 Macro-Invertebrates ________________________________________________ 25 Habitat Assessment ________________________________________________ 31 Physio-Chemical Tests ______________________________________________ 34 Using the Guide and Developing Catchment Study Programs 43 Links to Qld Curriculum______________________________________________ 44 Studies of Society and Environment (SOSE) _____________________________ 44 Science Syllabus___________________________________________________ 44 Sample Discussion Points by Theme___________________________________ 45 Sample Catchment Tour _____________________________________________ 46 Itinerary__________________________________________________________ 46 Activity/Data Collection Sheets________________________________________ 48 Macro-Invertebrate Record Sheet______________________________________ 51 Physio-Chemical Record Sheet _______________________________________ 53 Weather__________________________________________________________ 53 References and Resources _____________________________ 55 Books and Publications______________________________________________ 56 Internet Sites______________________________________________________ 56 Glossary ____________________________________________ 57 Maps _______________________________________________ 58 Planning Scheme Maps _____________________________________________ 58 Topographical Maps of Interest _______________________________________ 58 Catchment Information What is a Catchment? A catchment is an area or basin of land bounded by natural high features such as hills or mountains from which all run-off water flows to a low point like a stream or river or the sea – like water in a bathtub flowing to the plug hole or water that falls on a roof flowing to a downpipe. So, under the influence of gravity, rain falling on the land flows from the top of the catchment through a network of waterways, from small gullies and streams and into larger rivers, to the bay. Healthy Waterways (2003) Fact Sheet 3 – What is a Catchment, www.healthywaterways.org As described above, a catchment is a natural basin in which all water flows to a central point. In the Currumbin Creek Catchment, that point is the ocean at ‘The Alley’, with the main transport route being Currumbin Creek. Catchments are often classified into different sections as a result of the types of waterways present and the roles that they play. The smallest waterways are referred to as Level One Streams. These ‘streams’ are often only gullies or drains that carry water after rainfall events. Level Two Streams connect the gullies and drains to major waterways. These are often considered to be tributaries of major waterway. The Currumbin Creek Catchment is unusual as it has very few Level Two Streams due to its narrowness and small land area. Fig. 1.0 General overview of a catchment area General Description of the Currumbin Creek Catchment Currumbin Creek Catchment is located of the southern end of Queensland’s Gold Coast. The catchment is sandwiched between Tallebudgera Creek Catchment to the North and Tweed River Catchment to the South. The catchment is bound to the West by the eastern edge of the Nerang River Catchment in the Gold Coast Hinterland. The Currumbin Creek Catchment is approximately 23 km long and flows into the Pacific Ocean at ‘The Alley’, between Currumbin Beach to the South and Palm Beach to the North. The land area of the catchment is calculated to be approximately 5,203 Ha and the population estimated to be up to 19,000 people. Currumbin Creek has no major tributaries, only small ephemeral creeks and drains along the length of the waterway. In the urbanised areas, many of the natural creeks and drains have been replaced with development of stormwater networks. Land-use within the small catchment is diverse with significant areas of: • Natural protected areas • Grazing/agricultural areas • Urbanisation and settlement (including acreage, large allotment, suburban allotments, artificial canal development, and medium density living) • Commercial and business areas • Recreational/tourism based development “The Valley to The Alley” describes the distribution of land-use as being ‘perfect’, with approximately 1/3 protected and/or wilderness areas, 1/3 agro-forestry (described as sustainable timber and agriculture activities) and the remaining 1/3 comprised of traditional agriculture, industrial, commercial and urban land-uses. Fig. 1.1 Overview of Currumbin Creek Catchment The upper catchment is located within the Mt Cougall National Park. Runoff then flows through encroaching adjacent rural and farming areas, (banana plantations and dairy farming). Land-use within the middle region of this catchment has been modified to accommodate rural residential development. Large areas of the lower catchment have been cleared for urban residential development. Riparian vegetation in this area of the creek has been lost or is under pressure from the development activities. At the centre of the Currumbin Creek catchment is Currumbin Creek. Currumbin Creek is a modified River Dominated Estuary. Historically, the entrance to Currumbin Creek opened and closed according to rainfall and seasonal influences. However, since the increased development within the catchment, the desire for constant ocean access by residents and the need to protect property against potential flooding, structures have been introduced to maintain the river opening. This has resulted in significant change to the physical structure of the estuary and the associated water quality measures. The middle regions of this creek are freshwater habitats, consisting of a shallow creek with deep pools and infrequent riffles. These regions are said to support localised platypus populations. The upper reaches are relatively undisturbed in the protected areas, however, significant clearing of riparian vegetation has occurred in the agricultural areas in the past. This has lead to the establishment of significant camphor laurel communities, a declared weed species that would require some removal process. Today, the estuary is considered to be of moderate to good quality. This assessment of the health of the waterway is supported by a number of sources including: • Gold Coast Waterways Freshwater Fish and Aquatic Habitat Survey • Gold Coast City Council’s Health of the Waterways 2002 • Healthy Waterways “Discovering the Waterways of South East Queenslan Looking at Currumbin Creek - Cross Sections Currumbin Creek flows from the top of the catchment to deposit water into the ocean at ‘The Alley’. Throughout this journey a number of typical and specific environments are encountered and are described below. Upper Catchment – Relatively Undisturbed Fig. 1.2 Upper Catchment of Currumbin
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