DOCSLIB.ORG

The Façade of Unity: British East Florida's War For

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Façade of Unity: British East Florida's War For THE FAÇADE OF UNITY: BRITISH EAST FLORIDA’S WAR FOR DEPENDENCE By ROGER C. SMITH A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2008 1 © 2008 Roger C. Smith 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................4 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................6 2 BRITISH EAST FLORIDA AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION................................20 3 SONS OF LIBERTY ..............................................................................................................38 4 THE REVOLUTION’S SOUTHERN-MOST THEATER ....................................................50 5 REVOLUTIONARY LIFE FOR BLACKS IN EAST FLORIDA.........................................65 6 LOYALIST REFUGE ............................................................................................................80 7 NO MAN’S LAND.................................................................................................................94 8 EVACUATION ....................................................................................................................106 9 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................121 LIST OF REFERENCES.............................................................................................................131 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................138 3 Abstract of Thesis Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts THE FAÇADE OF UNITY: BRITISH EAST FLORIDA’S WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE By Roger C. Smith August 2008 Chair: Jon Sensbach Major: History On August 11, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was read aloud in the market plaza in St. Augustine, East Florida. The throng of common folk and elites alike became so enraged that they burned John Hancock and Samuel Adams in effigy. The following day, proclamations of loyalty for King George III flowed from the colony’s civil leadership. Over one hundred letters can be found in the George Washington Papers mentioning St. Augustine or East Florida. As early as December 18, 1775, the Commander in Chief was calling for the capture of St. Augustine and its large cache of powder and munitions stored in the Castillo de San Marcos. However, not only did the American army fail to take East Florida after three invasion attempts, but the royal governor did not evacuate the colony until November 19, 1785. The significance of these events is mysteriously lost on generations of historians. The historical omissions that have left the memory of East Florida and the evacuation of St. Augustine relatively unknown are inexplicable. The Revolutionary War involved not only the present state of Florida, but circumstances in St. Augustine were significant in the shaping of southern Revolutionary events. The plight of Loyalists and blacks in East Florida is no less a part of the American narrative than those of other southern colonies, especially considering how many of those Loyalists, free-blacks, and slaves from the traditional southern colonies found 4 their way to East Florida during the war. This study is an effort to restore their place in American history and to return East Florida from the shadows of marginalization. 5 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION On November 19, 1785, with the wind finally in its sails, the HMS Cyrus put the coast of East Florida to her stern and carried the last remnants of a weary, but loyal, colony back to England—though not necessarily back home. Many of these last few refugees from the Floridas, Georgia, and the Carolinas were born in North America and never known an English sunset. Some left behind the only hopes they possessed for a new life, in a new home, on the shores of a land they diligently toiled to make prosperous—only to have it voluntarily abandoned by politicians and diplomats who never experienced the cypress-lined banks of the St. John’s River or felt the warmth of a January afternoon sun in this moderate climate. It was a colony that boasted the rich soils and long planting seasons of the Caribbean without the deadly plagues of malaria and yellow fever. East Florida had become home, with St. Augustine at the heart, for every loyal British subject who was forced to leave its splendor. On this day the last British evacuation vessel in all of North America sailed with the loyal refugees of a long and bitter humiliation at the hands of “civilized allies and unnatural colonists [who] are ungrateful to British designs.”1 The author of these words was Major General Patrick Tonyn, governor of East Florida—Great Britain’s last colony in what is now the United States. To both amateur and professional historians alike, the preceding paragraph has all the plausibility of an imaginative novel based upon “what-ifs” and “maybes,” surrounded by wild 1 “Patrick Tonyn to Lord Sydney, St. Augustine, December 6, 1784,” PRO CO 5/561, P36, p. 8. In several passages located in the documents of the Public Records of the Colonial Office in Kew, England, the word “unnatural” can be found in reference to rebellious actions in the British colonies. During this era of the British Empire, it was viewed that the relationship between the metropole and its colonies was similar to that of a mother and child. Therefore, an act of rebellion was deemed “unnatural” to the propriety of the relationship. Historian J. Leitch Wright contends that “[w]hen East Florida had refused to revolt in 1775, it had followed precedents, because loyalty to the mother country was the colonial norm. It was the thirteen colonies who, by rebelling, had broken with tradition.” J. Leitch Wright, “Blacks in British East Florida,” Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 54, Issue 4 (April 1976), 435. 6 conjectures of historical fiction. The idea that there was an American colony inside what is today the geographic borders of the United States that remained loyal to Great Britain throughout the course of the American Revolution—holding steadfastly to its grip on the North American continent long after the Battle of Yorktown or the Treaty of Paris—seems ludicrous. The fact remains that this scenario actually occurred and, like many other misplaced pieces of information on the war, is perplexingly absent from the familiar canon of American history. I will argue that historians are thus forced to reconsider the traditional interpretations and memory of a united War of Independence. Closer scrutiny teaches us that from the town meeting to the state legislature to the Continental Congress, American colonists were rarely unified on any subject— what historian John S. Pancake calls a “façade of unity”—forcing many significant questions to be asked concerning what we as a nation know, and are told, about the American Revolution.2 The clarifications of these seemingly hushed topics are readily available, but Americans must be willing to contextualize the discussion from a British perspective. For over two centuries Loyalism during the American Revolution has been viewed primarily from an American standpoint, lending to the vilification of Tories as traitors, dissentionists, and enemies of American liberty. But such a general analysis is far from comprehensive, as the representation of British East Florida for the opposing conscience of the Loyalist discussion will demonstrate. American colonists were equally passionate for loyalty to a British form of democratic government as Patriots were to the Founding Fathers. Loyalists struggled for their own rights and liberties, and the freedom to remain steadfast to their current way of life. They too were Sons of Liberty—British liberty; and they fought for the centuries-old British freedoms that had been won many times on many battlefields. But that’s not the story 2 John S. Pancake, 1777: The Year of the Hangman (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1977), 131. 7 historians have propagated upon the American public. The discussion of Loyalist East Florida is removed from Revolutionary dialogue—erasing the story of every human being on the North American continent who faced these Loyalists on the battlefields, smoked the pipe with them in the longhouses, or peered through the bars at them from the slave pens. To marginalize East Florida in the American Revolution into nonexistence is to expunge the memory of a significant portion of early American history. For example, American schoolchildren are taught from an early age that it was George Washington’s rag-tag Continental Army of Yankee farmers and Boston malcontents that shocked the world as they confounded Great Britain’s powerful military machine into submission during the Revolutionary War. But they hear little or nothing of the efforts of America’s southern army—a wholly distinct department from the Minute Men and Continental regulars who fought in New England and other points north. From George Washington’s correspondence with the Continental Congress, the southern army’s existence is verified as early as December 18, 1775, as well as Washington’s concerns for British fortifications in East Florida.3 The American Southern Department’s military
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Fourteenth Colony: Florida and the American Revolution in the South
    THE FOURTEENTH COLONY: FLORIDA AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION IN THE SOUTH By ROGER C. SMITH A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 Roger C. Smith 2 To my mother, who generated my fascination for all things historical 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Jon Sensbach and Jessica Harland-Jacobs for their patience and edification throughout the entire writing process. I would also like to thank Ida Altman, Jack Davis, and Richmond Brown for holding my feet to the path and making me a better historian. I owe a special debt to Jim Cusack, John Nemmers, and the rest of the staff at the P.K. Yonge Library of Florida History and Special Collections at the University of Florida for introducing me to this topic and allowing me the freedom to haunt their facilities and guide me through so many stages of my research. I would be sorely remiss if I did not thank Steve Noll for his efforts in promoting the University of Florida’s history honors program, Phi Alpha Theta; without which I may never have met Jim Cusick. Most recently I have been humbled by the outpouring of appreciation and friendship from the wonderful people of St. Augustine, Florida, particularly the National Association of Colonial Dames, the ladies of the Women’s Exchange, and my colleagues at the St. Augustine Lighthouse and Museum and the First America Foundation, who have all become cherished advocates of this project.
    [Show full text]
  • THE BRITISH ARMY in the LOW COUNTRIES, 1793-1814 By
    ‘FAIRLY OUT-GENERALLED AND DISGRACEFULLY BEATEN’: THE BRITISH ARMY IN THE LOW COUNTRIES, 1793-1814 by ANDREW ROBERT LIMM A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY. University of Birmingham School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law October, 2014. University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The history of the British Army in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars is generally associated with stories of British military victory and the campaigns of the Duke of Wellington. An intrinsic aspect of the historiography is the argument that, following British defeat in the Low Countries in 1795, the Army was transformed by the military reforms of His Royal Highness, Frederick Duke of York. This thesis provides a critical appraisal of the reform process with reference to the organisation, structure, ethos and learning capabilities of the British Army and evaluates the impact of the reforms upon British military performance in the Low Countries, in the period 1793 to 1814, via a series of narrative reconstructions. This thesis directly challenges the transformation argument and provides a re-evaluation of British military competency in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 2. Black Indies
    THE ‘BLACK INDIES’: THE NORTH EAST CONNECTIONS WITH THE SLAVERY BUSINESS Slavery and Abolition and People of African Descent in the North East. Part 2. Sean Creighton History & Social Action Publications August 2020 1 Introduction Although in the 18th Century the North East was called the ‘Black Indies’ because of its coal, its landed gentry and businessmen were involved in more than just coal. They exploited new opportunities that arose, including land and ownership of, and trading in, enslaved Africans to cultivate and harvest produce in the colonies in North America up to independence and the creation of the United States of America. Profits from these involvements helped shape the North East’s built environment, landed gentry estates, and industries to a greater extent than previously thought. Other North Easterners were involved in the army and naval forces used to defend the British colonies and to capture those of Britain’s European rivals, and to suppress revolts by the enslaved. It appears that before 2007 research concentration on the slave trade and the cotton towns, particularly Bristol, Liverpool and Manchester, limited understanding of the way other local and regional economies were interlinked into the slavery system. It was impossible for people in any part of Britain involved in industry and trade not to have had connections however tenuous with the slave economies. Those interlinks could be reinforced through the complexities of land ownership, marriage and inheritance across the country. This pamphlet is the second part of a series on the North East’s connections with the slavery business and involvements in campaigning for the abolition of the slave trade and slavery in the British Caribbean colonies and then in the United States, and the region’s history of people of African heritage.
    [Show full text]
  • Descendants of Thomas Colston
    Descendants of Thomas Colston Generation 1 1. THOMAS 1COLSTON was born about 1716. He married Elizabeth Humphries, daughter of Thomas Humphries and Elizabeth Colwell, on Mar 30, 1741 in Stonehouse, Gloucester, England. She was born in 1715 in Stonehouse, Gloucester, England. Thomas Colston and Elizabeth Humphries had the following children: 2. i. JOSEPH 2COLSTON was born in 1757 in Stonehouse, Gloucester, England. He married Grace Brewer, daughter of Thomas Brewer and Sarah Leah, on Jul 03, 1776 in Saint Nicholas, Gloucester, Gloucester, England. She was born in 1758 in Tredington, Gloucestershire, England. ii. BETTY COLSTON. iii. MARY COLSTON. iv. FRANCES COLSTON. v. SARAH COLSTON. vi. JOHN COLSTON. vii. ANN COLSTON. viii. HANNAH COLSTON. Generation 2 2. JOSEPH 2COLSTON (Thomas 1) was born in 1757 in Stonehouse, Gloucester, England. He married Grace Brewer, daughter of Thomas Brewer and Sarah Leah, on Jul 03, 1776 in Saint Nicholas, Gloucester, Gloucester, England. She was born in 1758 in Tredington, Gloucestershire, England. Grace Brewer was christened on Aug 11, 1758 in Tredington, Gloucestershire, England. Joseph Colston and Grace Brewer had the following children: 3. i. ELIZABETH 3COLSTON was born on Dec 02, 1789 in Gloucester, Gloucester, England. She died on Jan 15, 1861 in Newington, Surrey, England (34 Francis Street1). She married William Levett, son of John Levett and Deborah Nock, on Jul 16, 1810 in St. Martin-in-the-Fields, Westminster, London, England2. He was born on Aug 12, 1785 in London, London, England3. He died about 1836 in St. Martin-in-the-Fields, Westminster, Middlesex, England. ii. WILLIAM COLSTON was born in 1777 in Gloucester, Gloucester, England.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 63, Number 2
    Florida Historical Quarterly Volume 63 Number 2 Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume Article 1 63, Number 2 1984 Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 63, Number 2 Florida Historical Society [email protected] Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida Historical Quarterly by an authorized editor of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Society, Florida Historical (1984) "Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 63, Number 2," Florida Historical Quarterly: Vol. 63 : No. 2 , Article 1. Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol63/iss2/1 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 63, Number 2 Published by STARS, 1984 1 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 63 [1984], No. 2, Art. 1 COVER The Hotel Broward on Andrews Avenue overlooking New River was one of Fort Lauderdale’s earliest tourist resorts. It was designed by Miami architect August Geiger, and opened for the 1919-1920 season. This photo of Andrews Avenue in the early 1920s is from the files of the Fort Lauderdale Historical Society. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol63/iss2/1 2 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Volume 63, Number 2 Volume LXIII, Number 2 October 1984 THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY COPYRIGHT 1984 by the Florida Historical Society, Tampa, Florida. Second class postage paid at Tampa and DeLeon Springs, Florida. Printed by E. O. Painter Printing Co., DeLeon Springs, Florida. (ISSN 0015-4113) Published by STARS, 1984 3 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Meeting of the Executive Member for Neighbourhood Services And
    Meeting of the Executive Member for 15 October 2008 Neighbourhood Services and Advisory Panel Report of the Director of Neighbourhood Services YORKSHIRE IN BLOOM Summary 1. This report informs Members of the outcome of our entry into the Yorkshire in Bloom competition 2008 and the work undertaken in relation to the entry. Background 2. The Yorkshire in Bloom competition is an annual event, which York entered last year for the first time since 1998,and were awarded a silver Gilt, with the comments from the judges saying:. ‘An excellent tour of the City of York. The entrant had obviously studied the criteria and every aspect of the competition very well. The floral and sustainable planting clearly complimented the magnificent architecture of this wonderful city. The many diverse groups, individuals, local authority staff and personnel that we met during our tour enthused with civic pride. With such an excellent return to the Yorkshire in Bloom campaign and with a concerted effort reflecting the areas for future development, the City of York has all the attributes to achieve gold in the 2008 campaign and could easily aspire to a future national Britain in Bloom entry. 3. We have for the last 12 months continued to build upon the excellent work which led to last years results using the in bloom committee to coordinate all our efforts in this area, representatives from the following areas sat on the committee: council officers, members, city centre partnership, York press, Askham Bryan College, York St John University, volunteers from the public (ex council officers) and a representative from the Acomb traders.
    [Show full text]
  • The Court of Common Pleas of East Florida 1763-1783
    _full_journalsubtitle: Revue d’Histoire du Droit – The Legal History Review _full_abbrevjournaltitle: LEGA _full_ppubnumber: ISSN 0040-7585 (print version) _full_epubnumber: ISSN 1571-8190 (online version) _full_issue: 3-4 _full_issuetitle: 0 _full_alt_author_running_head (change var. to _alt_author_rh): 0 _full_alt_articletitle_running_head (change var. to _alt_arttitle_rh): 0 _full_alt_articletitle_toc: 0 _full_is_advance_article: 0 540 Tijdschrift voor rechtsgeschiedenis 85 (2017) 540-576 Mirow Revue d’Histoire du Droit 85 (2017) 540-576 The Legal History review 85 (2017) 540-576 brill.com/lega The Court of Common Pleas of East Florida 1763-1783 M.C. Mirow Florida International University College of Law, Miami, Florida, USA [email protected] Summary Legal historians have surmised that court records of the British province of East Florida (1763-1783) have been either lost or destroyed. This assumption was based on the poor conditions for survival of documents in Florida and statements made in the secondary literature on the province. Nonetheless, a significant number of documents related to the courts of British East Florida exist in the National Archives (Kew). These materials reveal an active legal culture using English law in a wide range of courts including (1) the Court of Common Pleas; (2) the Court of Chancery; (3) the Court of General Sessions of the Peace, Oyer et Terminer, Assize and General Gaol Delivery; (4) Special Courts of Oyer et Terminer; (5) the Court of Vice-Admiralty; (6) the Court of Ordinary; (7) the General Court; and (8) a District Court. This article studies a portion of the documents related to the Court of Common Pleas to describe the nature of the court’s practice in civil litigation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Florida Historical Quarterly Volume Xlvi April 1968 Number 4
    A PRIL 1968 Published by THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY THE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF FLORIDA, 1856 THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY, successor, 1902 THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY, incoporated, 1905 by GEORGE R. FAIRBANKS, FRANCIS P. FLEMING, GEORGE W. WILSON, CHARLES M. COOPER, JAMES P. TALIAFERRO, V. W. SHIELDS, WILLIAM A. BLOUNT, GEORGE P. RANEY. OFFICERS WILLIAM M. GOZA, president HERBERT J. DOHERTY, JR., 1st vice president JAMES C. CRAIG, 2nd vice president PAT DODSON, recording secretary MARGARET L. CHAPMAN, executive secretary SAMUEL PROCTOR, editor D IRECTORS ROBERT H. AKERMAN MILTON D. JONES CHARLES O. ANDREWS, JR. FRANK J. LAUMER MRS. T. O. BRUCE JAMES H. LIPSCOMB, III JAMES D. BRUTON, JR. WILLIAM WARREN ROGERS AUGUST BURGHARD JAMES A. SERVIES MRS. HENRY J. BURKHARDT CHARLTON W. TEBEAU WALTER S. HARDIN JULIAN I. WEINKLE JAMES R. KNOTT, ex-officio (All correspondence relating to Society business, memberships, and Quarterly subscriptions should be addressed to Miss Margaret Chapman, University of South Florida Library, Tampa, Florida 33620. Articles for publication, books for review, and editorial correspondence should be ad- dressed to the Quarterly, Box 14045, University Station, Gainesville, Florida, 32601.) * * * To explore the field of Florida history, to seek and gather up the ancient chronicles in which its annals are contained, to retain the legendary lore which may yet throw light upon the past, to trace its monuments and remains to elucidate what has been written to disprove the false and support the true, to do justice to the men who have figured in the olden time, to keep and preserve all that is known in trust for those who are to come after us, to increase and extend the knowledge of our history, and to teach our children that first essential knowledge, the history of our State, are objects well worthy of our best efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • Wootton Manor Estate Historic Droveway Response & Objection
    WOOTTON MANOR ESTATE HISTORIC DROVEWAY RESPONSE & OBJECTION WOOTTON MANOR ESTATE The Back Drive RESPONSE & OBJECTION TO ORDER (UNDER Section 53(2) of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981) TO MODIFY THE DEFINTIVE MAP AND STATEMENT For adding a restricted byway from Robin Post Lane (Long Man 16) TQ 568069 ) to the Lewes / Polegate Road TQ 561047) The view north at The Hide of the pre1819 reorganised fields from the ‘driftway’ 1 WOOTTON MANOR ESTATE HISTORIC DROVEWAY RESPONSE & OBJECTION THE CURRENT ESTATE Plan 1 2 WOOTTON MANOR ESTATE HISTORIC DROVEWAY RESPONSE & OBJECTION CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 04 Summary of Findings 04 THE EVIDENCE Timeline 06 The Rebuttal 08 The Approach taken to Challenge the Claim 08 Background to the farming area 08 Weight to be accorded to old maps 09 Evidence for the Wootton backdrive not to have been a public route 10 1724 Richard Budgen Map of the County of Sussex 10 1725 Richard Budgen Map of the Manor of Wilmington [ESRO AMS 5879/4] 10 1778 Extract from the Map of Sussex by Yeakell and Gardiner 1778 11 1795 William Gardner and Thomas Gream Sussex (partly after Yeakell and Gardener) 13 1789-1806 Ordnance Surveyor’s Draft Drawings for 1” 1st Edition Sheet 93(pt4) 14 The Turnpike Acts and the impact of the New Turnpike on Wootton Lane 15 Impact of the New Turnpike on William Harison’s Estate at Wootton 17 The Tithe Maps for Folkington Estate 1839 19 The Abstract of Title of Folkington Estate 1840 [ESRO GWY 3/1/7 1840] 23 1841 John Shoesmith Valuation of Wootton 25 The Railway Plans 26 1876 Sale Particulars 30 OS
    [Show full text]
  • Christian Levett's Collection, at Home
    Collectors & collections Christian Levett’s collection, at home and in his museum, highlights the influence of classical sculpture on contemporary art By Claire Wrathall Photographs by James Mollison [ 044 ] [ 045 ] t the end of the worktop in the principal kitchen of switch. Three hitherto indistinguishable pale ovals Christian Levett’s rented London home stands a appear from what had looked like a red ground. frst-century marble head of a Roman noblewoman. ‘It’s really cool, isn’t it?’ To an inexpert eye it is extraordinarily lovely, a There are more antiquities on the mantelpiece: countenance divine even. But, says Levett, ‘It’s not a frst- or second-century Roman bust that Levett a super-high-quality piece,’ hence its relegation bought in late 2008 for £8,000 and reckons must to a room in which the second most expensive table have quintupled in value (‘It’s pretty rare because ornament is probably the espresso maker. ‘The so much of its chest is intact,’ he says); and an defnition of the hair is a little bit soft; there’s not exquisitely detailed bronze of a captured Gaul or a lot of detail in it,’ he says, before conceding that Barbarian, his hands tied behind his back and a this ‘might actually make it all the more beautiful’. band around the bottom of his trousers. This, along He pauses: ‘Maybe I’m too harsh on it. It’s pretty with the Gaulish torque he is wearing, his long hair spectacular by candlelight. But we don’t know who it and his unkempt beard, reveals his race.
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Historical Quarterly
    COVER British East Florida reached from the St. Marys River on the north to the Apalachicola River on the west and its capital stood at St. Augustine. The province of West Florida extended westward to the Mississippi River and to the thirty-first parallel on the north (and after 1764 to thirty-two degrees twenty-eight minutes). Pensacola served as its capital. Guillaume Delisle published his “Carte du Mexique et de la Floride des Terres Angloises et des Isles Antilles du Cours et des Environs de la Rivière de Mississippi,” in his Atlas Nouveau, vol. 2, no. 29 (Amsterdam, 1741[?]). The map first appeared in Paris in 1703. This portion of the map is repro- duced from a copy (1722 PKY 76) in the P. K. Yonge Library of Florida His- tory, University of Florida, Gainesville. THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Volume LIV, Number 4 April 1976 THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY SAMUEL PROCTOR, Editor STEPHEN KERBER, Editorial Assistant EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD LUIS R. ARANA Castillo de San Marcos, St. Augustine HERBERT J. DOHERTY, JR. University of Florida JOHN K. MAHON University of Florida WILLIAM W. ROGERS Florida State University JERRELL H. SHOFNER Florida Technological University CHARLTON W. TEBEAU University of Miami Correspondence concerning contributions, books for review, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Florida Historical Quarterly, Box 14045, University Station, Gainesville, Florida 32604. The Quarterly is interested in articles and documents pertaining to the history of Florida. Sources, style, footnote form, original- ity of material and interpretation, clarity of thought, and interest of readers are considered. All copy, including footnotes, should be double-spaced.
    [Show full text]
  • Eighteenth-Century Florida and the Revolutionary South
    Eighteenth-Century Florida and the Revolutionary South Eighteenth-Century Florida and the Revolutionary South Edited by Samuel Proctor LibraryPress@UF Gainesville, Florida Cover: Map of the West Indies, published in Philadelphia, 1806. From the Caribbean Maps collection in the University of Florida Digital Collections at the George A. Smathers Libraries. Reissued 2017 by LibraryPress@UF on behalf of the University of Florida This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial- No Derivative Works 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. You are free to electronically copy, dis- tribute, and transmit this work if you attribute authorship. Please contact the University Press of Florida (http://upress.ufl.edu) to purchase print editions of the work. You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). For any reuse or distribu- tion, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the University Press of Florida. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. ISBN 978-1-947372-76-4 (pbk.) ISBN 978-1-947372-77-1 (ePub) LibraryPress@UF is an imprint of the University of Florida Press. University of Florida Press 15 Northwest 15th Street Gainesville, FL 32611-2079 http://upress.ufl.edu The Florida and the Caribbean Open Books Series In 2016, the University Press of Florida, in collaboration with the George A.
    [Show full text]