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Anaemia in Alimentary Tract Disease Open Access Austin Journal of Gastroenterology Review Article Anaemia in Alimentary Tract Disease Weledji EP* Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Abstract University of Buea, S.W. Region, Cameroon, W/Africa Blood loss from the alimentary tract may be chronic and occult resulting *Corresponding author: Elroy Patrick Weledji, in anaemia, or, acute requiring emergency resuscitation, investigation and Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, management. Anaemia in alimentary tract disease usually results from deficiency University of Buea, S.W. Region, Cameroon, W/Africa of iron, vitamin B12 or folic acid. In this review, the common causes of chronic anaemia manifesting in the alimentary tract are discussed. The importance of Received: April 06, 2019; Accepted: May 03, 2019; clinically diagnosing and treating the underlying disease is emphasized. Published: May 10, 2019 Keywords: Bleeding; Chronic; Anaemia; Disease; Alimentary tract Introduction chronic blood loss is located in the small bowel [1,2-4,7,9]. Anaemia may be the result of blood loss due to a number of Iron-deficiency anaemia causes in the gastrointestinal tract. The loss can be obvious and Although the major cause of iron deficiency anaemia is blood spectacular as in bleeding oesophageal varices, peptic ulcer, or loss from the alimentary tract, in women menstrual blood loss must insidious and occult from a colonic polyp. Anaemia can also be also be considered. In some cases of chronic and occult blood loss the due to malabsorption of iron, folate, and vitamin B12 because of patient may present with symptoms of anaemia, such as, dyspnoea, a variety of disease, or can simply reflect an inadequate dietary dizziness, or angina. In chronic iron deficiency, papillary atrophy intake through illness, alcoholism, depression. Chronic or occult of the tongue, atrophy of the buccal mucosa, angular stomatitis, bleeding may occur from any part of the gut causing iron-deficiency koilonychias, and oesophageal webs are all well-known features, anaemia [1,2]. Other causes of anaemia occasionally encountered for but severe iron deficiency may exist with none of these clinical example, the normocytic normochromic anaemia from bone marrow pointers [3,5,9]. The diagnosis is, however, usually readily apparent depression of chronic disorders such as malignancy, the functional on routine examination of the blood. The lower the hemoglobin the iron deficiency in chronic inflammatory diseases (e.g. rheumatoid more likely there is to be serious underlying pathology and the more arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease), the autoimmune hemolytic urgent is the need for investigation. A reduced hemoglobin level is anaemia associated with ulcerative colitis and the tuberculosis of associated with a microcytic low Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), the small intestine and the sideroblastic anaemias which are genetic below 75fl, and a hypochromic low Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin or acquired disorders characterized by dyserythropoisesis and iron (MCH), below 27pg; the blood film reveals microcytic hypochromic overload will not be discussed. When the type of anaemia has been red cells [2,5,9,10]. Red cell indices provide a sensitive indication determined as a result of examination of the blood, the diagnosis of of iron deficiency in the absence of chronic disease, 12B and folate the underlying cause must always be sought (Table 1) [2-4]. deficiency or hemoglobinopathy. Hemoglobin electrophoresis is Discussion recommended when microcytosis and hypochromia are present in patients of appropriate ethnic background to prevent unnecessary Bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract gastrointestinal (GI) investigation [9]. The serum iron is low and Chronic gastrointestinal bleeding can occur in recurrent overt the total iron-binding capacity is raised with a percentage saturation blood loss (hematochezia, melaena or hematemesis) or as occult below 16%. Iron stores are absent from the bone marrow, but a better gastrointestinal bleeding [5]. Melaena is the black and tarry faecal guide to the level of iron stores is the serum ferritin level which is output from the anus following a bleed from the upper gastrointestinal always very low in iron-deficiency anaemia. Thus, serum ferritin is tract (oesophagus down to the right side of the colon. The bleeding the most powerful test for iron-deficiency. The demonstration of low has to be slow enough to allow the blood time to be chemically altered serum ferritin level will obviate the need for measurement of both during its transit through the bowel. The exception to this is the acute serum iron and total iron binding capacity and makes bone marrow torrential bleeding from an upper gastrointestinal source, where examination unnecessary [11-13]. Folate, vitamin B12, albumin tests the blood can rush through the bowel and manifest as bright rectal are required if malabsorption is suspected. Prothrombin time (13- bleeding. In these cases the patient is usually ill with a tachycardia and 15sec) or ratio (INR) 1.0: 1.1) should be within 30% of normal range low blood pressure and will need urgent intervention [6]. In the other before jejunal biopsy [2,9]. extreme, patients with gastroduodenal bleeding of up to 100ml per Causes of Iron-deficiency anaemia day may have normal appearing stools [7]. This occult bleeding from Bleeding may occur from any part of the alimentary tract and the gastrointestinal tract is typically identified by either a positive stool chronic occult blood loss from the gastrointestinal tract is a major test for occult blood [8], or by the presence of iron-deficiency anaemia cause of iron deficiency anaemia [2-4]. [2,3,9]. About 5% of all patients with gastrointestinal bleeding do not have lesions identified by upper or lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. Chronic Bleeding from the Upper gastrointestinal tract In most of these patients the bleeding source responsible for the Bleeding from the mouth is seen in hereditary conditions such as Austin J Gastroenterol - Volume 6 Issue 1 - 2019 Citation: Weledji EP.Anaemia in Alimentary Tract Disease. Austin J Gastroenterol. 2019; 6(1): 1100. ISSN : 2381-9219 | www.austinpublishinggroup.com Weledji. © All rights are reserved Weledji EP Austin Publishing Group Table 1: Summary of the causes of chronic anaemia in the alimentary tract. Iron deficiency anaemia Anaemia caused by Vitamin B12 deficiency Folate deficiency anaemia Bleeding from the alimentary tract Pernicious anaemia Celiac disease and tropical sprue Iron loss gastric surgery Resection of small intestine Malabsorption of iron Stagnant loop syndrome Prolonged drug therapy Crohn’s disease and ileal resection Crohn’s disease Imerslund’s disease Lymphoma of small bowel Fish tapeworm Amyloidosis Tropical sprue and celiac disease Whipple’s disease Alcoholism Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT), which is a Mendelian Table 2: Causes of Upper GastrointestinaI haemorrhage (in UK). dominant inheritance. The lesions consist of small pinpoint bright Peptic ulcers/ erosions (45%) red blebs that blanch on pressure and may be situated on the lips, Idiopathic (25%) gums, buccal mucosa, palate, tongue, nasal mucous membrane, lungs and the skin of the fingers. This condition is sometimes associated Oesophagitis (10%) with arteriovenous malformations lower down the alimentary tract. Gastro-oesophageal cancer (5%), varices (5%), Mallory-Weiss tear (5%), angiodysplasia, or Dieulafoy ulcer (5%) Although rare, the importance of this condition lies in the fact that these telangiectasia are prone to bleeding and cause epistaxis, intraluminal blood loss and may present with dark blood passed per gastrointestinal bleeding and haemoptysis [14]. Oesophageal rectum. Causes include mesenteric arterial or venous infarction or bleeding may result from varices, carcinoma or hiatus hernia. Iron mesenteric embolism. Ischaemia as a result of bowel strangulation or deficiency anaemia, glossitis and oesophageal web (Patterson - obstruction may result in blood loss, as seen with intussusceptions. Brown- Kelly or Plummer- Vinson syndrome) characterized by Blood loss from the small intestine may be difficult to diagnose. dysphagia is a risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the middle After negative upper and lower endoscopy, examination of the small or upper third of the oesophagus (post cricoid) and responds to iron bowel is necessary. Methods to evaluate the small bowel include supplementation treatment [15]. Blood loss from a hiatus hernia enteroscopy, capsule endoscopy, small bowel radiographic studies occurs in 3-38% of cases [16]. The most frequent complication of and angiography [2-4,9]. The role of each examination depends upon gastroduodenal ulcer disease is non-variceal upper GI haemorrhage the clinical setting and available expertise. Explorative surgery with which accounts for the commonest cause of ulcer-related death. The intraoperative enteroscopy is generally reserved for patients with presentation may vary from melaena to occult haemopositive stools, ongoing transfusion requirement and in those under the age of 50 to massive haemetemesis and shock [6]. Gastric carcinoma should years to rule out a small bowel neoplasia [2,9]. always be borne in mind particularly if associated with mild dyspeptic Chronic bleeding from the lower gastrointestinal tract symptoms, anorexia and weight loss [9]. Duodenal ulcer is the most common cause of bleeding from the duodenum, but carcinoma of Bleeding from the lower gastrointestinal tract is a common clinical the ampulla
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