Den Væltede Minister
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Den væltede minister Dato: 17. maj 2016 Studerende: Simon Møbjerg Sørensen Linje: Cand. Soc., Politisk kommunikation og Ledelse Opgavetype: Speciale Engelsk titel: The Overturned Minister Vejleder: Erik Mygind du Plessis Antal sider: 73 Antal anslag: 180.372 FORORD “There is an update to your application for graduate studies at Copenhagen Business School”. Sådan lød overskriften på den mail, jeg lige havde fået. Jeg lå med massive tømmermænd på båden Punktum, som var min midlertidige residens under Northside Festival i 2014. Mailen fortalte mig, at jeg havde fået dispensation til at komme ind på kandidatuddannelsen Politisk Kommunikation og Ledelse. Således er jeg på en sjov måde i gang med at lave en smuk cirkelslutning, der startede på Punktum og slutter med et punktum på side 73 i dette speciale. Vejen til det første Punktum har været lang og snørklet og fulgt spor ind og ud af uddannelsesinstitutioner og arbejdspladser siden 2003. Men det vigtigste skridt tog jeg dagen efter den dag på båden, hvor jeg opsagde et fast og velbetalt job som journalist for at skifte spor - igen. Jeg har ikke fortrudt den beslutning ét eneste sekund. Jeg vil gerne takke alle mine medstuderende på PKL, men især Simon Pelle, som jeg har spist uendelig mange leverpostejmadder med på Dalgas Have, og Mette Keinicke, som jeg har drukket kaffe, grinet, skrevet og delt frustrationer med, siden vi blev sat sammen første dag i introugen. Derudover skylder jeg tak til CBSMUN goes NMUN-holdet 2015, UW Madison og de søde mennesker jeg mødte over there, min vejleder Erik Mygind du Plessis for grundig og veloplagt vejledning og Amalie Kyndesen for et enormt overblik og en skarp korrekturpen i processens sidste uge. De største taksalver skylder jeg mine forældre og min kæreste. Far og mor for at forstå, når jeg går mine (om)veje. Og Rikke Tranberg Madsen for din evne til at få mig til at stoppe med at tvivle, når jeg tvivler, og for din tålmodighed i funktionen som både teknisk support og korrekturlæser. 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Overturned Minister examines how ministers in Denmark are overturned. In search for explanations this thesis examines 15 cases of ministers, which are all overturned between 1992 and 2016. The thesis uses Niklas Luhmann’s theory about the functionally differentiated society to observe how the political system cannot fixate contingency, when a minister is scandalized. The scandal opens space for power struggles between the power superior minister and the power inferior opposition politician. In analyzing the relation the form turns out to be paradoxical and undecidable. The analysis shows that the political system needs help from another system to de-paradox the undecidability and thereby decide whether a minister should stay or go. In an analysis of semantics it is analyzed how the mass media system helps the political system de-paradox this undecidability. By forming semantics through selection in the code information/not-information the mass media helps the political system decide if a scandalized minister are to leave his job. It is shown that the media often form a liar semantic which help undermine the minister’s credibility, and a finished semantic where ministers are doomed finished by leading articles or political commentators which serve as self- fulfilling prophecies. These semantics effectively decide the undecidability and help overturn ministers. It is argued that there are links between these semantics and overturned ministers but it is also shown that there are no causality as mass media semantics can arise without resulting in overturning the minister concerned. It is furthermore argued that governments have honeymoon periods which create a temporal slide in the mass media selection process of what to mark as information. From those conclusions the thesis introduces the concept of power contingency as we see that it is not given when and how power is performed as political power struggles have moved from the political system to the mass media system where it is possible to manipulate information. This power contingency makes it contingent if a minister is overturned. This raises the question whether Luhmann’s power concept is favorable for empirical analysis. In the discussion it is suggested, with help from Michel Foucault and Ernesto Laclau, to overlap the political and the mass media system, so the minister is theoretically freed from power and thereby share equal conditions with opposition politicians and media to form the semantics of him as minister. 2 INDHOLDSFORTEGNELSE FORORD....................................................................................................................................................... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. 2 INDLEDNING ................................................................................................................................................ 5 PROBLEMFELT ............................................................................................................................................. 7 Forholdet skandale og minister ................................................................................................................ 7 Massemedierne som politisk institution ................................................................................................... 8 Specialets opbygning ............................................................................................................................... 9 ANALYSESTRATEGI ......................................................................................................................................11 Metode ...................................................................................................................................................12 Empiriudvælgelse ................................................................................................................................12 Empiriafgrænsning ..............................................................................................................................15 Teori .......................................................................................................................................................16 Luhmanns systemteori ........................................................................................................................17 Luhmanns teori om det funktionelt differentierede samfund ..............................................................17 Luhmanns magtforståelse ...................................................................................................................18 Hvad er formanalyse? .........................................................................................................................19 Massemedierne som funktionssystem ................................................................................................20 Hvad er semantikanalyse? ...................................................................................................................20 FORMANALYSE ...........................................................................................................................................22 Den binære kode ....................................................................................................................................22 Hvad er det juridiske systems rolle? ........................................................................................................23 Hvad er magtunderlegenhed? .................................................................................................................24 Paradokset om den skandaleramte minister ...........................................................................................26 Afparadoksering......................................................................................................................................29 SEMANTIKANALYSE.....................................................................................................................................31 Analysens tredelte kodeblik ....................................................................................................................31 De 15 væltede ministre ...........................................................................................................................32 Opsamling på semantikanalysen .............................................................................................................49 Udsigelseskraft....................................................................................................................................49 Løgnersemantik ..................................................................................................................................50 Færdigsemantik ..................................................................................................................................51 Regeringscyklus...................................................................................................................................54 3 Magtkontingens ..................................................................................................................................57 DISKUSSION AF LUHMANNS MAGT .............................................................................................................60 Den massemedielle ministerlogik