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Harnessing Renewable Energy in Cloud Datacenters: Opportunities and Challenges

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Harnessing Renewable Energy in Cloud Datacenters: Opportunities and Challenges LIU_LAYOUT.qxp_Layout 1 1/15/14 11:42 AM Page 48 http://www.paper.edu.cn 中国科技论文在线 Harnessing Renewable Energy in Cloud Datacenters: Opportunities and Challenges Wei Deng, Fangming Liu, and Hai Jin, Services Computing Technology and System Lab, Cluster and Grid Computing Lab in the School of Computer Science and Technology, Huazhong Univer- sity of Science and Technology Bo Li, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Dan Li, Tsinghua University Abstract The proliferation of cloud computing has promoted the wide deployment of large- scale datacenters with tremendous power consumption and high carbon emission. To reduce power cost and carbon footprint, an increasing number of cloud service providers have considered green datacenters with renewable energy sources, such as solar or wind. However, unlike the stable supply of grid energy, it is challeng- ing to utilize and realize renewable energy due to the uncertain, intermittent and variable nature. In this article, we provide a taxonomy of the state-of-the-art research in applying renewable energy in cloud computing datacenters from five key aspects, including generation models and prediction methods of renewable energy, capacity planning of green datacenters, intra-datacenter workload schedul- ing and load balancing across geographically distributed datacenters. By explor- ing new research challenges involved in managing the use of renewable energy in datacenters, this article attempts to address why, when, where and how to lever- age renewable energy in datacenters, also with a focus on future research avenues. ransitioning from fossil fuels to the use of renewable To measure how clean is a datacenter, the Green Grid energy sources, such as solar and wind, to power cloud organization proposes a new sustainability metric, carbon computing datacenters is a hot research topic today. In usage effectiveness (CUE), to measure carbon emissions asso- this article, we review and summarize a series of funda- ciated with datacenters. CUE is defined as: CUE = Total CO2 TTmental relevant research problems: why, when, where and how Emissions caused by Total Datacenter Energy/IT Energy Con- to leverage renewable (green or clean) energy in datacenters. sumption. The units of the CUE metric are kilograms of car- bon dioxide equivalent (kgCO2e) per kilowatt-hour (kWh). How Big is the Datacenter Power Consumption? The comparison of carbon emission rate of the most common The proliferation of cloud computing services has promoted energy sources is shown in Table 1. We observe that the massive-scale, geographically distributed datacenters with mil- renewable energy sources have much less carbon emission lions of servers. Large cloud service providers consume many rate than fossil fuels such as coal, gas and oil. Even though, megawatts of power to operate such datacenters and the cor- fossil fuels still counts for 2/3 of electricity of the world [2]. responding annual electricity bills are in the order of tens of Large IT companies have started to build datacenters with millions of dollars — such as Google with over 1,120 GWh renewable energy, such as Facebook’s solar-powered data- and $67 M, and Microsoft with over 600 GWh and $36 M [1]. center in Oregon and Green House Data’s wind-powered Reportedly, datacenters now consume about 1.3 percent of datacenter in Wyoming. In April 2012, Greenpeace released the worldwide electricity and this fraction will grow to 8 per- a report asking, “How clean is your cloud? [4]” It examines cent by 2020 [2]. As a matter of fact, the aggregate datacen- the datacenters built by the large Internet companies, and ters in the world consumes more electricity than most nations ranks them according to how efficient their cloud facilities in the world except 4 countries [3]. are, and where they get their electricity. It found that both Google (39.4 percent clean energy) and Yahoo (56.4 percent How Clean are the Current Datacenters? clean energy) are active in supporting policies to drive High energy consumption not only results in large electricity renewable energy investment and to power clouds with green cost, but also incurs high carbon emission. In the United energy. In contrast, many large IT companies, such as Ama- States, generating 1 kWh of electricity emits about 500g of zon, Apple and Microsoft, rapidly expand their cloud busi- CO2 on average [2]. Each 100MW power station will cost ness without adequate attention on the electricity source, $60-100 million dollars to build and emit 50 million tons of and rely heavily on brown energy to power their clouds. CO2 during its operation [3]. As a result, IT carbon foot- Even worse, there are numerous small and medium-sized prints currently occupy 2 percent of global greenhouse gas datacenters that consume the majority of energy, yet much emissions [4]. less energy efficient. 48 0890-8044/14/$25.00 © 2014 IEEE IEEE Network • January/February 2014 转载 LIU_LAYOUT.qxp_Layout 1 1/15/14 11:42 AM Page 49 中国科技论文在线 http://www.paper.edu.cn Energy Source Nuclear Coal Gas Oil Hydro Wind Solar Carbon Emission Rate (gCO2e/kWh) 15 968 440 890 13.5 22.5 53 Table 1. Carbon emission rate of major energy sources [2, 3]. Why Leveraging Renewable Energy in Cloud Energy Source Grid PPA REC DG Datacenters? There have been numerous academic and commercial Cost (¢/kWh) 5 6 0.5 30 endeavors for reducing power costs and carbon footprints by applying better energy-proportional computing tech- Carbon Emission Rate (gCO2e/kWh) 586 0 0 1056 nologies, and more efficient power delivery and cooling systems. However, energy efficiency alone will slow down Table 2. Comparison of costs and prices of energy sources [3]. the growth of IT carbon footprint. To maintain safe levels of global greenhouse gases, renewable energy sources is becoming a prioritized choice for IT companies to power their rapidly expanding datacenter infrastructures. The inter- • Power purchase agreement (PPA), which purchases a por- national environmental organization Greenpeace states that tion of green energy from a renewable energy source. “Green IT = Energy Efficiency + Renewable Energy” [4]. • Renewable energy credits (RECs), which are tradable, non- Thus, many governments enact renewable portfolio stan- tangible energy commodities. They represent that 1 MWh dards and provide incentives for green power generation and of electricity be generated from an eligible renewable ener- usage. For instance, California aims to generate 33 percent of gy resource. its electricity from renewable sources by 2020 [5]. Federal and • Carbon offsetting, which represents the reduction of one state incentives in New Jersey reduce the capital costs of ton of carbon dioxide. Table 2 shows the costs and carbon renewable energy deployment by 60 percent [6]. Additionally, emission rate of REC, PPA conventional grid, and diesel the improvements in power generating efficiency and generator (DG) used as backup power source in datacen- cost/Watt reductions of renewable energy will reduce the ters. deployment cost significantly in the future. For example, the efficiency of solar panels is expected to triple but the cost/Watt Research Challenges of solar panels is expected to halve in 2030 [6]. The main challenge of utilizing renewable energy is that Apart from the pressures for reducing the huge energy con- renewable sources are variable, intermittent and unpre- sumption and carbon emission, there are unique opportunities dictable. For instance, wind or solar energy is only available raised by cloud datacenters to apply green energy: when wind blows or sun shines. Characteristics of cloud data- • Cloud service providers typically own geographically dis- centers further raise challenges to apply renewable energy: tributed datacenters. They can distribute workloads among • Global users require 7 × 24 cloud services: However, inter- geo-dispersed datacenters to benefit from the location mittent renewable energy presents a problem for consistent diversity of different types of available renewable energies. users of power like datacenters. • Cloud datacenters usually support a wide range of IT work- • Cloud demand is dynamic, which requires dynamic power loads, including both delay-sensitive non-flexible applica- provisioning. Thus, the power supply should be elastic. Nev- tions such as web browsing and delay-tolerant flexible ertheless, unlike conventional energy from the grid, renew- applications such as scientific computational jobs. The able energy can not be scheduled on demand. workload flexibility can tackle the challenges in integrating • High reliability services. This incurs the problem of how to intermittent renewable energy by delaying flexible work- construct reliable power supply in the presence of uncertain loads to periods when renewable sources are abundant renewable energy. without exceeding their execution deadlines. • Automatic management. This requires the power supply sys- • Cloud datacenters connect to grids at different locations tem should choose and supply power automatically among with time-varying electricity prices. Renewable energy is a multiple power sources. means to mitigate the risk against the future rise in power Before deploying renewable energy equipment, we need prices. to know what kinds of datacenter workloads are amenable • Datacenters usually equip with uninterrupted power supply for green energy and whether the datacenter is suitable for (UPS) in case of power outages. Since UPS battery is usual- green energy. Afterwards, we need to know the capacity of ly over-provisioned, UPS can store energy during periods of renewable energy generation for the specific datacenter high renewable generation and supply power when the demand. To mitigate the variability of renewable energy, renewable energy is insufficient. datacenters can store the generated renewable energy in batteries or on the grid. However, it remains significant Pathway to a Cleaner Cloud challenges when/how to store and supply energy from the The most common way to utilize renewable energy is to battery to meet demand. In addition, these approaches deploy on-site generation equipments at the datacenter facili- incur energy loss and high additional costs of purchase and ty.
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