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Glue As a Fastener in Framing Farm Buildings Robert E

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Glue As a Fastener in Framing Farm Buildings Robert E Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1947 Glue as a fastener in framing farm buildings Robert E. Skinner Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Architectural Engineering Commons, and the Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Skinner, Robert E., "Glue as a fastener in framing farm buildings" (1947). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 16393. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/16393 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. <JLUE AS A FASTENER IN FRAMINO FARM BUILDINaS by Robert E» Skinner A Thesis Submitted to the (Graduate Faoulty for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major Subject: Agricultural Engineering (Farm Structures) Approved: Henrylenry G-iese In Charge of Major Work Hobart Bereaford Head of Major Department R* E« Buchanan D^an of Graduate College Iowa State College 1947 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 HISTORICAL 5 Summary of Previous Investigations 5 Laminated rafters ••••• 5 The braced rafter 6 Rigid frames* 7 Stable roof shapes 6 Q-raln storage structures 6 Sill Joints 9 Movable structures* ••••••••••• 10 Review of Literature 11 Origin of glue. ••••••••••••« 11 Types of glue 13 Animal glue* •••*••»••••• 13 Vegetable glue ••«•*•••••• 13 Casein glue* *••*• 13 Synthetlc-resln glues 14 Factors to be considered In the gluing of wood 15 Moisture content of wood 13 Durability of glue 16 Other timber fasteners* •*••••••* 19 Nails 19 ill Page Bolts 22 Timber oonneotore* ••••••>•••22 THE INVESTIGATION 24 Shear Tests of Q-lued Joints from Unsurfaoed Lumber* •••••••••••••••••••••24 Introduction 24 Selection of glue 24 Test speoimena 26 Series 1 29 Series II 29 Series III* •••29 Quantity of glue required ••••••• 29 Testing procedure* •••••••••••••30 Discussion of results* •••••••••••SO Results of Series Results of Series II.*.•*••••• 34 Results of Series III *••••••**42 Q-lue Joints as seen under high magnification •••••••••44 Conclusions^ •••••••• 46 Teats of Q^lued and Nailed Angular Splice Joints •*• •••••••••49 Introduction * 49 Assembly of test Joints* •**•••••••50 Test apparatus and procedure •••52 Strength properties of the Joints* ••••• 56 ICaximum fiber stress ••SS XV Maximum shear stress In glue* •••• 56 Results of tests on 2x4 splice Joints* •• 60 Group I Angle ^ = 15° •. 60 Group 2 Angle 30® 62 Group 3 Angle ^ == 60® •••••••» 67 Results of tests on 2x6 splloe joints. •• 66 Group 1 Angle o = 15® •••••••• 68 Group 2 Angled = 30® 68 Group 3 Angled = 60® 71 Discussion of results* •••••••«•• 75 Comparison of three types of glued gusseted Joints 79 Maximum moments developed at the Joints of gambrel roof barns having stable roof shapes* ••*•••••• 82 Recommendations ••••••*•••• 83 Conclusions 84 SUMMARY 86 CONCLUSIONS 87 LITERATURE CITED 88 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 90 APPENDIX 91 LIST OP FIGURES Figure Page 1* Structural Damage to Farm Buildlnge Due Directly to Wind* 3 2* Interior of gambrel roof brooder house* ••.• 12 3* Framework of plywood brooder house. •••••• 12 4. Load-slip curves for timber Joints 20 5* Failure of nailed and bolted Joints 21 6. Failure of a split-ring timber connector Joint 21 7» Section of a rough Douglas fir board 27 8. Testing Jig with test specimen in place .... 27 9. Details of testing Jig 31 10. Failures in rough lumber Joints of 7 per cent moisture. Resoroinol-resin glue, loaded parallel to grain ..•••• 35 11. Failures in rip sawn lumber Joints of 7 per cent moisture. Resorclnol-resin glue, loaded parallel to grain ••••••.•»••••.. 36 12. Failures in rough Iximber Joints of 16 per cent moisture, loaded parallel to grain. Bottom, casein glue; top, resorclnol-resin. 41 13# Failures in rough lumber Joints of 16 per cent moisture, loaded perpendicular to grain; Bottom, resorclnol-resin glue; top, casein. •• 41 14* Photo-micrograph of a transverse section of a rough lumber glue line. Magnified 30 times .• 47 15. Photo-micrograph of a transverse section of glue line between rip-sawn surfaces. Magnified 30 times. 47 yi Figure ES££ 16. Test Joint Details 17. Apparatus for testing angular splice Joints ... 54 18. G-lue Area Diagrams for Q-lued Q-usseted Joints* • • 59 19. Failures In type A gussets of Douglas fir fastened to 2x4 members (Angle O = IS*') 63 20. Failures in type A gussets of Douglas fir fastened to 2x6 members (Angleo= 15®). ... 63 21. Stress-Strain Diagram of GHued & Nailed Angular Splice Joints (2x4 Rafter Members Angles - 15®) 64 22. Stress-Strain Diagram of G-lued & Nailed Angular ^lice Joints (2x4 Rafter Members Angles = 30®) 65 23. Stress-Strain Diagram of G-lued & Nailed Angular Splice Joints (2x4 Rafter Members Angles = 60®) 65 24* Failures In gussets fastened to 2x4 rafter members (Angle & = 30®) 66 25. Stress-Strain Diagram of Q-lued & Nailed Angular Splice Joints (2x6 Rafter Members Angle O = 15®) 70 26. Failures In type A gussets of Douglas fir fastened to 2x6 members (Angle O =30 ) 72 27. Failures in type B gussets of white pine fastened to 2x6 members (Angle ^ = 30®) . • • 72 28. Stress-Strain Diagram of Qlued & Nailed Angular Splice Joints (2x6 Rafter Members Angle-^-30®) .• 73 29. Stress-Strain Diagram of Qlued & Nailed Angular Splice Joints (2x6 Rafter Members Angled - 60®) 74 30. G-lued gussets which do not extend beyond inner Joint of framing members 80 VJ.1 LIOT OP TABLES Table Page I. Shearing Strength of Casein Glue Used on Unsurfaced Lumber of 7 Per Cent Moisture Content 33 II• Shearing Strength of Casein Q-lue Used on Unsurfaced Lumber of 7 Per Cent Moisture Content 35 III. Shearing Strength of Resorclnol-^Resin Glue Used on Unsurfaced Lumber of 7 Per Cent Moisture Content 35 IV» Shearing Strength of Resorclnol-Resln Glue Used on Rip Sawn Surfaces of 7 Per Cent Moisture Content ... ....... 37 V. Shesiring Strength of Casein Glue Used on Unsurfaced Lumber of 16 Per Cent Moisture Content 30 VI. Shearing Strength of Resorclnol-Resln Glue Used on Unsurfaced Lumber of 16 Per Cent Moisture Content 39 VII. Shearing Strength of Resorcinol-Resin Glue Used on Unsurfaced Lumber of 30 Per Cent Moisture Content 43 VIII.Joint Specifications •• 53 IX. Results of Tests on Sx4 Splice Joints 61 X. Results of Tests on 2x6 Splice Joints* ...• 69 XI. Comparison of Moments Developed by Three Types of Glued Gusset Joints 81 XII* Moments Due to Wind Loads. .•»♦•••••• 83 INTRODUCTION During the war the United States experienced the most extensive Industrial expansion In its history. Enormous quan tities of timber were needed to house the enlarged industrial plant as well as to meet the military needs. The experience resulting from solving material shortages and other problems was responsible for greatly extending previous engineering and construction knowledge* Modern developments such as timber connectors and glued laminated construction made possible a more efficient use of timber and much construction of wood which would not have been possible otherwise. There has been a good deal of speculation as to what extent these new developments will find application in farm construction- Will the ideas developed for the improvement of building construction or new methods of fabrication prove of value to the farmer? Building materials may oontinue to be scarce for several years necessitating more effective uti lization to make the available supply go as far as possible* At the same time, structural soundness and functional effi ciency must not be sacrificed* Timber, which is the nation's greatest renewable resource^ is still the principal material of construction on the farm* Tlemann (18) advises us that, weight for weight, dry wood in the foiTO of beams Is stronger and stlffer than steel. The strength of wood, however. Is not equal in all directions. Its longitudinal elements give wood its chief mechanical strength; therefore, it offers much more resistance to loads applied parallel to the grain than perpendicular to the grain. In the framing of farm buildings particular care should be given to the fabrication of Joints. Q-iese (4) has the following to say in reference to the Joint: In most wood construction, the weakest places are at the Joints- The proper fastening of members requires careful workmanship and often the strength of a beam is materially lessened because of ineffective fastenings. Studies of farm building losses due to wind forcibly indicate a need for sturdier construction methods. Fig. l{3a) shows the damage to Iowa farm buildings due directly to wind during a single year, 1946. Note that damage to barns ac counted for 54.7 per cent of the total wind damage to farm buildings. In contrast, the dsunage to dwellings represents only 13 per cent of the totsil amount of damage. The magni tude or extent of damage to dwellings is relatively small in consideration of their total investment which represents over half of the value of all farm structures. These facts sug gest that it is possible to build to resist wind damage. Perhaps the investment necessary to make a barn as windproof as the dwelling is not Justified. Nevertheless, many of the structural weaknesses which promote wind damage can be elimi nated by proper construction methods. -3- 3 I S Fiq. 1 DavT^a.c-,e: to exjiL-DiuG,'£> Due: Diec-CTLV to Winjo -This Investigation has been conducted with reference to the use of glued Joints In the framing of farm buildings. Q-lue« acting on the principle of numerous small contacts spread over relatively large areas, appears to offer the advantage of increasing the strength of a Joint to almost any desired amount* Its value as a fastener has already been demonstrated in certain applications to farm construction.
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