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Cornell University Dept LinkingLinking EnvironmentalEnvironmental ConditionsConditions toto ProductivityProductivity Professor Alan Hedge, PhD, CPE Cornell University Dept. Design & Environmental Analysis NYS College of Human Ecology Ithaca, NY 14853-4401 (email: [email protected]) (Abbreviated slideshow based on a presentation at the Eastern Ergonomics Conference and Exposition, New York, June, 2004) IEQIEQ EffectsEffects onon ProductivityProductivity zz ScatteredScattered studiesstudies thatthat mostlymostly showshow evidenceevidence ofof anan associationassociation betweenbetween indoorindoor environmentenvironment conditionsconditions andand somesome measuremeasure ofof performance.performance. zz ResearchResearch issues:issues: – Laboratory vs. field studies – Single vs. multiple contaminants/conditions – Surveys vs. interventions – Short-term vs. longer-term – Single exposure vs. multiple exposure – Time-lagged effects – Acute vs. chronic health effects IEQIEQ EffectsEffects onon ProductivityProductivity System Environmental Productivity Impact experience Heating, z Thermal comfort z Performance decreases when too cold Ventilating and z Indoor Air Quality z Performance decreases when too hot Air Conditioning Air Conditioning z Background noise z Performance decreases in polluted air System z Mechanical z Performance decreases when too noisy vibration z Performance decreases when z Personal person/equipment vibrates control/stress z Performance decreases with no control (perceived or real) IEQIEQ EffectsEffects onon ProductivityProductivity System Environmental Productivity Impact experience Lighting System z Illumination level/ z Performance decreases when too dim or distribution too bright z Glare z Performance decreases when too glaring z Ambient/task z Task demands and user age change light systems requirements z Color z Affective changes in environmental z Room ambience desirability (shadows) z Disrupts visual inspection/ interpersonal z Personal interactions control/stress z Performance decreases with no control (perceived or real) IEQIEQ EffectsEffects onon ProductivityProductivity System Environmental Productivity Impact experience Sound z Background noise z Performance decreases with loud/annoying conditioning z Speech noise system/ privacy/intelligibility z Performance decreases with poor privacy Acoustic design z Noise stress z Performance decreases with noise stress z Personal z Performance decreases with no control control/stress (perceived or real) IEQIEQ factorsfactors andand HumanHuman PerformancePerformance Lighting - Bright Sound -Dim Temperature -Noise -Glare -Hot - Disturbance -Cold Productivity Indoor Air Quality Vibration - Acute - Segmental - Chronic Personal - Whole-body Control OptimalOptimal IEQIEQ ConditionsConditions OPTIMAL IEQ Too cold Thermal conditions Too hot Too quiet Acoustic conditions Too loud Lighting conditions Too dim Too bright Indoor air quality Too polluted Vibration Too vibrating (Source: Stanton, Hedge et al. (2004) Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, CRC Press) ProductivityProductivity –– IndividualIndividual WorkWork PerformancePerformance z Productivity research traditionally has focused at the coarse, aggregate level of the building and the occupants. z Aggregate measures cannot define precise associations between IEQ conditions and individual productivity. z Laboratory studies have investigated performance and exposure to specific pollutants and mixtures, but exposures are short-term, non-cumulative and use simulated work tasks z Research need is to focus on the performance of the individual and the environment experienced by that the individual. z Individual measures: – Self-reports – Task Performance (time, accuracy, quantity, quality) IEQIEQ andand ProductivityProductivity ResearchResearch z New Research Approach – Combining spatio- temporal IEQ and Productivity Datasets – IEQ measure needs to include air temperature and relative humidity because thermal conditions are known to influence work performance, and consequently could confound any associations with air pollutants. – Most HVAC systems are designed to regulate thermal conditions, and HVAC systems respond to thermostat controls. – Thermal conditions impact levels of VOCs and other pollutants – Thermal conditions are an indicator of ventilation quality. High temperatures can indicate poor ventilation which in turn can indicate high pollutant loads. IEQIEQ DataData LoggingLogging zz IEQIEQ logginglogging unitsunits thatthat cancan be:be: – Widely dispersed throughout a building – Small size – Silent operation – Self-powered – “Inexpensive” – Frequent logging/data storage capabilities – Ideally, work computer synchronized – Ideally, collect data on a wide array of IEQ variables. AverageAverage DailyDaily TemperatureTemperature PatternPattern zz InsuranceInsurance companycompany (Florida)(Florida) – 9 workstations for 16 work days 19:45:00.00 19:15:00.00 18:45:00.00 18:15:00.00 17:45:00.00 17:15:00.00 16:45:00.00 16:15:00.00 15:45:00.00 15:15:00.00 14:45:00.00 14:15:00.00 13:45:00.00 Time 13:15:00.00 12:45:00.00 12:15:00.00 11:45:00.00 11:15:00.00 10:45:00.00 10:15:00.00 9:45:00.00 9:15:00.00 8:45:00.00 8:15:00.00 7:00:00.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 workstations for 16 work days 9 workstations for 16 work days 52. 50. 38. 48. 46. 44. 42. 40. an RH an Me – – Insurance company (Florida) Insurance company (Florida) z z Average Daily Humidity Pattern Average Daily Humidity Pattern ElectronicElectronic ProductivityProductivity MeasuresMeasures z Keystrokes/errors/mouse activity z Utilize existing networked data collection software (EMS) z Data file – every work minute the software records a count of: – Correct keystrokes – Errors – Mouse activity – Longitudinal data (e.g. every 15 minutes for 16 days) ElectronicElectronic ProductivityProductivity MeasuresMeasures zz ExampleExample ofof datadata structurestructure (does not show errors column) 19:45:00.00 19:15:00.00 18:45:00.00 18:15:00.00 17:45:00.00 17:15:00.00 16:45:00.00 16:15:00.00 15:45:00.00 15:15:00.00 14:45:00.00 14:15:00.00 13:45:00.00 me Ti 13:15:00.00 12:45:00.00 12:15:00.00 11:45:00.00 11:15:00.00 10:45:00.00 10:15:00.00 9:45:00.00 9:15:00.00 8:45:00.00 8:15:00.00 7:00:00.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 50 30 20 40 9 workstations for 16 work days minutes 5 1 per es trok Keys 9 workstations for 16 work days Mean – – Insurance company (Florida) Insurance company (Florida) Average Daily Keying Pattern Average Daily Keying Pattern z z AverageAverage DailyDaily MousingMousing PatternPattern zz InsuranceInsurance companycompany (Florida)(Florida) – 9 workstations for 16 work days 19:45:00.00 19:15:00.00 18:45:00.00 18:15:00.00 17:45:00.00 17:15:00.00 16:45:00.00 16:15:00.00 15:45:00.00 15:15:00.00 14:45:00.00 14:15:00.00 13:45:00.00 Time 13:15:00.00 12:45:00.00 12:15:00.00 11:45:00.00 11:15:00.00 10:45:00.00 10:15:00.00 9:45:00.00 9:15:00.00 8:45:00.00 8:15:00.00 7:00:00.00 0 80 60 20 40 100 tes minu 15 r pe s ror Er n Mea 9 workstations for 16 work days 9 workstations for 16 work days – – Insurance company (Florida) Insurance company (Florida) Average Daily Error Pattern Average Daily Error Pattern z z KeystrokesKeystrokes andand MousingMousing zz InsuranceInsurance companycompany (Florida)(Florida) – 9 workstations for 16 work days 2500 2000 1500 per 15 minutes 1000 Keystrokes 500 0 0 200 400 600 800 Mouse seconds per 15 minutes HumidityHumidity andand KeystrokesKeystrokes zz InsuranceInsurance companycompany (Florida)(Florida) – 9 workstations for 16 work days 2500 R Sq Linear = 0.001 2000 minutes 1500 per 15 1000 Keystrokes 500 0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 RH LightLight andand KeystrokesKeystrokes zz InsuranceInsurance companycompany (Florida)(Florida) – 9 workstations for 16 work days TemperatureTemperature andand KeystrokesKeystrokes zz InsuranceInsurance companycompany (Florida)(Florida) – 9 workstations for 16 work days 2500 R Sq Linear = 0.006 2000 minutes 1500 per 15 1000 Keystrokes 500 0 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 TempC TemperatureTemperature andand ErrorsErrors zz InsuranceInsurance companycompany (Florida)(Florida) – 9 workstations for 16 work days 300 R Sq Linear = 0.01 nutes 200 mi Errors per 15 100 0 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 24.00 25.00 26.00 TempC MouseMouse SecondsSeconds Dependent Variable: Mouse Seconds 95% Confidence Interval Std. Lower Upper Parameter B Error t Sig. Bound Bound Intercept 176.333 3.505 50.308 .000 169.461 183.206 Temperature2 (nTa°C) 5.325 2.301 2.314 .021 .814 9.836 RH2 (nRH) -.207 .101 -2.050 .040 -.405 -.009 Mouse seconds=176.33 + 5.33(nTa) 2 - .21(nRH)2 Note: Environment variables normalized KeystrokesKeystrokes Dependent Variable: Keystrokes 95% Confidence Interval Std. Lower Upper Parameter B Error t Sig. Bound Bound Intercept 204.522 5.411 37.798 .000 193.913 215.131 Light (nL) 2.446 .348 7.029 .000 1.764 3.128 Temperature (nTa°C) 33.087 5.444 6.078 .000 22.413 43.761 Temperature2 19.306 4.373 4.415 .000 10.732 27.879 Keystrokes=204.52 + 2.45(nL)+ 33.09(nTa) + 19.31(nTa)2 Note: Environment variables normalized ErrorError KeysKeys Dependent Variable: Error Keys 95% Confidence Interval Std. Lower Upper Parameter B Error t Sig. Bound Bound Intercept 48.584 1.128 43.058 .000 46.371 50.796 Temperature (nTa°C) -3.694 .937 -3.941 .000 -5.531 -1.856 RH (nRH) .525 .188 2.800 .005 .157 .893 Light (nL) .716 .059 12.165 .000 .600 .831 Temperature2 2.021 .743 2.722 .007 .565 3.477 RH2 -.082 .032 -2.515 .012 -.145 -.018 Errors=48.58 – 3.69(nTa)+.53 (nRH)+.72 (nL) + 2.02 (nTa) 2 - .08 (RH)2 Note: Environment variables normalized TemperatureTemperature andand PerformancePerformance 100 Keying 90 Errors 80 70 60 t en c 50 r Pe 40 30 20 10 0 20.6 21.0 21.3 21.7 22.1 22.5 22.9 23.2 23.6 24.0 24.4 24.8 Air Temperature (deg.C) TemperatureTemperature andand CostCost z Assumptions: – Employee earns Estimated Keying Error Costs per Hour $16 per hour (assuming $16/hr wage) – Keying time = 4.00 900-mouse time 3.50 seconds 3.00 – Total keys = s r 2.50 correct + error lla correct + error o D 2.00 keys t s o – Cost/key = keying L 1.50 time/total keys 1.00 – Error costs = error 0.50 keys X costs per key 0.00 key 20.6 21.0 21.3 21.7 22.1 22.5 22.9 23.2 23.6 24.0 24.4 24.8 – Hourly costs = 4 x Air Temperature (deg.
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