JMIR MHEALTH AND UHEALTH Hasan et al Original Paper Noninvasive Hemoglobin Level Prediction in a Mobile Phone Environment: State of the Art Review and Recommendations Md Kamrul Hasan1, PhD; Md Hasanul Aziz2, BSc; Md Ishrak Islam Zarif2, BSc; Mahmudul Hasan3, BSc; MMA Hashem4, PhD; Shion Guha2, PhD; Richard R Love2, MD; Sheikh Ahamed2, PhD 1Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States 2Department of Computer Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States 3Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States 4Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna, Bangladesh Corresponding Author: Md Kamrul Hasan, PhD Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Vanderbilt University 334 Featheringill Hall Nashville, TN United States Phone: 1 6153435032 Email:
[email protected] Abstract Background: There is worldwide demand for an affordable hemoglobin measurement solution, which is a particularly urgent need in developing countries. The smartphone, which is the most penetrated device in both rich and resource-constrained areas, would be a suitable choice to build this solution. Consideration of a smartphone-based hemoglobin measurement tool is compelling because of the possibilities for an affordable, portable, and reliable point-of-care tool by leveraging the camera capacity, computing power, and lighting sources of the smartphone. However, several smartphone-based hemoglobin measurement techniques have encountered significant challenges with respect to data collection methods, sensor selection, signal analysis processes, and machine-learning algorithms. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of invasive, minimally invasive, and noninvasive methods is required to recommend a hemoglobin measurement process using a smartphone device.