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R S S Exploring the Prospects of Tourism R S www.irss.academyirmbr.com April 2021 S International Review of Social Sciences Vol. 9 Issue.4 I Exploring the Prospects of Tourism Industry as a Tool for Socio-Economic Development in Sindh, Pakistan Dr. TAYYABA RAFIQUE MAKHDOOM Assistant Professor, Sindh University Laar Campus @ Badin. Email: [email protected] Dr. MUHAMMAD NAWAZ BALOCH Associate Professor, Sindh University Laar Campus @ Badin. Email: [email protected] Tel: 03337586082 Dr. TAHAL KUMAR Lecturer, Sindh University Laar Campus @ Badin. Email: [email protected] Abstract Tourism industry offers benefits for labor, since it can provide jobs for all genders, age groups and social classes. Pakistan is full of beauty while Sindh province is full of tourist spots and historical monuments, and if they are utilized by the human resource of Sindh, they can generate a good income, which will eventually help in reducing the level of poverty. This is an exploratory study that sought to determine the status, problems and prospects for socio-economic benefit of tourism in Sindh. This is a concept paper which identified several problems and recommendations for improvements from relevant literature. Authorities should take heed through pro-poor tourism strategies. Thus, business opportunities for the poor can be extended, since they can be businesspersons/entrepreneurs and sell food, costumes, fuel, other tourist accessories, and building materials to tourism operations. An empirical study is suggested for identifying the general problems encountered by visitors at various tourist spots in Sindh, as solutions and policies can be devised. Keywords: Industry, Tourism, Development, Sindh. Introduction Tourism is one of among the labor intensive industries, as it creates employment for workforce of a nation. Developing countries mostly have a comparative advantage over developed countries with regard to climate, cultural legacy, natural resources, and wildlife, which open avenues for the development of tourism (Sadruddin, 2011). Tourism has also been classified as one of the tools for poverty eradication by The World Bank (Lejarraga & Peter, 2006; Mitchell & Jojoh, 2006). Pakistan abounds with beauty and it is one of the least expensive countries in the world for tourism; as it has 9th rank in Price Competitiveness; and has 60th rank in Cultural Resources and Business Travel. The attraction ranges from the ruin of civilization to hilly areas and giant mountains; from gorgeous historical places e.g. shrines and castles to attractive lakes and so on (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Pakistan, 2007). ISSN 2309-0081 Makhdoom, Baloch & Kumar (2021) 225 R S www.irss.academyirmbr.com April 2021 S International Review of Social Sciences Vol. 9 Issue.4 I Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation (PTDC) was formed as a public limited company by federal government in 1970. Later, the formation of Ministry of Minority, Religious Affairs and Tourism in Pakistan was an important step when tourism was given a serious consideration at policy making level in 1972, though Tourism Division was again given to the Ministry of Commerce in 1976. The second step was formation of the Ministry of Culture, Sports, Tourism and Archaeology in 1977. The first formal National Tourism Policy was formulated by Government of Pakistan presented in 1990. Whereas a comprehensive Tourism Master Plan for Pakistan was drafted by Tourism Ministry in year 2000, with the collaboration of World Tourism Organization (WTO) and United Nation Development Program (UNDP), because of inattentiveness and leack of consideration at various levels of government the policy and plans could not be executed. A more comprehensive National Tourism Policy was drafted by the Tourism Ministry in 2010. Following the 18th Amendment in the constitution of Pakistan Federal Tourism Ministry was dissolved, consequently the work on development of the National Tourism Policy was postponed and the department of tourism was shifted to the provincial government. Nevertheless, tourism sector has been usually neglected and less emphasized at provincial level. Culture Tourism and Antiquities Department, Sindh is responsible for promoting tourism (Pakistan Tourism Forum, 2017). Sindh province has variety of cultural sites; from the relics of Rannikot Fort, Kot Diji Fort, Umerkot Fort and ancient civilizations of Mohenjodaro to religious places in Sehwan, Sukkur, and Thatta districts; it is categorized by its wide range of cultural heritage and belongingness to the great Indus Valley Civilization of the Third Millennium B.C. There are Eighty-four spots in Sindh which are sheltered under the Department of Archaeology, Government of Pakistan, but these places are still not given proper consideration in terms of development, conservation, and security according to their tourism prospective. There is neither systematic registration of heritage assets and conservation areas nor adequate inventory system. Consequently, there is absence of database on the present antiquities in Sindh (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Pakistan, 2007). Department of Tourism Services (DTS) was built up in 1976 after proclamation of three acts to guarantee the standard and service quality to be given by the tour operators, travel agents and hoteliers. Sindh Tourism Development Corporation (STDC) functions on different ventures and plans in the particular locales. STDC is incapacitated by shortage of funds, assets and lack of professionalism therefore it is not completely successful in playing out the job for which it was established. Furthermore, Federal government has reduced its funding to Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation (PTDC) at that extent that it has now turned out to be troublesome for the administration to pay even the salaries of its employees and bear other costs. It has had an agitated time and its rapport with the government and private sector are no longer fruitful. The oldest established entity is Pakistan Institution of Hotel & Tourism Management (PITHM), yet at the same time its standards are not up to the requisite worldwide standards of tourism industry and hospitality; and all in all it has failed to fulfil its purpose and attain its goals (Pakistan Tourism Forum, 2017). Pakistan was ranked as one of the top 25 percent tourists’ choice because of its World Heritage sites in 2009 by The World Economic Forum’s Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report. As it has the relics of Indus Valley Civilization in shape of 5,000-year-old cities of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, ancient royal places, shrines and availability of mangroves in the South region. Tourism depends upon the cultural heritage and natural capital of a region and Sindh province has abundance of historical monuments and tourist spots. These are assets and if they are properly maintained and used by the human resource of Sindh, they will help in generating ample income, and ultimately poverty can be reduced by such development (Sadruddin, 2011). Tourism development is given trivial consideration in Sindh. There is limited access of people towards the hill stations and historical monuments, hence the improvements in infrastructure, construction of roads, good hotels near the lakes and maintenance of historical relics may attract more visitors towards such places (Express Tribune, 2013). ISSN 2309-0081 Makhdoom, Baloch & Kumar (2021) 226 R S www.irss.academyirmbr.com April 2021 S International Review of Social Sciences Vol. 9 Issue.4 I This study is an attempt to identify the areas that need to be worked on for improvement in tourism industry, that will ultimately bring socio-economic development in Sindh, as Prime Minster of Pakistan Imran Khan declared 2020 as year of tourism but Sindh is lagging far behind, even there is dearth of literature on the topic and most of the work is theoretical. Objectives of the Study To explore the status of tourism in Sindh. To determine the problems of tourism in Sindh. To identify the prospects of socio-economic benefits of tourism in Sindh Literature Review Nations strive to achieve economic development, for which different sectors of economy are utilized and researches are conducted for identifying more opportunities. Tourism has been proposed as a pathway for economic development and well-being by many researchers (Aref, 2011; Mishra & Padhi, 2012; Gadoo & Khan, 2012) Faber and Gaubert (2019) found strong significant effect of tourism on economic activity of a region. It multiplies production, whereas national and international trade increases which bring income to local dwellers. Kuenzi and McNeely (2008) emphasized on nature-based tourism which should bring the rapid growth in tourism of any country. Ashley et al. (2001) opined that for eradication of poverty and conservation of wetland the best strategy could be pro-poor tourism. Bennett et al. (1999) described the significance of tourism as a tool for green tourism (safeguarding minimum environmental damage), it also enhances wellbeing and welfare of underprivileged section of society — as tourism creates job opportunities for such people; furthermore, community-based tourism can help in conservation of resources. Guha and Ghosh (2007) highlighted the importance of tourism as its involvement in living of the residents of Indian Sundarbans. They compared family expenditure of those who took part in tourism activities with those who did not take part in tourism activities. It was found in their study that the families having
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