12854 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-.HOUSE OCTOBER 9 are usually exposed by those who are cr:it~ ditional compensation as , Ambassador Ex­ requested,. a bill of the House of th.e .fol- _ ical. No single group of Americans has a triwrdinary and· Plenipotentiary of the lowing title: monopoly on ideas or p_atrio~ism . United __ St ates of Americ~ to Nepal. H. R. 5215. An act making supplemental Any attempt to r~strain the inherent right DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE of an American to criticize his Government _ appr.opriations for the fiscal year ending must be resisted by all freedom-loving per­ William Amory Underhill, of Florida, to be J.une 30, 1952, and for other purposes. an Assistant Attorney General. sons. The message also announced that the There is evidence that some persons and Senate insists upon its amendments to groups in authority in our Government are REJECTIONS the foregoing bill, requests a conference unable to tolerate criticism. This is mani ~ fested by the smear tactics and propagand~ Executive nominations rejected by the with the House on the disagreeing votes techniques now ·being . used to silence any Senate October 9 (legislative day of of the two Houses thereon, and appoints opposition. October 1> 1 1951: · Mr. MCKELLAR, Mr. HAYDEN; Mr. RUSSELL, There is evidence that no man can criticize DISTRICT· JUDGES Mr. McCARRAN, · Mr. O'MAHONEY,- Mr. our Government today and escape intern._ Joseph Jerome Drucker, to be United Sfates BRIDGES, Mr. FERGUSON, Mr. WHERRY., and perate reprisals. district judge for .the northern district of Mr. CORDON to be the-- conferees on the This is an alarming situation. It canno~ minois. (New position.)' ' . .. .. be ignored. ~a~t of the s~nate. , Cornelius J. Harrington, to be United CONFERENCE REPORTS. OF. CIVIi,. FUNC- We, therefore, the undersigned, Members - States district judge ·for the northern dis­ TIONS APPROPRIATION BlLL (H. R. 4386) of the United . States Senate, pledge to the trict of Illinois. (New position.)' American people that we shall fight to guar­ AND. APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE DE­ antee that, in the difficult days ahead, no PARTMENTS OF STATE, JUSTICE, COM­ man's voice will be silenced. MERCE, AND THE JUDICIARY (H. R.'4740) We shall vigorously resist any atte~pt to conceal facts from the American people. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES · Mr. :THOMAS . . Mr. Speaker, I ask We shall defend, to the utmost, the funda­ unanimous consent that the managers mental right of free, unlimited discussion TUESDAY, OCTOBER 9, 1951 on the part of the House may have until of controversial questions of government. midnight tonight to file conference re­ We shall rally to the defense of any per­ The House met at 12 o'clock noon. ports on the bills

The eagle feeds largely on fish; 79 percent on the islands where foxes are kept, thereby De l e~a te BARTLET-T, of Alaska, appeared tn of its food was fish. Salmon constituted forcing the eagles to nest elsewhere. Even opposition to the bills, questioned witnesses, 23.8 percent, herring 3.5 ·percent, and 51.7 occasional depredations on foxes could be and introduced four lett ers opposing protec­ percent was fish of no economic significance. prevented by penning the fox pups. Penning tion for the eagle. All revealed biological Unlike the osprey, which it enjoys hijacking, would have important advantages for the illit eracy and self-interest. ·Otis H. Speer, the bald eagle is more of a scavenger than fox farmer: it would cut the losses due to who obviously confueed the bald eagle with a predator, and this is particularly true of parasitic diseases, which often break out the golden eagle, asserted in a letter to the its consumption of fish. Dr. Clarence Cot­ among crowded fox populations; and furs Ketchikan Daily News that the bald eagle of tam, Assistant Director of the Fish and Wild­ from penned foxes bring appreciably higher Alaska is a "distinctive kind and different life Service, has stated that the great pre­ prices than furs from foxes which have been breed" from the national emblem. Emery F. ponderance of salmon taken is carrion, for running free on the islands. In appraising Tobin identified himself as editor of the after spawning the adult salmon die and are the testimony of fox farmers against the Ahska Sportsman. But the pooh-bah in the cast upon the stream banks. In his con­ eagle, it is well to remember that in Florida opposition was Harry T. Cowan, owner of sidered opinion, only occasionally is a live where the eagle is protected and encouraged, Cowan's Sports and Clothing Center, presi­ salmon taken. However, salmon is of great there . are instances of eagles nesting in dent of Alaska Sports and Wildlife Club, and economic importance to Alaska, and it is chickenyards with no recor_ds of their taking secretary-treas·1rer of the trappers unit. The particularly noticeable that when the sal­ the chickens under their nests. final opponent identified 'was C. R. Snow, mon enter the shallow waters of the streams Exaggerated notions are still current re­ of Ketchikan. Obviously, these opinions and to spawn they are vulnerable to predation garding the size prey that an eagle can take. judgments are entitled to little weight. It by eagles, bears, and Indians as well as by Tales of eagles carrying off babies are now would be clearly unfair to the majority of white fishermen. However, in the course of universally recognized as pure fantasy. Alaskans to judge them in terms of their his 1941 field investigation, Mr. Imler en­ Equally fanciful are stories of eagles attack­ self-appointed wildlife experts. countered only one instance in which an ing sizable dogs, sheep, goats, and deer. An The support for the bill marshaled emi­ eagle may have been carrying a salmon that eagle will not attack anything it cannot nent biological and conservation authorities. was not carrion. Eagles do take live fish; carry off, and an eagle, weighing only 8 to It was conclusively demonstrated that the many sculpins, flounders, and gadids are 14 pounds, cannot lift more than its own bald eagle does no damage to salmon or to taken alive by Alaskan eagles, but these are weight. ' the fox-farming industries, that it is not sig­ not commercially important fish. The bounty can lead to the virtual ex­ nificant in limiting game populations, that The occasional live salmon that the eagle termination of the eagle along the Alaska bounties accelerate the destruction of the takes cannot possibly affect th.e salmon fish­ coast. The reports of 50 ·to 100 eagles over Alaskan eagles, and that the ellgle should be eries. Indeed, studies on the Alaskan rivers the spawning grounds of salmon, of 45 birds protected both as a symbol of independence have revealed that large spawning runs do in 6 miles in Prince William Sound, or of 12 and freedom, as a tourist attraction, and as not necessarily result in large production of a legitimate part of the Alaska fauna. How young and large returns several years later; birds in 180 yards underscore its vulnerabil­ then did the legislation, having passed in on the contrary, large broods with good sur­ ity. The eagles concentrated by the abund­ the House of Representatives, fail to be re­ vival rates sometimes are produced by rela­ ance of carrion represent the population of ported out of the Senate Committee on In­ tively small runs. Any actual or supposed vast areas. The slaughter along the coasts terstate and Foreign Commerce? reduction of the number of spawners by and streams can not only eliminate the resi­ The answer seems to lie in the inconsistent predation, therefore, has little, if any, effect dent population, which might otherwise be and disturbing position taken officially by on the salmon populations, compared with a real tourist attraction, but can also seri­ the Depar.tment of the Interior in a letter of the effect of conditions that determine the ously deplete the 'interior population. March 29, 1950, to the chairman of the House survival of eggs and young. The rate of sur­ The economics of the bounty system ex­ Committee on Merchant Marine and Fish­ vival is often astonishingly low. On the plains the special interest nature of the e:-ies. William E. Warne, Acting Secretary, Karluk River, the average number of young law. Inasmuch as the eagle is not a harmful stated that the proposed legislation was un­ red salmon returning to the sea is less than predator, the payment of "nearly a hundred necessary as the Department had authority 1 percent of the eggs laid, and 79 percent of thousand dollars for the destruction of under the Alaska Game Law of July 1, 1945, this 1 percent is lost during their ocean 103,459 eagles" is actually a raid on the to adopt protection whenever it is deter­ existence. The average red salmon lays Territorial treasury. This point was made mined that the bald eagle or any other 3,700 eggs; perhaps 37 young fish reach the by Mr. Albert Day, director of the Fish and species of wildlife needs the protection af.. ocean; only 8 return to spawn. At Little Wildlife Service, in a telegram quoted by forded by that law. And there is nothing of Port Walter, the percentage of survival of Governor Gruening in a letter of March 21, record to support his conclusion that al· young to eggs from 1941 to 1950 ranged from 1949, to the speaker of the Alaska house: though various bounty laws relating·to the 0.2 to 6.4 percent, averaging 2.1 percent. "Eagles in Alaska feed chiefly on carrion takirg of bald eagles have been in effect in The modern trend in fishery biology is to and predatism on game animals and fish the Territory for many years, the eff~ct of regard the number of spawning fish, above limited. Bounty on eagles as provided Ter­ these laws on the population of the bird the required minimum, as less important ritorial house bill 77 not justified under appe~rs to have been largely negligi· than the conditions that the hatching eggs present conditions. Such legislation if en­ ble. • • Thus, although this Depart­ and small fry have to surmount before they acted will result in needless destruction of ment is opposed to any bounty law as such, return to the ocean. eagles and wasteful expenditure of Territorial 1t does not appear that there is any necessity Waterfowl constituted 15.5 percent of the funds. It should not be permitted to pass." at the present time to attempt to override food of the 304 eagles, with ducks amount­ The bounty benefits a. special segment of by Federal regulations the Territorial legis· ing to 9.3 percent. The ducks were prin­ the population: The fox farmers, who bait lature. cipally scoters taken along the coast, a duck eagles in with disease-killed fox carcasses; On June 8, 1951, a subcommittee of the so little prized by hunters that they are sel­ the fishermen, whose high-powered rifles House committee on Merchant Marine and dom picked up when shot. Ducks are im­ shoot eagles out of the spruces around their Fisheries held hearings in executive session portant in the eagles' diet principally in the anchorages; the trappers, who throw out on H. R. 1870, a bill to extend protection to winter months. · skinned carcasses of trapped animals to lure the bald eagle in Alaska. Only two wit­ Mammals were only 2.9 percent of the the eagles down; the bounty hunters, who nesses were present--Dr. Clarence Cottam food of the eagles analyzed. Deer remains find easy pickings among the eagles that and Donald J. Chaney of the Fish and Wild· amounted to 1.1 percent of the stomach crowd in to feed on the salmon that die life Eervice--in addition to Delegate BART• contents. But this consisted of carrion, not after spawning. The bounty is paid by the LETT. On this occasion, the Fish and Wild­ deer killed by the birds.. No fox remains were taxpayers who contribute to Alaskan reve­ life Service took a strong position il!_ opposi­ found in the 304 eagle stomachs examined nues, and indirectly and more largely by all tion to the bounty, but it did not advocate and no first-hand evidence of preying on those who might have benefited commer­ absolute protection for the eagle in Alaska, foxes were enct!luntered. Nevertheless, the cially if more Alaskan wildlife survived to and it neither opposed nor supported the fox farmers interviewed were unanimous in attract more tourist interest. pending bill. The chairman of the subcom­ accusing eagles of preying on their stock. An analysis of why the legislation to pro­ mittee reported hundreds of letters in sup­ A letter to the House subcommittee from tect the eagle in Alaska failed is revealing. port of the legislation and one was read into I . E. Williams of Juneau supplies one ex­ The Grant-Angell billa (H. R. 5507 and H. R. the record in opposition. planation of the allegation of eagle preda­ 5629, 81st Cong.) were strongly endorsed by At the hearing the subcommittee seemed tism on foxes. On the coastal island fox spokesmen for the leading wildlife and con­ reluctant to in;ipose protection against the farms, multiplication and crowding lead servation organizations: American Museum opposition of the people of Alaska, perhaps to the outbreak of disease; the dead foxes of Natural _History, National Audubon so­ because the Federal Alaska game law could scattered about the island attract eagles; ciety, Wildlife Management Institute, the be invoked to protect the eagle if the De­ each eagle shot by the farmer allows him to Emergency Conservation Committee, Na­ partment of the Interior were convinced that salvage a $2 .bounty for his dead fox. tional Forest Association, and the Wilderness such a step was essential. There seemed a Society. Some 30 let ·~ers supporting the leg· disposition to compromise with nothing The fox farmers have adequate means for islation were received by the subcommittee ~ore than a warning to the Alaska Legisla­ safeguarding their animals without shooting from individuals and organizations, includ­ ture that a failure to remove the bounty eagles. Some measure of protection could ing the Isaac Walton League of America and might lead to favorable action on the bill. be had by cutt.ing down the_ large nest trees various State and local Audubon societies. But as the Alaska Legislature does not meet 12858 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE OCTOBER 9 until 1953, the eagle would be exposed to at erally enacted game law. Wildlife, especially passed unanimously in committee. least two more years of intense persecution. birds, are the exclusive property of no one Wll,en this bill was reported out of com­ region. The Migratory Bird Treaties have All interested in the protection of en­ mi~ee it was reported out without hear­ dangered species are concerned to under­ aligned sovereign nations in conventions to stand the position of the Department of the protect migrating birds. The Migratory Bird ings with a bare majority present-13 Interior: It is apparently compounded of Treaty Act extends Federal protection in this members. diverse elements. The bounty is opposed; country regardless of what action the States I would like to have the opportunity to it is without justification. The eagle is con­ may take. Similarly, there was no question offer a substitute to repeal the Taft­ sidered to be fairly common in Alaska; it is of separate State's rights when the 1940 Bald Hartley Act, and other Members of this not in immediate danger of being wiped Eagle Act was passed. It was difficult to un­ body, I am sure, would like to have the out. Public opinion in Alaska is reported to derstand the logic of the Alaskan exemption opportunity to offer amendments to this be strongly adverse to granting protection in 1940; it is more difficult to understand it particular bill. to the eagle; enforcement would present se­ since t he restoration of the bounty on eagles rious difficulties for the available staff. in 1949. By adopting a rule of this kind we are While respecting the good will and compe­ Charles L. Broley, who is as intimately ac­ setting up a procedure where it will be tence of the Department and its Fish and quainted with bald eagles as anyone who has more difficult to repeal the Taft-Hartley Wildlife Service, many conservationists and studied them, has suggested that the eagle Act. There are vicious provisions in that most Audubon members are compelled to should be brought under the protection of law, numerous pr:ovisions that are very question both the facts and the conclusions the Migratory Bird Treaty 1'.. ct. As a retired oppressive to labor. In fact, the law in cited as reasons for not supporting protec­ Canadian banker wintering in Florida, he its present form is unworkable and the tion for the Alaskan eagle. The considera­ has during the past 12 years climbed to nests tions in support of protection warrant imme­ more than 800 times and banded some l,200 Members of this body should not be de­ diate enactment of a Federal protective birds. Recoveries of his banded birds have nied the opportunity of offering amend­ statute: shown that Florida eagles after nesting early ments and making corrections they 1. There is virtually universal agreement disperse to the north during the summer, · think proper. The way ·we are proceed~ that the bounty is unjustified. The Depart­ even reaching into Canarl.a. He is convinced ing here today, if this rule is adopted, in ment is opposed to any bounty law as such. that the eagles along the Alaska coast move my opinion, will severely cripple our ~r. Day, Director of the Fish and Wildlife south along the British Columbia coast dur­ chances of repealing the Taft-Hartley Service, has stated to Governor Gruening ing the winter and he asserts that Canada has a legitimate interest in the eagles being law in the future. that the bounty would result in needless I realize I am speaking out here today destruction of eagles and wasteful expendi­ shot in Alaska. ture of Territorial funds. Dr. Clarence Cot­ The present Congress should consider and as a lonely voice in the wilderness. I tam's testimony on the food habits of the enact a law amending the Act for the Pro­ know that the machinery is well greased eagle demonstrated that there is no eco­ tection of the Bald Eagle of June 8, 1940, and that the rule will be adopted, but nomic basis for the persecution of the eagle. extending mandatory protection to Alaska. here is w..hat we are doing: We are get­ Dr. Ira N. Gabrielson, the respected former The measure should not be tabled with a ting ourselves in a position where.we are Director of the Fish and Wildlife Service and warning to the Alaska legislature that the going to a gentleman in the other body, president of the Wildlife Management In­ bounty should be repealed. The act should the author of the. Taft-Hartley law, and stitute, gave unqualified support to Federal be passed even if the bounty law is rescinded. legislation protecting the eagle, and cited Public hearings on. the measure should be to his· friends, calling ·upon them for re­ the bounty-which gives bounty hunters an held. And all conservation and wildlife or­ lief, when we find situations that are op­ excuse to be in the field at all times of the ganizations should assume responsibility for pressive in this act, and there are 50 or year with a gun thus increasing the illegal securing a full record with a proper interpre­ -more oppressive ·and unworkable sections kill of other gamt species and leading to vio­ tation and evaluation of the technical evi­ in the Taft-Hartley law. lations of other conservation regulations­ dence. The protection of the bald eagle in Mr. Speaker, I am against this pro­ as an added reason for mandatory protection. Alaska is long overdue. cedure. I feel that legislation of this The enactment of the Federal law would not Mr. ELLSWORTH. Mr. Speaker, I type should not come to ·the floor of the effect a repeal of the Alaska bounty law, but yield myself such time as I may require. House under a closed rule. collection of a bounty woUld be evidence of Mr. Speaker, I concur in the state­ having killed an eagle. A few convictions Mr. SABATH. Mr. Speaker, I move · with $500 fines ·would soon make the $2 ments made by the chairman of the th!:? previous. quc.stion . . bounty seem poor business. Committee on Rules, the gentleman from The previous question was ordered. 2. There was no competent evidence pre­ Illinois [Mr. SABATH] concerning the Th J SPEAKER. The question is on sented at the hearings that the eagle could pending rule. The rule makes in order the resolution. survive in the coastal area under the acceler­ consideration of the bill, which I be­ The resolution was agreed to. ated bounty slaughter of recent years. All lieve has had nearly the unanimous ap­ Mr. BARDEN. Mr. Speaker, I move the competent authority that spoke to the proval of the Committee on Education that the House resolve itself into the issue took the position that Federal regula~ and Labor. The purposes·of the bill are tion is needed. No comparative studies have Committee of the Whole House on the been presented to justify the statement by two. First, tO resolve certain problems State of the Union for the consideration Mr. Warne, Acting Secretary of the Interior, arising from Supreme ·Court decisions, of the bill (S. 1959) to amend the Na- that "the effect • • • on the population and, second, to dispense with the require­ 1lional Labor Relations Act, as amended, of the bird appears to have been largely neg­ ment in the existing law that an election and for other purposes. ligible." A contrary conclusion finds more be held before a labor organization or The SPEAKER.· The question is on support. an employer can make a union-shop the motion of the gentleman from North 3. Alaskan opposition to protection for the agreement. I am informed there is vir­ Carolina [Mr. BARDEN]. eagle has been exaggerated and accorded far tually no objection on the part of either The motion was agreed to. too much weight. At the time of the June 8 hearing, only one Alaskan had written in labor or management to the bill. There Accordingly, the House resolved itself opposition to the present bill; only four certainly should be no objection to the into the Committee of the Whole House wrote in opposition to the earlier bill. Sure­ rllle, which makes in order the consid­ on the State of the Union for the consid­ ly there is no justification for shaping public eration of the bill which has already eration of the bill S. 1959, with Mr. EVINS policy to the selfish interests of those who been passed by the other body. in th9 chair. sell guns and ammunition or of the bounty Mr. Speaker, I have no further re­ The Clerk read the title of the ·bill. hunters. Equally there is no warrant for quests for tim~ on my side, and reserve By unanimous consent, 'the first read­ deferring to those who erroneously think that the balance of my time. the eagle is a menace to fox farming, salmon ing of the bill was dispensed with: fisheries, and wildlife generally; deference to Mr. SABATH. Mr. Speaker, I yield 3 Mr. BARDEN. Mr. Chairman, I yield their mistaken beliefs only confirms them minutes to the gentleman from Ken­ myself 2 minutes. 1n their errors. Indeed, enactment of the tucky [Mr. PERKINS]. Ml Chairman, I take this opportunity bill could be the beginning of a more ade­ Mr. PERKINS. Mr. Speaker, I rise in to correct the RECORD to some extent. quate public understanding of the rightful opposition to the rule. There is no rea­ The gentleman from Kentucky just re­ place of the eagle among Alaskan wildlife. son why any legislation of- this t.ype marked about the committee meetings. It need not be feared that with "absolute pro­ should be brought on this floor under a I want to assure the House that every tection" the eagle would multiply to the point of becoming a menace to fisheries and closed rule. We are coming in here with Member· of the committee knew exactly wildlife. an amendment to the Taft-Hartley Act, what was coming up, and every member 4. The "State's right" argument against the S. 1959, introduced by Senator TAFT in of the committee had ample time to dis­ protection of wildlife is out of step with the the other body, and requesting the House cuss the bill. When the committee as­ times, as well as being misplaced in its appli­ to go along with the closed rule. It has sembled it was not a unanimous VQte, as cation to a Territory oper!l'ting under a fed- been stated here today that S. 1959 the gentleman from Illinois indicated 1951 c·oNGRESSIONAL RECORD-· HOUSE 12859·

awhile ago. I ·did not make the state­ to the administrative trouble and ex­ amendment to th.e Taf~-Hartley Act, as ment; he did. There were two votes oi p~nse o{ h_olding the elections when they: some of you are aware, but these happen "present," one of which since has are usually one-sid.ed anyhow? For that to be two amendments that have not changed to a vote of "aye" and there reason I am quite in accord with the stirred up any opposition as to their were two votes recorded against it. provision eliminating the necessity for merits. ·I only make this statement, Mr. Chair­ a union-shop election prior to the nego­ One relates to the closed shop. The man, to assure the House that we are not tiation of a union-shop contract. · experience of the Labor Relations Board having any squabbles or fights in the In substance this covers what the bill and labor organizations and manage­ committee, and there is no question does. I know that there is some oppo­ ment is that under the pre.sent arrange­ about getting 13 members there to do ai sition to it by ce_rtain groups and I ment the compulsory election for closed particular job. I never ask. why a· per­ imagine· they will speak for themselves shop was not workable and did not prove son is absent from the committee, but or those in Congress who represent their to be of any benefit to either side, but, the committee functions and every mem­ viewpoint will probably disclose that as a matter of fact, was more or less of ber of the committee, including the gen­ fact to you later. But it seems to me a nuisance. They are safeguarded in tleman from Kentucky, does a good job. that an argument to the effect that un­ that when 30 percent of them want an We work together. less we repeal the entire Taft-Hartley election they can call it; but at the pres­ Mr. Chairman, I yield 5 minutes to the Act no changes should be made, even ent time it is compulsory to hold the gentleman from Minnesota [Mr. WIER], when in line with what labor organiza­ election. Mr. McCONNELL. Mr. Chairman, .I tions wish, is somewhat fallacious. We The other item was by far the most yield myself such time as I may use. heard that same argument whe·n 'JVe important and certainly a rather ex­ Mr. Chairman, I rise in support of brought forth the Wood bill. At that pensive proposition. A considerable Senate bill 1959. As ·amended and time we agreed to 20 changes in the Taft­ period of time elapsed between the pas­ passed by- the other body, the bill is Hartley law, all in line with the wishes sage of the Taft-Hartley Act and the a simple one. It validates certain labor of the various leaders of labor organiza­ time when the two major labor organi­ contracts signed between employers and tions in this country. This is one of zations, the A. F. of L. and the CIO, the A. F. of L. and CIO unions dur­ the amendments we agreed to at that. signed the non-Communist affidavits. ing the periqd after the· passage of the time, namely, doing away with the Many contracts were made by these or­ Taft-Hartley law, when there· was so union-shop-election requirement. It is ganizations with -management. The much controversy about·. the signing of quite aside from the point and not a contracts were and are agreeable. The the non-Communist affidavits by the sound argument, in my opinion, to say work is going on. There is no question top officers of those two major org.ani-· that because we are not repealing the of trouble about the contracts. Then, zations, and the date when ·they ac-: Taft-Hartley Act we should vote for no the Highland Park Co. case went to the· tually complied with the requirement. changes, even though they might be in Supreme Court, and the Supreme Court As you will recall, there· was a time fol­ line with what labor organizations wish. decided that any of those contracts lowing the passage of the Taft-Hartley Mr. VELDE. Mr. Chairman, will the· signed prior to the signing of the non- · law when the NLRB held the opinon that gentleman yield? Comqmnist affidavit, as required in the only local unions involved in contracts Mr. McCONNELL. I yield to· the Taft-Hartley Act, were not good, and · with employers would have to ·sign the gentleman from minois. it would be necessary to hold other elec­ non-Communist affidavit; and the~ so Mr. VELDE. At the time this came'. tions. According to the report from the held. Later, to be exact, in May of 1951, before the committee the gentleman will National Labor Relations Board, that . this ·year, the Supreme Court held in the · notice that I voted present because I was w9uld cause some 4,700 election[ to be · Highland Park Manufacturing Co. case. not quite familiar with the contents of held unless · this corrective legislation' that the top officers Qf the national and· the bill and how it would affect enforce­ is pas5ed. About 4,700 on that particu­ international unions, the A. F. of L. and ment of the Taft-Hartley Act. I was lar propositionr It is estimated that the the CIO would also have to be in compli­ afraid at that time this bill would be a actual bedrock cost of holding these ance with the Taft-Hartley law by sign­ means of getting around the r·equire-· elections would be somewhere close to a · ing the non-Communist affidavit in order ment that union officials file non-Com- · million dollars. that contracts be valid when the facili­ muriist a:flidavits. However, I now con­ The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman ties of the NLRB were· used. That deci­ cur in. the statements made by the dis­ from North Carolina [Mr. BARDEN] has sion cast a grave doubt over the validity tinguished chairman of the Committee consumed 5 illinutes. . of representation certificates and union­ on Labor and those made by the ranking Mr. BARD~N. Mr. Chairman, I yield . shop authorization certificates issued by minority member of that committe·e re­ myself five additional minutes. the Board prior to the date when the CIO· garding this bill and I shall support it In addition to that cost there would and AFL officers complied with provi­ wholeheartedly. be necessary legal expenses, and so forth, sions of 9 - of tlie Taft- Mr. McCONNELL. I thank the. to the extent that they can see an ex­ Hartley law. · · gentleman. pense of probably in excess of a million The dissenting opinion in a recent de­ Mr. BARDEN. Mr. Chairman, I yield dollars in holding elections that the · cision of the NLRa· on July 11, 19.Ql, myself 5 minutes. · unions.can see no need to hold, and man­ stated that the remedy lies with Con­ Mr. . Chairman, I appreciate the re­ agement can see no need to hold, and gress, and not with the Board. He ex­ marks of my friend, the ge~tleman from no good to come from them. On the pressed the opinion that only by a~tion Illinois. I want to report that our com­ other hand, it very likely would encour­ of Congress could the ~ontracting parties mittee is getting along fine. I have age one union through its enthusiasm rely upon union-security agreements, never seen a group of men cooperate any probably to invade another, and the after the May 1951 Supreme Court dec_i­ more nicely, or work together any bet­ other doing likewise with them, with the sion. I am in accord with that view­ ter. . So far, -I think only about one bill employer caught in· between the two point and it is for that reason that I has come. out with a split vote. I hope rocks, certainly that would not be very support the pending bill. the dove of peace continues to hover good for either party or the public. So Not only does this bill validate certain over our committee. this piece of legislation comes to you contracts involving union-shop elections Mr. Chairman, this bill (S. 1959) came with a justification from both sides; but it also does what many of us tried to us from the Senate. It passed the and, so far as I have been able to learn, to do under the Wood bill, .that is, do_ Senate by unanimous consent. The it comes without any question as to its away with the requirement or necessity Committee on Education and Labor, af­ merit or as to the necessity and wisdom of a. union-shop election prior to the ter Qonsiderable study by the members, · of passing it. time when the labor repr·esentatives and including ·the chairman, approved the I hope the House will adopt the bill. employers could sign union-_shop agree­ bill and reported it to the House. I do not believe there will be any lengthy ments. As you probably realize those· There are only two things covered by debate, but if there are any questions union-shop elections have been won this bill. Both of them are titne saving concerning the legislation I am sure overwhelmingly· by the unions and the and .money saving. Neither of them is either the gentleman from Pennsylvania. general reaction or feeling is, why put. opposed on _the gro-und that it is not [Mr. McCONNELL] or myself will attempt the Government and.the various boards wise. There is som~ opposition to any to answer. · 12860 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE OCTOBER 9 Mr. MORANO. Mr. Chairman, y.riU contract. That was later cleared up by man. No hearings have been held in the gentleman yield? a decision of the National Labor Rela­ either body as to whether this is a unan­ Mr. BARDEN. I yield ... tions Board that spread it to the next imous decision of labor or whether there Mr. MORANO. I have had some cor­ echelon of labor. Later they then in­ is opposition to it. I want·to say to you respondence with regard to another bill, terpreted the law to mean that all of that, ,speaking at the Minnesota State s. 1973. Can the gentleman tell me the international representatives of that Federation of Labor convention in Du-­ what that bill provides and if it is going local union likewise had to subscribe to luth last Monday, I found in my remarks to be- reported by your committee? that oath. that the great majority of the delegation Mr. BARDEN. I am not familiar with Again later the question arose, because at that convention are opposed to this the bill by number. If the gentleman of the position of John L. Lewis, as to action. I have no quarrel, and I am not from Pennsylvania [Mr.· McCONNELL] whether the ·top echelon with which a going to quarrel, with these unions who :knows about it I would be pleased to have labor -organization might be affiliated · find themselves in trouble at this time. him answer. also had to subscribe to the anti-Com­ I sympathize with those unions that find Mr. McCONNELL. That bill is still munist affidavit. Again a decision was · themselves in this predicament, but over in the Senate committee; it has not made later that that was a necessity; again I say that is all the result of been reported out of the Senate com­ that any affiliation up and down the line mistakes and errors of judgment, and the mittee yet. No companion bill has been of an official of that affiliated local union haste with which the Taft-Hartley Act introduced in the House. That changes was also a party to this anti-Communist was originally passed. - the 30-day requirement for joining a affidavit. That brought on this lawsuit. I have the bill here which was passed union under the union shop and also does I think most of you are a war~ of the fact by the other body. One of the authors away with the union-security-election th::tt John L. Lewis has not signed that of this bill in the other body has readily requirement. oath to this day. It is also true that agreed to and subscribes to amendments Mr. MORANO. I thank the gentle­ Mr. Murray, the president of the CIO, to the number of 32, which he is willing man. was reluctant and -hesitant about sign­ to support. So, I will accept that as the Mr. WIER. Mr. Chairman, in spite ing it because of_his dislike for it, and number of grave errors that he con­ of some of the statements that have beeri he withheld his signature for some time. fesses to in the Taft-Hartely Act. Some made here this morning, particularly It is also true that in the American of you can say · ~wen, listen WEIR, what the statement of the chairman_of the Federation of Labor there were .some is wrong with the Taft-Hartley Act?" Commitee on Rules who presented the _ international unions that did feel they I have been listening to that for 2 years. resolution for the Rules Commitee, that were bound by this particular oath, and What is wrong with it? I will tell you­ all of labor was supporting and behind they also withheld subscribing to this wl)at is wrong with it. It is another this bill, I say to you that that is not particular oath. That meant when this piec~ of legislation whieh was passed in true. I for one as a 'member of the Court decision was made with' that inter­ a state of hysteria by the Congress be­ American Feder-ation of Labor over a pretation a number of international cause at that time I am fully cognizant long period of time am taking the floor unions, having local unions as well .as of the fact that we had some rather dis­ now to oppose this amendment to the their own international, found them­ turbing labor disputes. It was concocted National Labor Relations Act. selves with a very perplexing problem on by the opposition of labor, the national The way in which this' legislation is the basis of that Supreme Court decision. manufacturers and the open shop pro­ before us today is unusual. It is here Where -they had not signed the Com­ ponents in this Nation, who brought it because of many, many mistakes and munist am.davits in accordance with the in. That was testified to, and subscribed errors that were made in the original law, all contracts under that interna­ to, by some of the lobbyists that we had passage of the Taft-Hartley Act. We tional union and its affiliates became null before the Committee-on Education and are here today considering two amend­ and void. The result of that was the Labor of the House. · We know who the ments to that infamous piece of legis- bringing into being this piece of legisla­ _authors of the bill are. We know who-got lation. · tion. It so happens that a few of these paid to draw it and prepare it and pre­ In the closing days of the Eighty-first international representatives and some sent it. Congress one of the authors of this piece few members of affiliated locals, finding Now, when you ask me what is wrong of legislation by admission and by intro­ themselves perhaps up against a raiding with this bill, it just so happens that duction of amendments in tne other body fight, where the contract became void~ perhaps the argument of today will not found that there was necessity for about both unions could start a campaign to flt the argument tomorrow if the Taft­ 30 changes in the language and in the win the representation in that plant. Hartley Act is to remain on the statute various sections of the Taft-Hartley Act. So they appealed to a Member of the books. It so happens that I am a mem­ That bill came to the House committee other b.ody, who was joined by another ber of the labor committee that visited too late to be processed. As has been Member of that body, in the introduc­ south of the Mason and Dixon's line. said here today, a majority in the House tion of this legislation to overcome this One of our jobs was a number of labor in the closing days of the Eighty-first difiiculty. . disputes down South. We had extensive Congress also agreed that in the experi­ There were no hearings held, I might hearings. ence that had been had tinder the pro­ say, in the other body, either. No hear­ The CHAffiMAN. The time of the viSions of the Taft-Hartley Act in the ings were held in either body on this gentleman from Minnesota [Mr. WEIR] short period of less· than a year they legislation. So we do not get a -test of has again expired. had found grounds, need, and necessity the proponents and the oppommts here. Mr. WEIR. Mr. Chairman, I ask for at least supporting and endorsing 22 This bill passed under the most extraor­ unanimous consent to proceed for five changes here on the House floor in this dinary and most unusual circumstances additional minutes. piece of legislation. in the other body, primarily perhaps pe­ Mr. BARDEN. Mr. Chairman, the This bill comes here today in a very cause of the two authors. It passed ,by chairman does not intend to use much unusual proceeding. It so happens, as unanimous consent. There were no time, but there are others who would has been said by the committee minority hearings on this legislation. i am sure like some time. I yield the gentleman and majority leaders, that as the result as a member of the Committee on Edu­ one additional minute. of confusion in the original passage of cation and Labor of the House that there Mr. WIER. I will close by saying this: the law there was a feeling predominant have been no hearings on this. We are that I stand here today, as I will stand around the country, subscribed to by just following the same policy. It is here from now on, opposing. this kind of some of the officers of the National Labor true, as the_chairman of the committee - legislation. - Relations Board, that the language of says, that a meeting was called. I was Mr. BREHM. Mr. Chairman, will the the Taft-Hartley ·Act insofar as it ap­ notified; however, I had some important gentleman yield? plied to the officials of labor unions hav­ business to try to get some money for Mr. WIER. I yield to the gentleman ihg to take the oath of anticommunism my dear, beloved State of Minnesota out from Ohio .. was limited or confined in general to the of this $80,000,000,000 that the Govern­ Mr. BREHM. The gentleman will re­ officers of the local union involved in the ment is spending. So I was at the Pen­ call that a joint nonpartisan committee particular controversy or the particular tagon, which was known to the chair- of the House and Senate Labor Com- 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 12861 mittees was appointed to study and ·ob­ the Rules Committee, who f argot that he As to the action of the committee, we serve the workings of the Taft-Hartley promised me some time to speak against had 3 proxies, which made 16; otherwise Act. the rule, and makes the statement that the gentleman's statement is correct; Mr. WIER. Yes. all groups of labor are in favor of this but I am sure he will strike out those Mr. BREHM. And then they were to legislation, is not stating the fact. That words indicating some connivance when come back with recommendations as to is ·a misstatement of facts, and it is not he corrects his remarks because every .changes which were anticipated would true. I represent a district that has member of the committee was well improve the act. ,Does the gentleman various kinds of labor groups in it. The informed. know if this present proposed legislation major labor groups in my district are the Mr. McCONNELL. Mr. Chairman, I is one of those changes recommended by United Mine Workers, and they are op­ yield such time as he may desire to the that joint committee? posed to the bill. To say that the Amer­ gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. FuL­ Mr. WIER. No. I disagree with the ican Federation of Labor is for this legis- TONJ. gentleman. . lation, only 2 weeks ago in their San . Mr. FULTON. Mr. Chairman, I want Mr. BREHM. Well the gentleman will Francisco convention, they went on to place myself on record in opposition recall that such a committee was ap­ record demanding outright repeal of th~ to the closed rule. I do not believe this pointed? Taft-Hartley Act. is the type of legislation that lends itself Mr. WIER. I must disagree. with you. The gentleman knows that the CIO to fair consideration under that kind of There has been no such committee ap­ favors repeal of the Taft-Hartley law; rule. The Congress should not adopt pointed from the Labor and Education only some groups within the two organ­ the principle of closed rules for labor­ Committee of the House. izations are back of this legislation. management legislation. Where human Mr. BREHM. I beg your pardon. You Mr. LANHAM. Mr. Chairman, will rights are involved, we in Congress must have misunderstood me. There the gentleman yield? should be careful to debate the questions was .a joint committee of 14 members, Mr. BAILEY. I yield. fully and without arbitrary procedures seven each from both the Senate and Mr. LANHAM. Is that the only rea­ in order to legislate wisely and justly. House Labor Committees who were to son they object to this legislation? Be­ I do not believe this legislation goes make recommendations. This commit­ cause they do not want to improve the far enough, but as the few steps in this tee was set up in accordance with sec­ act but want to repeal it? bill are steps, even though short, toward tion 401 of Public Law 101-Eightieth Mr. BAILEY. If the gentleman wants more fair labor-management legislation, Congress-and they recommended some my answer, I am opposed to putting a I will support the bill and vote f.or it. 20 or more changes designed to improve new patch on a garment that was made I urge the Education and Labor Com­ the act. Their report is No. 986, second out of rotten cloth in the first place; that mittee to give prior consideration to re­ session of the Eightieth Congress. My is my answer. lieving the inequities in the present question was whether or . not this bill Mr. LANHAM. I voted against the Taft-Hartley law. Labor and manage­ is in keeping with one of their recom- Taft-Hartley Act myself because I ment are doing a fine job in cooperating mendations. I rather think it is. ' thought it was too oppressive and too for the national defense, and we in Con­ Mr. WIER. I hope the House will de­ strong at the time; but it seems to me gress should see that this voluntary co­ f eat this bill. I intend to vote against that if we can improve it we ought to do operation is encouraged. it, and I am going to ask for a roll call. so. I think there is very little chance of Mr. McCONNELL. Mr. Chairman, I The CHAffiMAN. The time of the ever repealing it-as a matter of fact I do yield 3 minutes to the gentleman from gentleman from Minnesota has again ex­ not favor its repeal but its perfection Michigan [Mr. HOFFMAN]. pired. and interested to know if that is the Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. Mr. McCONNELL. Mr. Chairman, I only objection the labor unions have to Chairman, having the utmost confidence have no further requests for time on this this legislation. I cannot agree with in the members of the committee which side. the distinguished gentleman from West reported the bill, this is a rather embar­ Mr. BARDEN. Mr. Chairman, I yield Virginia that it-the Taft-Hartley law­ rassing situation for me. I just do not 3 minutes to the gentleman from West is made out of rotten cloth. It is not understand what section 18 means, that Virginia [Mr. BAILEY]. .a perfect labor relations· act, neither is is as to whether ·this amendment goes . Mr. BAILEY. Mr. Chairman, I have it the slave labor law it has been called . far enough to permit collective bargain­ asked.for this three minutes for the pur­ By amendments like this it can be made ing if the union's omcers still refuse to pose of telling some gentlemen on the a good law. sign the anti-Communist amdavit re­ Committee on Education and Labor what Mr. BAILEY. May I say to the com­ quired by the Taft-Hartley Act as a I think of the high-handed tactics back mittee that at this time what we need condition to collective bargaining. May of this legislation. This is legislative most . in America is unity, and that I ask whether that is still necessary, or process at the worst. means unity among labor as well as other does the amendment just wipe out the First of all, there was no occasion for segments of our society. This legisla­ old requirement? the request for a closed rule on this legis­ tion approaches the same situation that Mr. McCONNELL. This validates lation. Whenever you have a closed you had when you considered the origi­ certain contracts signed by the CIO and rule there is always some objective back nal Taft-Hartley law . . The objective of the A. F. of L. after the signing of the of it. That is, of course, to deprive the legislation is to destroy the labor Taft-Hartley bill and before the top Members of the House of an opportunity movement by creating dissension among officers signed the non-Communist affi­ to off er amendments to improve the the various labor groups of the country. davit they were required to sign. They legislation or to consider other amend­ I am opposed to it and I would oppose are now in compliance with the act and ments. I do not like the collusion be­ . the rule had I been on the floor. I am any contract made now would be valid. tween the membership of our commit­ sure the chairman of my committee tee which resulted in reporting out this knows that no later than this morning Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. They resolution. There has been some talk at the time our own committee met I will be required to sign the amdavit in by different members of the committee asked him for time to speak against the the future before new contracts are about what happened in the committee. rule. I thought I had made arrange­ made? There were just 13 of the 25 members of ments with the chairman of the com­ Mr. McCONNELL. They will be re­ the committee present. The chairman mittee, but apparently I had not. quired to sign the non-Communist am­ claimed that two of them voted present I shall offer a motion to recommit this davit; that is true. and two of them voted "No." That means legislation at the proper time. Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Then that this legislation was reported out Mr. BARDEN. Mr. Chairman, I yield as I understand the other section of the by nine members of the Committee on myself 1 minute. bill it is that union otncials may without Education and Labor, if the gentleman's Mr. Chairman, I am sure my friend an election, without the approval of the statement is correct, and I have no ay an initiation fee and pay so tbey put it in the Taft-Hartley Act never anticipated prior to the Supreme along with a lot of other mistaken ideas. so much every Sunday. I do riot think Court decision of this .year. The elec .. that is right. They made it illegal for any employer to tions thus far held before that deci­ grant a union shop .unless and until the em­ Ever since the Lord drove Adam and sion have already been admittedly hori­ ployees voted for it. Eve out of the garden the average woman est and conducted in accordance with . They were cute about it, too. Every other and man had to work, at least a little if tbe rule;.; of the Board. For these rea­ election requires a majority of those voting he would eat. This administration has sons I believe this amendment is not to carry the question. For the union shop made it difficult to meet the taxes im.:. only sound but makes good sense and they made the requirement a majority of posed by existing tax agencies and to now all those eligible to vote. That meant that add to those existing and exacting agen­ is in accordance with the best interests a man who was sick and could not vote on . of labor, the public, and the National election day was automatically counted as cies another which can impose a tax, Labor Relations Board. voting "No." compel its payment, before a man is per­ Mr. RHODES. Mr. Chairman, this When they started holding these elections, mitted to work on even a defense job bill corrects only one of the many evils the politicians discovered that men and while his son is drafted to fight abroad women who work for a living know that they is unjust. Much as I would like to curry in the oppressive Taft-Hartley Act. It is get a better break in an all-union shop. favor with the labor bosses I cannot take like throwing out crumbs to pacify the The elections were almost unanimous. this one. I might add that Republican victims of a grave injustice. There are Not oniy did the elections fail to weaken politicians. if any there be, who seek that many things wrong with this act which· unions, actually , they turned out to be a · vote will not get it, Truman and ·his ·slick one of its authors admitted when he pro­ bargaining tool to help convince the com:­ posed some 30 different changes in the paµy that its employees really preferred an advisers have whatever of it that can be law. · all-union shop with everyone in the union. delivered, already "in the bag." Over the 4 years since Taft-Hartley was Mr. SPRINGER. Mr. Chairman, S. The fact this bill comes to the floor un­ passed, 5,336,971 Americans went to the polls 1959, an act to amend the National La­ der a closed rule and forbids debate and in Government-supervised union-shop elec­ bor Relations Act which was passed in amendments to correct other features in tions. Here are the election results: the other body on October 1, 1951, should this discriminatory law is in itself · evi-. For the union shop ______: __ 4, 886, 141 receive the approval of this body. Here dence of the injustice of this legisla­ 'Against the union shop______450, 830 is an instance where an amendment to tion. The real impact of this punitive legis­ These votes were cast in 44,587 different the act is constructively in. the interests plants and shops in every State and in every of the public, labor, and the Federal lation is felt by working men and women county in the United States, and in almost Government. i:1 Southern States, where wages are the every industry. Ninety-seven percent of This amendment has my support for lowest and working conditions are the these elections went overwhelmingly in favor these reasons: poorest. It becomes difficult and almost of th~ union shop. · First. In May of this year the Supreme impossible for factory and mill workers THREE MILLION .DOLLAR MISTAKE Court held that the CIO and the A. F. of to organize a union without fear of eco­ Now the antilabor forces in Congress are L. are national or international labor or­ nomic reprisal to themselves and mem­ willing to concede. They are going to ganizations within the meaning of-sub- bers of their· families. · amend 'the· Taft-Hartley Act to withdraw 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 12863 the requirement that elections must be held The. bill was ordered to be engrossed Mr. BAILEY. Mr. Speaker I object to before an employer can grant the. union shop. and read a third time, and was read the A few months ago Congress also amended the vote on the ground that a quorum the Railway Labor Act to perµiit unions to third time. is not present and I make the point of negotiate union-shop agreements. Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. Mr. order that a quorum is not present. We can say now without fear of contradic­ Speaker, I offer a motion to recommit. The SPEAKER. Evidently a quorum tion that the all-union shop is an Ameri­ The SPEAKER. Is the gentleman op­ is not present. can institution, established by 5,000,000 votes posed to the bill? . The Doorkeeper will close the doors, as a permanent rule of collective bargaining Mr. HOFFMAN of Michigan. I am, the Sergeant at Arms will notify absent in the United States. Mr. Speaker. The 5,000,000 Americans who voted in these Members, and the Clerk will call the roll. Taft-Hartley elections not only showed that Mr. BAILEY. Mr. Speaker, a parlia­ The question was taken; and there the all-union shop if a popular and necessary mentary inquiry were-yeas 22, nays 306, not voting 100, part of labor relations, they also proved how The SPEAKER. · The gentleman will as follows: far wrong Taft and company were when they state it. [Roll No. 194] voted in the Taft-Hartley Act. Mr. BAILEY. Mr. Speaker, as a mem­ YEAS-22 The union-shop election was only one of b.er of the Committee on Education and the minor mistakes in the act. Yet this Bailey Hull Staggers Labor, do I not have the privilege of Bishop Kee Tackett mistake alone has cost Uncle Sam almost recognition? Brehm Kelley, Pa. Trimble $3,000,000, spent to conduct these elections, Flood O'Neill Walter to prove that any union member knew all Mr. HALLECK. Mr. Speaker, a par­ Golden Perkins Wier along, that it's always better to work in a liamentary inquiry. Hays, ehio Ramsay Wilson, Tex. union shop. The SPEAKER. · The gentleman will Hedrick Robeson state it. Ho1fman, Mich. Sittler Mr. RABAUT. Mr. Chairman. I am go­ Mr. HALLECK. May I inquire if it is NAYS-306 ing to oppose the motion to recommit. not the practice and the rules of the Aandahl Curtis, Nebr. Jenkins On August 23, I introduced in the House House of Representatives that the right Abbitt Davis, Ga. Jensen H. R. 5291, the provisions of which are to offer a motion to recommit goes first Abernethy Davis, Tenn. Johnson identical to those of 1959, the measure Adair Davis, Wis. · Jones, Ala. s. to someone on the minority side? Addonizio DeGra1fenried · Jones, Mo. now before us. In addition to rectifying The SPEAKER. In response to the Albert Denny Jones, a condition which has grown out of con­ Allen, Calll. Devereux Hamilton O. flicting Supreme Court and National gentleman from Indiana, that is cor­ Allen, Ill. D'Ewart Jones, rect, if he is a member of the commit­ Andersen, Dingell. Woodrow W. Labor Relations Board decisions, a step tee, reporting the bill. The Chair quotes H. Carl Dolliver Judd which has the endorsement of labor and Anderson, Calif.Dondero Karsten, Mo. from page 301 of Cannon's Procedure in Andresen, Donohue Kean management alike, the bill also amends the House of Representatives as follows: the Taft-Hartley Act with respect t.o one August H. Donovan Kearns A member of the committee reporting the Andrews Doughton Keating of the provisions which have proved un­ Angell Doyle Kerr wise ever since that legislation was put measure and opposed to it is entitled to rec­ Arends Durham Kersten, Wis. ognition to move to recommit over one not a Aspinall Eaton Kilday on the statute books. member of the committee. Auchincloss Eberhart.er King The first of these provisions of S. 1959 Ayres Elliott Kirwan will be very helpfµl in preserving the If anyone who is a member Qf the Bakewell Ellsworth Lane committee on the minority side desires Barden Engle Lanham stability of labor-management relation­ Baring Evins Lantaff ships which is so important to the smooth. to claim the right to off er a motion to Barrett Fallon Lecompte progress of the defense effort. The sec­ recommit the Chair will recognize him; Bates, Mass. Feighan Lesinski ond will prevent a needless drain on the otherwise he wili recognize the gentle­ Battle Fernandez Lind Beall Fischer Lovre resources of the NLRB by eliminating the man from . Beamer Forand Lyle requirement that the NLRB hold elec­ Mr. BREHM. Mr. Speaker, I offer a Beckworth Ford McCarthy tions to authorize the making o.f union motion to recommit. Bender Forrester McConnell Bennett, Fla. Fugate McCormack security contracts.· The SPEAKER. The Chair will hold Bennett, Mich. Fulton McDonough The net effect of the bill is to let. unions that the gentleman is not too late in Bentsen Garmatz McGregor and employers know where they stand offering the motion. Is the gentleman Betts Gary McGuire Blatmk GeorgP. McM11lan with respect to activities undertaken in opposed to the bill? Boggs, Del. Goodwin McMullen relation to them by the National Labor . Mr. BREHM. I am, Mr. Speaker. Bolling Gordon Mc Vey Relations Board and to.prevent a need­ The SPEAKER. The Clerk will re­ Bolton Graham Machrowicz Bonner Granahan Mack, Ill. less expenditure of money. port the mot:.on, and that motion must Basone Granger Mack, Wash. Mr. Chairman, the motion to recommit be in writing. Bow Grant Madden should be defeated and the bill should Mr. FULTON. Mr. Speaker, a parlia­ Boykin Green Mahon Bray Greenwood Mansfield receive the support of every Member of mentary inquiry. Brooks Gross Marshall this House. The SPEAKER. The gentleman will Brown, Ga. Gwinn Martin, Iowa The CHAmMAN. All time having ex­ Brownson Hagen Martin, Mass. state it. Bryson Hals Mason pired under the rule, the bill is con­ Mr. FULTON. I understood that the Buchanan Hall, Merrow sidered as having been read for amend­ Speaker had already recognized the gen­ Buckley Edwin Arthur Miller, Md. ment. Are there any committee amend- · ·Budge Halleck Miller, Nebr. tleman from West Virginia [Mr. BAILEYl. Burdick Harden Miller, N. Y. · men ts? The SPEAKER. The motion offered Bm:?eson Hardy Mills Mr·. BARDEN. Mr. Chairman, there by the gentleman from West Virginia Burnside Harris Mitchell are no committe~ amendments to be Burton Harrison, Va. Morano had not been reported. This is comity Bush Harrison, Wyo. Morris offered. that has always existed in the House of Butler Hart Moulder The CHAIRMAN. · Under the rule, the Representatives between· the majority Camp Harvey Multer Committee rises. Canfield Havenner Mumma and the minority. Cannon Hays, Ark. Murdock Accordingly the Committee rose; and The Clerk will report the mution to Carlyle Herlong Murray, Tenn. the Speaker Jlaving resumed the chair, recommit. Carnahan Herter Nelson Mr. EvINs, Chairman of the Committee The Clerk read as follows: Chatham Heselton Nicholson of the Whole House on the State of the Chenoweth Hill Norblad Mr. BREHM moves to recommit the bill S. Chiperfield HUUngs Norrell Union, reported that that Comn:iittee, 1959 to the Committee on Education and Chudoff Hinshaw O'Brien, Ill. having had under consideration the bill Church Hoeven O'Brien, Mich. Labor. Clemente Ho1fman, Ill. O'Hara bring all these peoples to the ourselves and our democratic way of life, · side of the free world by immediately our courage and determination to face GENERAL LEAVE TO EXTEND coming into closer relations and coopera­ up to any threat to our security, our in­ Mr. BARDEN. Mr. Speaker, I ask tive action with Spain, Ireland, Italy vincible will to protect the United States unanimous consent that all Members and the free Polish Government. If we and its free institutions, come what may. may have the privilege of extending their were able to marshal, not only the re­ Let us have more talk about our strength remarks on the bill just passed at a point sources of wealth and manpower, but and less talk about our own weakness in the RECORD preceding the roll-call vote the dynamic enthusiasm, the spiritual in our willingness to appease where we on the motion to recommit. strength and political militancy of these should fearlessly face the true issues of The SPEAKER. Is there objection to nations, we should have made notable survival which confront us. Let us have the request of the gentleman from North progress toward the goal of throwing less talk about the atomic bombs of Carolina? up truly effective roa·d blocks in Europe Russia and more talk about the far more There was no objection. and Asia against the powerful march of numerous and more devastating atomic HOUR OF MEETING TOMORROW Soviet military and ideological pressure. bombs of the United States and our I speak particularly today in behalf of ability to deliver them promptly, should Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, I the enlfstment of the Irish, the Italians, ·we be required to do so. I pray that ask unanimous consent that when the the Spanish, and the Polish in our cause. moment may never come. House adjourns today it adjourn to meet Let us no longer be blinded by unreason­ And let us have more talk about peace, at 11 o'clock tomorrow. ing prejudice and illogical hostility to about the prospects for universal dis­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to the immeasurable value of having these armament and atomic control designed the request of the. gentleman from noble peoples on the democratic side in to check future war. Massachusetts? fact as well as in theory. I have felt that our efforts along these There was no objection. Nor should we overlook the fact that lines have not been as :vigorous and sus­ BROADER PARTICIPATION the people of Western Germany are of tained as I would like to see them. It is the greatest importance to the defense true that we cannot force our views.upon Mr. PIDLBIN. Mr. . Speaker, I ask an unwilling nation. But.we can at least unanimous consent to address the House of Western Europe. We should foster every possible cooperative measure to re­ present before the world council and be­ for 1 minute and to revise and extend my fore world opinion the .blueprint for a remarks. habilitate and strengthen these people and bring them into our efforts to sus­ peaceful world. We can urge a confer­ The SPEAKER. Is there objection to ence for atomic control and disarma­ the request of the gentleman from tain western civilization against Com­ ment and let the peoples of the world Massachusetts? munist zealots. . know that we are not imperialist war­ There was no objection. There should be no farther delay re­ mongers, as so often charged by Soviet Mr. PHILBIN. Mr. Speaker, real co­ garding the revision of the Italian propaganda, but we are, on the other operation between the English-speaking Treaty. Highest official of this Govern­ hand, true lovers of liberty, true seekers peoples is always of great importance, ment, as well as the American people, are of peace, true and vigorous apostles of a but it would be a great mistake to try to agreed upon the importance of a rejuve­ free, peaceful world in which fear of base our efforts for preserving world nated and free Italy. We must move atomic bombs or other terrible weapons peace and rehabilitating · economically speedily to extend our helping hand and of human destruction shall not have a distressed nations on a union dominated generous assistance to this noble people, place. by the Anglo-Saxon peoples and their which has manifested such admirable satellites alone. Such a policy would determination to ward off the ravages of PEACE COMES NOT ONLY FROM THE bring deep resentment from other great communism in their fair land. The GOVERNMENT; IT COMES FROM THE nations as was shown by the disastrous Italian nation should be welcomed into · PEOPLE failures of Hitler. To weld a truly ef­ the free world and assisted in setting up Mr. MACK of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, I fective organization for world peace, it appropriate armed force to help meet ask unanimous consent to extend my re­ is absolutely necessary to secure the every challenge of communism. marks at this point in the RECORD. wholehearted participation of the great I have never been able to understand, The SPEAKER. Is there objection to Latin races, the Slavic and Celtic peoples, and I have frequently deplored, our at­ the request of the gentleman from the Semitic groups, and peoples of many titude toward Poland. I think there has Illinois? other diverse blood strains identified never been a greater crime committed There was no objection. with the Near East and East. In such a against any free nation in history than Mr. MACK of Illinois. Mr. Speaker, union the free democratic world could the one which so cruelly consigned the this week I shall leave Washington on present a truly united front before the noble Polish people to the merciless a solo flight of 33,000 miles, touching in Soviets. domination of communism. That agree- 30 coun:tries and seeing at first hand 1- ·12866 CONGRESSIONAL 'RECORD-HOUSE OCTOBER 9 conditions in many areas of the world. augural address, his impassioned plea lated to p_eace. Only by having an in­ · This flight is.made with-only one purpose that old hatreds and recent bitterness telligent, thoughtful group of voters, in mind and I am sure it is the dominat­ must be forgotten so that the Nation equally ready to think as to sacrifice and ing purpose in the hearts and minds of could bind up the wounds of war stands work, can we hope to formulate national all Americans. unsurpassed as a landmark of Christian policies which will produce peace. The overpowering hope of us all, re­ charity. These words are just as appli­ Peace comes not only from the ·aov- gardless of political party, regardless of cabl~ to the present situation. This . ernmen.t; it comes from the people, but economic background, regardless of race world now needs a return to the doctrine furthermore, peace does not. come only or creed, regardless of any petty differ­ of forgiveness and of Christian brother­ by wishing-it comes only with the as­ ences among us-our common hope is hood as much as it ever did in 1865. sistance of every American. that the world may be at peace, not However, these expressions of a desire The SPEAKER. Under the previous _ merely for our own times but for gener- ·for peace and of brotherhood are not re­ order of the House, the gentleman from ··ations yet to come. We hope that such stricted to the Lincoln district. I am Washington [Mr. JACKSON] is recog.nized a peace may produce a world in which sure that they are echoed in the hearts for 60 minutes. · wars and rumors of wars will not be an of every American and I feel that I am .ever-present accompaniment of our daily only expressing their sentiments for THE ATOMIC BOMB life. them in a way which will serve as a Mr. JACKSON of Washington. Mr. Yet this is not a "peace at any price" symbol of what is in the American mind Speaker, _last Wednesday the President 'for which we hope. We want no peace today. .announced that Russia has exploded an­ .which will cause us to give up our own However, the peace we want will not other atomic bomb; last Friday came cherished institutions. We want no come to us without effort on our part. Stalin's belated confirmation of what we peace which will be without the free­ Nothing worth securing ca.n be obtained already knew. The news has now had a .doms which we hold dear and which are without sacrifice, work, and thought. chance to sink in;· it is time we ask our­ too much a part of our hallowed Ameri- Sacrifice and work we all know from selves what it means for the defense of .can heritage to surrender. We want our experiences of the last 10 years . our country and our freedom. . .peace, but we want a peace which will Often, however, the third necessity­ One thing should now be clear to all of recognize our right to live as men. that of thought-is forgot~en. Work us:-:-the Kremlin is moving heaven and . And ·these rights and privileges we ·and sacrifice are ·essentials, bl.it equalli'.' earth to develop more powerful and more desire for ourselves, we wish for all the so is a thoughtful attitude on the· part at destructive . nuc"lear weap'ons. Atomic peoples of the world. We in the United our leaders and our citizens. Every pro­ tests are intended to determine progress States have no desire to manage the af­ posal for a better United States deserves in developing better weapons; this test fairs of the entire family of nations. We -the thought and the study of every ·means that the Russians are moving for­ ·do not wish to decide all of the details American. ward. : Stalin means busfness. of politics and economy for other peoples. · The past years have seen too much of I fear that some Americans still do"ubt ·We wish rather a world in which each this. Six years ago, after Hiroshima and people and each nation can order its own .the attitude of praising or condemning a person or a proposal merely because 'Nagasaki, many of our countrymen con­ · ·affairs in a peaceful; free manner, with­ fidently predicted that the Kremlin out interference and pressure from other of sponsorship by a particular economic or political· group. This attitude has ·would need at least 20 or 30 ye·ars to wwers. been labeled "partisan politics." · master the secret of atomic energy­ . We, in America, have no quarrel with "there were even those who made bold to our neighbors in Europe or Asia or any No political party has a monopoly on suggest that the Russians would never land. We wish no war, cold or otherwise. capable men; no political party has a achieve an atomic bomb. And 2 'years We wish only to live in peace and for all ·monopoly on scoundrels. No political ·ag-0, even ·after the President revealed nations to live in harmony and under- .party has a ·monopoly on desirable legis­ that the Russians. had in fact exploded standing with one another. . · lation; .no political party-has a monopoly an atomic bomb, some Pollyannas still ~ It is to extend this sentiment that my on ·undesirable legislation. "looked the other way and pretended that trip is being taken. I am not going as Every person holding a political office this . epochal event had ·never ·occurred. an official ambassador of the United has at least one duty and unless he per­ Some said that the Soviet explosion was States Government. I am going alone, forms that duty he is unworthy to hold accidental rather than planned; others in a private, civilian airplane. I will ·poiitical office. He must conscientiously knowingly declared that· the· test was a carry "with me only one article for each ·study every piece of legislation which fluke, a lucky experiment that could city in which I stop. That article is a appears before him; he must carefully never have been repeated; still others scroll conveying the greetings and the "familiarize himself with every proposal asserted that the Russfans could never hopes for peace from my home area of which affects his constituents. And t.his stockpile these r.tomic weapons in large central Illinois · to the people of these "study must not be based merely on not­ quantities. foreign towns. ing which party is proposing this policy ; - Those of us who sat bn the Joint Com­ - It is :fitting that this expression should it must be -a searching examination of mittee· on Atomic Energy could not take come from central Illinois for it is an just how this proposal will react on his refuge in such comforting notions. We area dominated in its traditions and its c·onstituents and on the whole country. realized tha.t the general scientific laws thinking by one of the greatest of all His vote must then reflect the result of underlying atomic weapons were known Americans-Abraham Lincoln. No Pres­ this examination and not merely party to all qualified nuclear physicists. We ident has ever been taken t.o the heart loyalty or loyalty to one group within his 'knew also that Russia did not lack for· of the .American people ~o warmly as has district. topflight scientists. We studied top se­ the martyred Civil War President. The But not all the responsibility for think-· cret intelligence reports which indicated reason for ~his is, I believe, simple. Lin­ ing rests on the officeholder. The aver­ that the Soviets were trying their might­ coln was one of the people. Only from age citizen has an equally serious obliga­ -iest to overtake and surpass us in the Abe Lincoln could nave. come the state­ tion. Almost every year the citizens go atomic armaments· race. ment that the Lord must have loved the to the polling place to indicate their As a member of the Joint Committee common people because he made so cho°ices for political office. All too often, on Atomic Energy, it has been my duty many of them. little· thought is given in advance of the and privilege to devote many hours each It is from the descendants of these day of election as to how he will mark week to a study of ·atomic problems. I common people of the Abraham Lincoln his ballot. This is just as wrong as the have repeatedly tried to warn the Ameri­ district that I bear greetings to the peo- officeholder giving no thought to his can people and my colleagues. in this ple of the world. . votes or policies. The citizen has the House of the dire necessity of bolstering It is further :fitting that these senti­ duty of studying the candidates and ex­ our atomic defenses. When I returned ments of peace on earth to all men of amining their records carefully. Then, from the Eniwetok atomic tests · last good will should come from the Lincoln and only then, is he truly a citizen ex­ spring, I went on record as urging an country. Perhaps no man ever so well pressing himself intelligently and wen. immediate doubling of the scale _and expressed the idea of the brotherhood of This is not unrelated to the original scope of our atomic effort. And just 6 man as did Lincoln. In his second in- idea of peace. I believe it is directly re- weeks ago, .I stood on this very spot and 1951 CONGRESSIQNAL RECORD-HOUSE 12867 warned with all the solemnity at my nually on. this supreme deterrent against pon for use against targets deel? in the command that "it i.S just plain indispu­ Kremlin aggression. fastness of the Soviet Union-did the table that the Soviets are in tl:e atomic­ . I put it to the Members of this House ·atom directiy answer the problem of weapons ·business on a big scale ~ and · as a fact that there is virtually no limit dealing with a future Greece or Korea with every day and week that passes, ·on the number of atomic weapons we or Malaya. they are adding to their stockpile these can produce, if only we now boldly in- Moreover, Stalin has been quick to ex­ destroyers.'' , .crease the moneys and resources pres­ ploit, and turn to his own propaganda None of us can any longer ignore the ,ently devoted to our atomic program. advantage, the mistaken but widely held obvious. The obvious facts are these: Too many· Americans have wrongly belief that the atomic bomb could be di­ The Rassians have already exploded im~gined that there are fixed and im­ rected only against cities and factories. atomic bbmbs'. They will explode more mutable limits, on the number of weap­ Stalin has sought to convince tlie world weapons in the future. · They are stock­ ·ons we can make. In part because atomic that his best weapon, the Red army, is piling weapons at an incr.easing rate. energy is so novel, in part because large ~oral whereas our best weapon,' the Right now they can launch an atomic areas of ·our . program are necessarily atomic 'Qomb, is. imµioral. Actually, of attack at' 20 or 30 American cities. shrouded in secrecy, a great many peo- course, our military men have always re­ What are we going to do about it? . ple without access to the true facts have garded atomic weapons as precision in­ There is no cause for unreasoning panic. mistakenly assumed that the manufac­ struments to be used only against spe­ Our Atomic Energy Commission has not ture of atomic weapons is exempt from cific targets vital to an aggressor's war been resting on its oars. We have in the economic laws which govern the pro­ machine. Yet--however wrongly-the being a formidable-'and rapidly grow­ duction of other commodities. This is idea has gained curre.ncy .that our de­ ing-stockpile of atomiq w~apons. Pn­ .not so. For all its exquisite gadgetry, fense plans are based upon killing non­ til now, our atomic superiority has held an atomic bomb-from the production combatants, that atomic weapon;,; must the Kremlin in check. The ground standpoint-can be likened to a tank. inevitably destroy the guilty and the in­ troops of Stalin vas.tly outnumber those Now nobody would ever imagine that the nocent .alike. of the free world. The Red air force is quantity of tanks we can produce is a But .1951 finds us in the middle of a far larger than the combined air fteets constant-that we can turn them out revolution in military thinking. Strat­ of the tree peoples. In only .one field of only iri X or Y number. · If we want egists now recognize that atomic weap­ military endeavor-the fteJd of atpmic . mo.re tanks, we simply spend more money . ons can be used with extraordinary ef­ weapons-have we mainta~ned a com­ . and exploit addftional. resources. Per­ fectiveness in all phases of warfare-if manding-lead over the Soviets . . Yet .this haps we need more steel for 'armor. plate, -- we now act .to produce atomic weapons trump card alone-the fearful· retribu­ so we increase our exploration p'rogram; in huge quantities and great varieties­ tion that would .be visited upo : ~ the men _we· develop low-grade deposits. And . as we can if only we are willing to spend of the Politburo if the. dictators struck­ t]len we ·build more factories, more. as­ · between $6,000,000,000 and $10,000,000,- has serveli to .keep Stalin from begin­ sembly lines, more machine· tools. So 000 a year on our program. ning.the .third _worl~ war. it is with atomic energy. The' size of Atomic energy will be used against Falling behind · in the atomic arma­ the end product is proportional to our enemy troops on the ground. Atomic ments competition .will mean national effort. · artillery in various forms will eventually suicide. The latest Russk.:1 explosion The Atomic Energy Commission has substitute for divisions of ordinary foot me.ans ihat Stalin has gone all out. in officially informed the joint committee soldiers. Short-range guided missiles atomic energy, It is high time that.we that, given ·more money and more ·re­ with atomic warheads will replace con­ :pow go all out. , . . . sources, it can ·now multiply the scale ventional howitzers. Few people realize that since VJ-day · of our atomic effort. · The atom· will be used on the sea. only 3 cents.out of every defense dollar We can no longer give heed to the ·Nuclear-powered submarines wm revolu­ _has been devoted to the output of atomic 'philosophers of scarcity in our think­ tionize the -range and effectiveness of bombs. In other words, less than one­ ing about ·atomic materials. The po­ underwater craft. We can develop nu­ thirtieth of our total military sp~nding tential supply of nuclear weapons is al- clear-powered aircraft carriers capable has gone to produc~ the one weapon in most without liinit. · n billions an- when viewed purely as a strategic wea- fear atomic firepower-real firepower. XCVII-810 12868 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE OCTOBER 9 Consider also how the prospect of tac­ Mr. Speaker, it is just ordinary com­ But so long as the Politburo compels us tical atomic weapons bears upon the mon sense to give supreme priority to our to live in a world of uncontrolled problem of halting little wars as well as atomic program. It is simple logic to weapons, we have no alternative but to big wars. If you were a Communist stress the one field in which we can re­ maintain and increase our atomic lead. puppet planning some military adven­ main ahead of the Soviets. Unless we If some day we win through to real ture along the borders of the slave world. make ourselves into a garrison state, it peace, there will be no Iieed to sell our would you dare attack if you knew the is truly difficult to imagine matching the atomic materials as war surplus; in time United States possessed tactical A-bombs Red armies division for division. In raw of real peace, the stuff in our atomic in great numbers and many varieties? quantitative power~power measured by stockpile will be more valuable than all Consider, finally, how tactical atomic the yardstick of foot soldiers and ordi­ the gold stored at Fort Knox. It is not bombs will answer Stalin's propaganda nary ·weapons--the Soviets have an generally realized that the very same to the effect that our weapons are im­ actual and potential advantage. But in material used in atomic bombs can be moral. qualitative military power-in the power used to fuel peacetime industrial reac­ The hard fact, in addition, is that of laboratories, scientific skills, and tors. The identical material which pro­ atomic firepower-measured purely in specialized brains-the advantage is pels an atomic submarine can someday terms of sheer military eff ectiveness--is overwhelmingly on our side. power peaceful ships of commerce. Plu­ vastly more efficient than the conven­ I confess to being struck by the irony tonium and uranium-235 will last thou­ tional firepower of the Second World of having to advance complicated and sands of years without deteriorating. If War. Atomic explosives can outper­ detailed arguments in support of an all- the day comes when men make war no form ordinary TNT on land, sea, and . out atomic program. This is the best more, the money spent today on our in the air. weapon we have-it is our one real hope atomic defenses will not be wasted-the Even further, atomic firepower, dollar of deterring Stalin. It is the natural fissionable materials which can keep us for dollar, is actually hundreds of times weapon of a country weak in brute man­ ahead in the atomic armaments compe­ cheaper than the cost of conventional power but superlatively strong in science tition will immeasurably enrich our lives high explosives. For less than a hundred and technology. How can we afford not in time of peace. Every last ounce of our dollars, an atomic weapon can generate to go all out? How can we conceivably atomic stockpile is as valuable in peace the same destructive force which costs not want to make every possible atomic as it is in war. Today, the atom, in the many thousands of dollars when pro­ weapon we can? form of weapons, is the shield of our lib­ duced by ordinary means. I believe that reasonable men can dif­ erties and the bulwark of our freedoms. Indeed, if we now get about the task fer only on the degree of expansion that Tomorrow, in the form of peacetime of orienting our entire Military Estab­ is now physically possible. In my own power, the atom can remake this world lishment around the power of the split mind I am positive that we can imme­ closer to the heart's desire. ato~. I foresee the day when major re­ diately undertake to quintuple our ex- · I say that therefore we must now-not ductions in our defense budgets will be­ penditures on the atom-to spend six next year, not next month, but ·now­ come possible, when we will be able to­ billions annually. But it may well turn get about the job of going all-out in purchase greater security for the Ameri­ out that we should now increase our atomic energy, can people at less cost to the taxpayer. spending to 10 billions a year. Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. Speaker, will Do not mistake my meaning. An I cannot, however, imagine any Mem­ the gentleman yield? army cannot fight on expectations-no ber of this House going before his con­ Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I yield matter how great. No sensible man, for stituents and saying that he is not in to the .gentleman from Montana. instance, .would suggest that, within a favor of making every single atomic Mr. I.t.IANSFIELD. I want to compli­ matter of months, we can assign most of weapon it is within our power to pro­ ment the gentleman from Washington our conventional weapons to our military duce. for once again, in a statesmanlike man­ museums and replace them with atomic The goal of the American people is .ner, giving to this House the benefit of armaments. As a matter of fact, we can· now, and ever has been, a just and last­ his wide knowledge -of this particular never dispense with ordinary arma­ ing peace. We wish to live in friendship program. I think the Congress and.the ments. We will still need troops in the and brotherhood with the everyday peo­ people are indebted to the gentleman field to exploit breakthroughs achieved ples of all the world, including the mil­ from Washington for the fine contribu­ with tactical atomic weapons. we will lions of ordinary Russians now enslaved tion which he has just made, and should still need bombers to deliver these weap­ by Stalin. To keep the peace, we need take his considerations and recommen­ ons to their targets. strength-not op.ly military strength, but dations extremely seriously. Also, in urging all-out atomic produc­ economic and moral strength as well. I Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I tion, I want specifically to disassociate have spoken today only of enlarging our thank t:ne gentleman from Montana. myself from the proponents of push-but­ military defenses. But let no man think May I say that all of the members of ton warfare. The day is not in sight, that more atomic weapons, standing by the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, and never will be, when we can win wars themselves, provide a complete answer to Republicans and Democrats alike, are in­ without the loss of American lives. In­ Red aggression. Hungry men are easy terested .in seeing that we stay on top in fantry will not become outmoded; we victims for the false doctrines of Stalin­ this atomic struggle. · will still 'need machine guns; destroyers ism. So we must help the economically Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, will will still roam the seas. I agree with impoverished to help themselves. And the gentleman yield? that tireless worker for atomic prepared­ beyond all else, we must appear before Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I yield ness, Chairman BRIEN McMAHON, of the the court of world opinion with a cause to the gentleman from Massachusetts. Atomic Energy Committee, that you can­ that is noble and just. No matter how Mr. McCORMACK. I also want to not fight a war from the back seat of a efficient its weapons or how strong its congratulate the gentleman from Wash­ Cadillac. economy, a nation must stand on the side ington. The gentleman is in a position, Let me also put to rest any thought of decency if it is to prevail in the com­ as. a member of the Joint Committee on that I regard the atom as a miracle petition for the minds of men. Atomic Energy, to obtain information weapon, which need not conform to the We must tell the world that we now vital to the interests of our country and classical principles of grand strategy. stand ready-as we have stood ready in to the kind of a future world in which I maintain precisely the exact opposite. the people of all lands in this generation For all its immense power, the atomic the past-to put our atomic armaments and generations to come would desire to bomb is a finite weapon. The real ped­ and all other weapons under effective live. I know that in making the speech dlers of military nostrums are those who control whenever Stalin he did today, he did so after profound imagine that the atom can be decisive in agrees to. a plan that will do the job. consideration and probably collaboration warfare without producing it by the We must assure all men of good will that with others. thousands and tens of ·thousands. we manufacture atomic weapons only Am I correct in my last statement? Tactical uses of atomic energy alone because the Kremlin forces us to, and Mr. JACKSON o! Washington. That will profitably absorb all the atomic that we would far prefer to devote our is correct. . weapons it is within our power to turn . moneys and resources to a war against Mr. McCORMACK. The speech of the ' out. human wretchedness. · gentleman today represents a major con- 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 12869 tribution, not only to the membership pose, looking ahead, that the largest" If we avoid world war III, and that of the House but to the people of the part of the stockpile will be made avail­ is our primary objective, that is the ob­ country, and to the people of other free able to the Army in direct support of jective of . our foreign policy and our countries. It is also a message to Stalin our ground troops, because as I indi­ military effort, America will have in its an:i his group, and in a language that cated earlier, what the Chairman of the possession a stockpile of energy never they thoroughly understand and appre­ Atomic Energy Commission has said, we known to man heretofore. So that we ciate-the language of power. are now in the business of producing can overnight convert to use, if I may I hope the press of the country will tactical weapons that will be used to use a Biblical expression, swords as they give the gentleman's speech as wide pub­ support our ground troops. Unfortu­ are today in the form of atom bombs, licity as possible. We hear a great deal nately the Russians have implanted in we can convert these swords into plow­ about the freedom of the press, and that the minds of millions. of people all over shares for the betterment of mankind. a free press is a fair press. The gentle­ the world the idea that the atomic Every bit of this material that is not man's speech is one that should be car­ bomb's only use was in the killing of exploded can be refabricated for peace­ ried to the people as widely as possible. women and children. The result is that ful industrial purposes. The same ma­ I would like to ask the gentleman a for the time being it has sterilized our terial that you use to explode an atom question; and, if he tells me that he pre­ atomic stockpile, if I may use that ex­ bomb is the identical material that you fers not to answer it, I will understand pression. will use to generate electricity to power the reason why. Is it the gentleman's Mr. McCORMACK. The purpose of ships of commerce, to run airplanes, opinion that the production of atomic my last question was to have the RECORD trains and a multitude of those things weapons for tactical purposes is in such show that if the gentleman's mind was that. require e:aergy here on earth. shape that the experimental stage is as I have interpreted it, that he was not Mr. CANFIELD. Mr. Speaker, will over, and that they can be produced in advocating that from the ·angle of de­ the gentleman yield? large numbers? fense we put "all of our eggs in one bas­ Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I yield Mr. JACKSON of Washington. Mr. ket," to wit the basket that might be to the gentleman from New ' Jersey. Gordon Dean, Chairman of the Atomic labeled "atomic weapons," but that he Mr. CANFIELD. I know how serious, Energy Commission, in a speech in Cali­ was urging-- how sincere, and how concerned thfl gen­ fornia last week, I believe, stated that Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I was tleman is in his presentation today. I we were producing tactical weapons. urging that all three services · should know, too, something about his unique We now have in our possession tactical make use of the weapon in ·the event of background of study and experience weapons that we can use in the field in an all-out war. qualifying him to make the remarks he direct support of our ground troops, Mr. McCORMACK. But he was urg­ has just made. He does well to empha­ much in the same manner that we uti­ ing the recognition of the importance of size that we are now living.in a world of lize heavy barrages to pave the way for the power of atomic weapons in connec­ uncontrolled.. weapons. This being so, the advance by infantry. tion with the other services of our Armed does the gentleman think that we are Mr. McCORMACK. So it is the gen­ Forces. being very realistic in the development tleman's opinion, based upon his knowl­ Mr. JACKSON of Washington. That of a sound and timely program of civilian edge and information, that mass pro­ is right. The atomic bomb in proper defense of American cities and towns duction of atomic weapons for tactical situations can be effectively used in the against a possible atomic attack by an purposes can now be carried out? event of an all-out war by aircraft car­ aggressor nation? . Mr. JACKSON of Washington. Yes; riers. Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I am I would like to emphasize strongly to The nuclear-powered submarine, from glad the gentleman asked that question. the Members of the House my very firm information that has come to our com­ First of all, I would like, if I may at this belief that one of the worst things that mittee, will make it possible to do almost point, to pay my tribute to him for his has happened to the United States and unbelievable things in submarine war­ farsighted determination to see a proper the free world is that the atomic bomb fare. We are all familiar, of course, buildup of our civil-defense program. has been held up to the free world as with the mission of the Air Force in­ In my remarks 6 weeks ago on the a weapon that could be used only against sofar as the atomic bomb is concerned. :floor of this House, and the gentleman women and children; that it is a weapon But I would like to make it clear that from New Jersey participated in that that is limited to strategic purposes·. what we are doing if we produce this discussion, I called the attention of the The truth is that there are but a limited fissionable material, atomic material, on House at that time to the fact that the number of strategic targets in the world; a mass scale, is that we are producing Russians were in the atomic business on the truth is that the atomic bomb in nothing more nor less than cheap TNT. a grand scale. I hope that when the America's possession has its greatest · The bomb that was dropped on Hiro­ bill comes back from the Senate the strength and can be utilized most eff ec­ shima, as was made public some time ago, House will exercise a little more wisdom tively in tactical use. There is no limit contained an equivalent of 20 kilotons, or in the light of recent events and will in­ to the number of tactical weapons that 20,000 tons of TNT. What I am trying crease the budget for civil defense. As we would need to support our ground to say to the House again is that this is a minimum the Russians are capable of troops. The military experts who have the cheapest TNT that we can make. destroying 20 to 30 American cities to­ conie before our committee are agreed night. that we will be able to hold Western The only answer that we have to Europe if we can outflank the numerical Stalin and Soviet imperialism is super­ Now I do not say for one moment that superiority of the Russians by atomic ior American firepower. We will never civil defense provides a complete answer power. That is the one way to outflank be able to match them soldier for sol­ to atomic attack or that there is any dier. We can only outmatch them with final answer to civilian defense. But Russian superiority in manpower. superior firepower. How do you get when one bears in mind the terrible de­ Mr. McCORMACK. I take it the gen­ struction that can come in the event of tleman's speech is a recognition that all superior firepower? Through the utili­ zation of the resources that are avail­ such attack, it behooves all of us to see of our services are essential, I mean the able to us to expand our atomic energy to it that we have made every proper Navy, the Air Force, the Infantry; that program. effort to safeguard against such a catas­ the gentleman is not emphasizing trophe. atomic weapons for the purpose of dis­ Mr. McCORMACK. So that mass pro­ P ·raging any other branch of 'the serv­ duction in the field of atomic weapons I want to compliment the gentleman ice. The gentleman feels that the max­ has now arrived? It is no longer a the­ from New Jersey for. his sustained and imum emphasis in conjunction with ory or an experiment. Of course, there continued interest in this effort. I may other branches of our armed services are further experiments that will go on say, if my recollection serves me right, that could be made in the field of atomic all the time by our scientists. that he was one of the first, if not the weapons should be utilized as a power­ Mr. JACKSON of Washington. The first, Member of the House to rise in the ful coordinating factor with all our armed gentleman is essentially correct. With­ well and ask that we make a real effort services; is that correct? out being repetitious, I would like to just in our civilian defense program. Mr. JACKSON of Washington. The add one other note to what the gentle­ Mr. CANFIELD. I appreciate what gentleman is absolutely correct. I sup- man has so effectively asked. the gentleman has just said, and I am 12870 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE OCTOBER 9 f glad that our military leadership is be-. a military expert to figure that out. But been a real force on the Joint Commit­ ginning to bear emphatic testimony on in the tactical use of the bomb, owing tee on Atomic Energy, and an effective the need of a civilian defense program to America's superior technology and force. now. I think the testimony given to the industrial capacity, we can outflank the Mr. DURHAM. I thank the gentle- Senate Subcommitte.e on Armed Serv­ Russian Army with ·its superior numeri­ man. . ices, hearing the presentation for civilian cal force. In that area there is no limit Mr. McCORMACK. May I add, a real defense on September 5 last, by Mr. to the number of atomic bombs that you force anywhere. · Lovett, was most timely, and I hope that can use in support of your Ground Mr. JACKSON of ·washingtc:in. We the Members of the House will bear that Forces. But in the strategic use there all concur heartily in that. . testimony in mind when we act further are a limited number of targets, and in Mr. DURHAM. I want to thank the on these civilian def.ense requests. Mr. the war operations on the battlefield you · gentleman for the discussion here to.day. Lovett said he could not understand the need an unlimited amount of firepower. Probably this is one subject we have not apathy of this hour, and most certainly So it is in the area of tactical uses, as discussed as .fully on the floor of the we are making it very difficult for former · I view it, that America should concen­ House as we should because of certain Governor Caldwell and his group in trate its strength. In that area there events and, of course, the secrecy under charge of civilian defense administra­ is no limit to the amount of fissionable which it was first built, and under which, tion. We are being naive. or bomb material that we will need come of course, at the present time in certain Mr. MARTIN of Iowa. Mr. Speaker, another conflict. It is in that field in fields we have to continue to operate. will the gentleman yield? particular where· we should constantly · But the gentleman has, as I have said, Mr. JACKSON -0f Washington. I associate our atomic efforts. It is be­ made a real contribution. yield to the gentleman from Iowa. . cause of the fact that the atomic bomb This job of the committee has· not Mr. MARTIN of Iowa. Along the has been used strategically, has killed been easy at 9Jl. It has been a tough same line of inquiry by the gentleman women and children, tpat in the minds one. We have had problems and . are from New Jersey, while we do not have of millions of people today the atom . still having them, and we will continue too much information regarding Russia's bomb has only one use, that is, to kill to have them. But its one push and development of atomic energy, is it not more millions of people in the event of drive has been to produce more efficient true that we can reasonably suppose another war. That is not the source of material so that we would have more that their first use of the atomic energy America's strength in the event of an- · weapons. We find ourselves today in they have developed may be along stra­ other conflict. The greatest source of just exactly what the gentleman . has tegic lines, which would endanger our America's military strength in the event advocated since becoming a member of cities and our civilian population? of another conflict is in the tactical use the ~ommittee., I believe in 1949, with Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I of the atomic bo:nb. demands coming from all three of the feel a little embarrassed here because I Mr. MARTIN of Iowa. That has been milita11y services, which of course.in 1946 am not a specialist in military strategy. one of our principal problems all the way many peopie were not thinking so .much But I would like to say to the Mem­ from the very inauguration of the atomic about. bers of the House that the members of weapon.. My questions, during the years Now we are faced with a tremendous the joint committee on both sides are that the matter of atomic energy came expansion program if we are to produce at this business every day of the week, up first in the military committee some and provide what the military is going and we have a responsibility, you know, 6 or 7 years ago while I was on that com­ to require in the event that war should under the law, of trying to keep cur­ mittee, all bore on the potential develop­ come. It is going to take a .great deal · rently informed on every phase of ment of it as a tactical weapon. From more of production of fissionable mate­ atomic development. In that connec­ our own point of view that is highly im­ rials for tactical weapons, which the gen­ tion we obviously go into highly classi­ portant. · My questions were with refer­ tleman has discussed here today. It is fied top-secret matters. I think it is ence to the matter of whether you could going to have to be done threugh certain quite clear that the primary objective of transport the atomic energy warheads groups of people-this House, the Senate, the Rus.sian military force in the event secretly, store it indefinitely, and set it the Commission, and those who are of another war would be to destroy the off by remote control. Those were my charged with the responsibility of direct­ source of · America's strength. The questions in the military committee bear­ ing our military services in pushing this source of America's strength is Amer­ ing upon possible tactical use of.it. That program from every angle. The contri­ ica's industrial might. The Russians is our own problem and of course we are bution, which the gentleman has made well realize that in two great wars we facing it. From the point of view of de­ here today, in my opinion, marks another entered the conflict without an adequate fense against strategic attack, I think . milestone in the question of our national military force in being. They realize the remarks of the gentleman from New . defense, because he has brought into . that in order to win another war they Jersey are :very timely, that the poten­ the discussion today a new field, and must destroy America's capacity to carry tial enemy's first strike toward us would that is the field of tactical weapons. We on and sustain a conflict over a period be to destroy our industrial potential, must tackle that problem, and· we are of time. So, I think, without any ques­ and- that would be probably within their going to have to solve it. In my opinion, tion, that at least for some time they first availability, anyway, namely, the as the majority leader has said, they are will concentrate their effort on the stra­ strategic use of the atomic weapon. going to be produced on a mass scale in a. tegic use of the atomic bomb in the event Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I very short period of time. Again, I want of another war. would think that in stockpiling their to thank the gentleman for taking the , Mr. MARTIN. of Iowa. That was my atomic weapons they are being stock­ time.to explain to the House some ·of the own impression. I do not believe we are piled for strategic use ·to destroy the details, and some of the problems that revealing any classified information in heart of America militarily speaking, face us as a committee. The gentleman reaching that conclusion at all. They that is, our industrial potential. certainly has contributed to the national not only have the strategic development, Mr. MARTIN of Iowa. I appreciate defense effort as -well as to our effort in logically, first, ahead of the tactical de­ the gentleman's· remarks today. I think the committee as wholeheartedly as any velopment, but they also have the an­ he has made a real contribution to our member that I have ever worked with. ticipation of destroying our industrial discussion in this rather vital field of Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I potential. They do not have quite the national defense. · thank the gentleman for his remarks. need for the tactical use of it, because Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I For the benefit of the Members of the they have the larger i:nanpower for tacti­ thank the gentleman for his fine con­ House, the gentleman from North Caro­ cal operations. tribution. lina is chairman .of the subcommittee Mr. JACKSON of Washington. My Mr. DURHAM. Mr. Speaker, will the dealing with reactors. A reactor is an point has been to make it clear that gentleman yield? atomic furnace. It is the industrial ma- in the strategic use of the atomic bomb, Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I . chine that produces one of the materials it is only a matter of time when they yield to the gentleman from North Caro­ needed for atomic bombs. It is the lead­ can match our ability to use the bomb lina, the vice chairman of our commit­ ership that the gentleman from North strategically. You do not have to be tee. I may say incidentally that he has Carolina has provided as vice chairman 1951 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE 12871' of our committee that, in my opinion, is the fathers and mothers who have sons America is vulnerable along its shore going to pave the way for the expansion over there will be patriotic about it, but line. I am not giving out any informa­ which we have discussed here today. I think this has reached the stage now tion when I · say that. It has been Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, will where we are interested in either nego­ discussed time and time again. There the gentleman yield? · tiating ·or winding this thing up in Ko- is a real danger that Russia in the event Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I yield. . rea in the fastest possible time. If it is of an all-out war would attempt to de­ Mr. McCORMACK. I would like the necessary to use these weapons in order liver the bomb by both air and sea. RECORD to show that· about 18 months to bring that conflict to an end, I think Mr. SPRINGER. . One more question before the first bomb was dropped on the people of this country are interested and I think I am through. The gentle­ Japan, certain Members of the House of in doing that. I do not believe I misrep­ man has been very kind to go thus far. Representatives, and Members of . the - resent public opinion, but I will leave it . Is there any knowledge which the gen­ other body, were acquainted with the ex­ to the gentleman and other Members tleman has that the use of the atomic periment which was going on. I know of this House who are getting corre~ bomb or atomic energy in other forms nothing of the contents of that bomb. spondence from their homes about it. · is now contemplated in the Korean war? I do not want to know anything about I believe it is time for us to come to a Mr. JACKSON of Washington. Owing it. I did not know then, and, as a matter conClusion as to· what we are going to to the fact that I am on the Joint Com­ of fact, I have to gµess now where the. do in Korea. In other words, that we mittee. on Atomic Energy and that any­ plant is located. At least 18 months, or 'are going to set some reasonable dead­ thing I might say in that regard might thereabouts, before the first bomb was line upori these negotiations which have . have some repercussions, I would rather dropped in Japan, there was a confer­ been going on now I believe in excess of not at this moment discuss the question ence between the Speaker, the gentle­ 2 or 3 months. It should be certainly that the gentleman has put to me with man from Massachusetts [Mr. MARTIN] long enough to negotiate the . kind of reference to Korea. and myself. We were told about this peace that you have there, or cease fire I have indicated in my remarks today race for time in the experiment-the to continue other negotiations to bring that we now have in our possession tac­ race between the United States and Ger­ about the rest of it. tical weapons that can be used in the field many. We were told.we had to get about The second thing that has occurred in direct support of our group troops. $1,600,000,000 or $1,800,000,000 in the fol­ to me, and this might be carried out un­ I do not, for_obvious reasons, feel that lowin ~ two fiscal years to carr.y out tpe der civilian defense, but I do think in · I should at this time comment beyond experiment, which President Roosevelt the light of the gentleman's remarks it _ that. I hope the gentleman understands. had begun with blanket funds appropri­ is important to be said: As I understand , Mr. SPRINGER. I understand per- . ated to him, which experiment had then atomic energy and the manufacture of fectly. Just one further question: Is it become too large to carry on under the weapons, it. is possible for a person to contemplated that there will · be any blank~t appropriatfon to the late Pres­ carry an atomic bomb about with them public release as to whether or- not atom­ ident. Some · members of the Commit- · in a suitcase and to -enter any plant in ic energy or atomic bombs will be used tee on Appropriations then had to be this country for the purpose of destroy­ ih Korea? Has there been di3cussion as . made familiar with the situation and ing the plant or our industrial capac-. to. whether or not that is to be given taken into confidence, and I think· it is ity. I think most people have the idea, · out to the press or· riewspapersJ to the everlasting pride of the House of through information which has been Mr .. JACKSON of Washington. I Representatives, and the other body as given out through the press, that the would rather not comment any more well, that there never was a leak on that only way that would be possible would on that particular point. subject during the entire 18 months. be for someone to drop a bomb from an Mr. CARNAHAN. Mr. Speaker, will Mr. SPRINGER. · Mr. Speaker, will airplane on a city. It seems to me the · the gentleman yield? the gentleman yield? security of this country· with reference . Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I to the prevention of sabotage is just as yield. yield. _ · important as it would be to defend this Mr. CARNAHAN. I wish personally · Mr. SPRINGER. The gentleman has country by a' l50-group air plan. to thank the gentleman and compliment made a very able' presentation here. It Would the · gentleman· care to com­ him for the intelligent and· informative has been very informative. So far as I ment on that? statement he has brought to the mem­ personally am concerned, I have been in­ Mr. JACKSON of · Washington. We . bership of the House. He certainly has . terested in this question, and was inter­ have a real problem of sabotage. To made a contribution in a field which ested in it immediately following World say that the atomic bomb can be carried is important not only to the defense of · War II. I would like to .ask the gentle­ around in a suitcase, of ~ourse, is not our own country but also to the defense man if he has ant knowledge, and correct. of the free world. I would like to ask the whether he would be willing to make a Mr. SPRINGER. I am glad to hear gentleman if he cares to express an statement at this time, or make a denial that from the gentleman. opinion on the following: Is it possible as to whether atomic bombs or atomic Mr. JACKSON of Washington: I can that we are correctly evaluating the energy have been used thus far in the state for the gentleman's information potential offensive strength of the U. S. Korean war? that such statements that are bandied S. R.? Or are we underrating that Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I about render a disservice. I am not strength or perhaps having a tendency have no knowledge of the use of any critical of the gentleman. to overrate it? atomic weapon in Korea or elsewhere, Mr. SPRINGER. I understand, of Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I can since Hiroshima and Nagasaki. course. answer the gentleman this way: Our Mr. SPRINGER. The gentleman has · - Mr. JAC;KSON of Washington. But · committee receives intelligence reports made no inquiry along those lines with the statement has been made, time and from time to time· available of course reference to the Armed Forces? time again, and I believe the gentleman only to members of the joint committee, Mr. JACKSON . of Washington. I from North Carolina [Mr. DURHAM] will · reports on the Russian position in this would rather not discuss that at this confirm me in what I am saying-let field. Each successive intelligence re­ time, as to whether we have or have not me say to the gentleman that in my port we receive paints a little darker, a had a discussion. opinion, in the event of another war, little grimmer picture of what they are Mr. SPRINGER. I ask the gentle- · there is a clear and present danger to doing. · man for two reasons, because I think it the coast lines of America, by carrying I think we will not be making a mis­ is very pertinent. .I think the gentle­ the atom bomb in submarines, in mer­ take in overestimating their capabilities. man probably is getting correspond­ chant ships, and by other means, other Everything that has· come out so far ence, just as I am, and as I think most than by airplanes. But to say that it has been unfortunately a tendency to of the Members of the House are, about can be carried around in suitcases and underestimate their capabilities. A little the coming winter in Korea. All of us planted in cities is carrying it a bit too over a year ago, shortly after the first knew what those boys went through last far. However, I do not believe that in explosion, a noted American citizen year. People. stood it last year and per­ the event of another war the Russians came out and said "Russia does not have haps they will have to do it again this. will make their entire effort in delivering the atomic bomb." I can say to the year. They will be patriotic. I am sure . the bomb -through the use of airplanes. Members of the House that we have ways 12872 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE OCTOBER 9 of knowing scientifically that they do of billions and billions of dollars for dollars in property damage and millions have the bomb. Somebody said that it atomic energy to be used in tactical of Americans dead overnight. , was just a reactor blowing up or a pilot weapons. Am I in error? Mr. DOYLE. I thank the gentleman. plant blowing up. Mr. JACKSON of Washington. The Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I The SPEAKER pro tempore. The gentlemen is not in error. Our objec­ think that is the only alternative. I time of the gentleman from Washing­ tive is peace. Our entire atomic energy honestly and firmly believe that if we ton has expired. effort and our military effort are geared make the supreme .effort in this field we Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. Speaker, in to that one objective of peace. Our rec­ have a real opportunity of achieving our view of the extreme importance of this ord is clear, our conscience should be objectives wherever possible and avoid­ particular matter I ask unanimous con­ clear. At the end of the war we agreed ing world war III. sent that the . gentleman may be al­ to a program of atomic disarmament. Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, will the lowed to proceed for fifteen additional We offered our atomic stockpile to an gentleman yield? minutes. international organization under the Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I The SPEAKER pro tempore. Is there United Nations. We said that we would yield to the gentleman from Iowa. objection to the request of_the gentle­ agree to an international control of Mr. GROSS. Something has been said man from Montana? atomic energy under a rascal-proof sys­ here this afternoon about civilian de­ There was no objection. tem. We said we would favor that with­ fense or alleged lack of civilian defense Mr. JACKSON of Washington. We out any hesitancy at all. That program in this country. Can the gentleman tell must realize that the Russians have some we agreed to was drawn up, not by poli­ us what the Russians are doing to pre­ very noted scientists, topmen who are ticians but by scientists and experts, pare their civilian population for defense capable of doing the job. We must by men who were familiar with the against atomic warfare? realize that if the Russians make an necessary requirements about a rascal­ Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I all-out effort in this field they can do proof system of international control would like to confine my remarks, for a real job. I for one firmly believe that of atomic energy. That program and obvious reasons, again. I can say this because of our unique industrial capabil­ that proposal was agreed to by the en­ much, that today the Russians have ities we can keep so far ahead qf them tire free world excepting, of course, about 20,000,000 of their people engaged that they will not attempt to undertake Russia and its satellite nations. All in civil defense in the Soviet Union. a third world war. nations agreed to it except Russia and They are making an all-out effort in The one deterrent we have is to remain the satellite area:s. We have made that this particular field. I believe that on top of the stockpile. If we do not, proposal time and time again. But we statement is borne out, at least, by the then we are indeed in trouble. must not agree to just international information that we have received. Mr. DOYLE. Mr. Speaker, will the control of atomic weapons. We must Mr. GROSS. Twenty million people gentleman yield? agree to international control of all working in civilian defense in Russia? Mr. . JACKSON of Washington. I weapons, atomic and conventional as Mr. JACKSON of Washington. Twen­ yield. well. To do otherwise would be for the ty million people engaged in this effort, Mr. DOYLE. I wish to compliment free world to walk into a ghastly bear is our latest estimate. the gentleman from Washington very trap, because it would leave Russia and Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. Speaker, will earnestly for his very splendid contribu­ its satellites, if we agreed to interna­ the gentleman yield? tion to the total record of matter on tional control of atomic energy and did Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I the atomic bomb. I tQ,ink every Member nothing about conventional weapons, in yield to the. gentleman from Montana. of this House is well aware of his in­ . possession of a large mass of conven­ Mr. MANSFIELD. I am delighted terest and integrity in going to the bot­ tional arms and men that would make that the gentleman from Washington tom of all such questions. I think the it possible for her and her satellites to has seen fit to bring to the attention of gentleman from Washington knows that overrun the free world. the House today the importance of as a member of the Committee on Armed If we are to have international dis­ atomic weapons and also the weakness Services, as I am, I recently traveled to armament-and we are for it; we have of this country insofar as 20 to 30 of the far north, Alaska, and while in one laid our cards on the table; the proposal our most important industrial cities are of those cities I heard a Russian broad­ is there for acceptance-we must re­ concerned. I am wondering if some­ cast describing the United States of member that we must have control of times we do not in this country over­ America as warmongers. It made me all weapons. estimate the importance of the atomic realize, I. may say to the gentleman, Mr. DOYLE. I understand that this bomb and atomic weapons and at the that perhaps the world confiagration in proposal is still open. The gentleman same time underestimate the importance the form of another hellish war is closer did not emphasize that control, although of atomic developnftmts in Russia? than we think; but, nevertheless, I wish he realizes it, means international in­ I was pleased to note the emphasis to say to the gentleman it made me feel spection. which the gentleman placed upon the also I would always continue at every Mr. JACKSON of Washington. That possibility of using the ingredients to opportunity to emphasize that my Nation is why, of course, the Kremlin has not make an atomic bomb or weapon for is not interested in being a warmonger. agreed. The iron curtain cannot exist industrial purposes in peacetime. I We are interested primarily, objectively under a system of international inspec­ know that if he had time he could go on and paramountly in being a Nation tions. It goes to the very heart ·of the and also cite how some of these atomic which is determined to be strong enough difficulty with the Soviet Union. But ingredients could be used in bettering to compel world peace. you cannot have international control of the health of our people. While I know the gentleman empha­ atomic energy unless you have interna­ I would like to bring. to the attention sized that point of view to a certain tional inspection of the materials used of the gentleman, though, the Impor­ extept in his remarks, may I ask the in setting off an atomic bomb. tance of the duality, so to speak, of his gentleman in that connection to take Mr. DOYLE. May I ask one further remarks, covering atomic developments a few seconds at least to emphasize in question? Am I in .error then when I and the industrial potential of this coun­ his remarkable speech before it is printed conclude and have concluded for some try, because when a group of us visited the fact that the billions of dollars in time, when we are asked to vote these Europe 3 or 4 months ago and had a money which we are spending are not billions of dollars for our national de­ number of conferences with Eisenhower, being spent to be strong enough to wage fense, including this atomic energy de­ he told us at that time that in his opin­ war nor for anything more or less than velopment, the alternative is either to ion the atomic bomb was not the most to protect the freedoms of the freedom­ pay taxes or to pay tribute. Am I in important factor in keeping the Russians loving people of the world against com- · error in that conclusion? from carrying on a conquest by aggres­ munistic aggression. Will the gentle­ Mr. JACKSON of Washington. Let sion, but that the real.important factor man take a minute to emphasize that of me answer it in this way. It is a small was the industrial potential of America his own personal knowledge as a member price to pay for the other alternative and the industrial know.-how of our peo­ of this important committee that is the cost, namely, world war III, wi.th tril­ ple here. I think there is a great deal objective, if I am right, in the spending lions-I do not say billions-trillions of in what General Eisenhower had to say, 1951 CONGRESSIONA~ RE.CORD-: )iQUSE 12873 and I am delighted to mention it at this for the defense of America and the free step in our diplomatic relations with that time because it :fits in so :Perfectly with world. We ·do not know what may hap­ nation and in our efforts to consolidate the remarks made by the gentleman con:. pen tomorrow in the whole world pie:. and unify the strength and potentials of cerning the development of. atomic en­ ture. Those . weapons are precious the .free world. ergy for various purposes and also brings· weapons: I suppose the fundamental The Nation is most grateful to Admiral in the importance of the Amerlcan indus­ objective of our immediate effort is to Sherman, a noble son of Massachusetts, trial potential and the need ~or a first­ conserve our resources and vital mate­ for his many effective contributions to rate civil-defense program in this coun­ rials to face our primary antagonist, the national welfare during a most illus­ try, because the remarks which the gen­ which is Russia. We must be careful trious naval career. But few of his tleman has made certainly indicates in determining objectives of over-all many splendid achievements will be where we should place emphasis from military strategy, about the possible dis­ viewed with greater appreciation · than now on. sipation of those resources against sec­ his successful interim negotiations with Mr. JACKSON of Washington. The ondary antagonists. the Spanish Government. gentleman has made a very fine contri­ Mr. CANFIELD. Mr. Speaker, will There are many reasons why our .own bution. I certainly would n,at .want to the gentleman yield? great Nation should have renewed convey the impression that we can <;le­ Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I yield friendly cooperative relations with Spain f end Western Europe with the atomic to the gentleman from New Jersey. long ago-some strategic and military, bomb alone. What has happened is that Mr. CANFIELD. I think. the gentle­ some economic, some political, and some the firepower of our American division man from .Washington has been as ex:­ which relate to the historical American has increased tremendously overnight plicit as he can be. However, I feel we ideals and traditions. with the announcement by the chairman . who have heard him today have the Lest anyone should misunderstand my of the Atomic Energy Commission that right to draw this conclusion, namely, viewpoint in this vital matter, let me we are now producing tactical weapons. that the mothers and fathers of ·our state emphatically that I am funda­ Mr. GROSS. Mr. Speaker, will the dear ones, our boys in Korea, have a mentally just as much opposed in theory gentleman yield? right to derive encouragement from and practice to fascism as I am to com­ Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I yield what he has said. munism. Both systems are totalitarian. to the gentleman from Iowa. Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I Both are antagonistic to democracy. Mr. GROSS. The gentleman says he think certainly the announcement by Both are predicated upon the dominance does not care to comment on the de­ the Chairman of the Atomic Energy of the State over the rights o{ the in- velopment of tactical weapons for Commission that we are now producing dividual. • ground troops. tactical weapons may be some reasori But I would point out that hfstorically Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I did why there is a new announcement about it has not been at all unusual in the past not say that. I did not want tc:> say truce discussions. I think that Mr. for this Nation to extend diplomatic. anything on the :floor with reference to Dean's statement may be well under­ recognition and engage in commercial this situation in Korea at this time. stood in certain quarters of the world intercourse and friendly relations with · Mr. GROSS. Yes, but I want to say today. other nations whose philosophy, political something, if the gentleman will per­ Mr. McCORMACK. Mr. Speaker, will 'institutions and way of life were at var­ mit me, that if we now have developed the gentleman yield? iance with our own. It is a well-estab­ tactical weapons and they are not in Mr. JACKSON. of Washington. I lished historical fact that, in keeping use in Korea, someone is seriously to yield. with this policy in the past, we have blame for not putting them to use. This Mr. McCORMACK. Again, . I con­ recognized monarchies and oligarchies business of :fighting a war over there gratulate the gentleman on his powerful and dicta torships of varying types as with bayonets, as we are doing today, contribution to the House of Repre­ well as ·several socialistic governments, and· with machine guns and the other sentatives and to the people of America, and preeminently the Soviet Union. weapons of World War II and World a contribution which is based, if I may It must now be obvious to thinking War I, does not make sense. read the gentleman's mind, on confi­ citizens that there were no tenable log­ Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I dence and optimism, trying to give the ical grounds for ref using to recognize have learned since· I · have been on the American people as complete informa­ Spain, and for refusing to avail ourselves Joint Committee on Atomic Energy that tion as he can on the subject he has of her expressed willingness to cooper­ one has to consider a lot of. factors, a discussed, consistent of course with the ate materially and effectively with our lot of situations, before one can make national interest of our country. If I program for building up the strength of a proper decision. I do not believe I were to give a title, or were to char­ the free world against possible totali­ would be serving the cause of peace to­ acterize the gentleman's constructive tarian aggression. day if I got into a discussion on the effort today, my title or characteriza­ :floor of the House on the point the tion of this discussion would be "Peace I am not a believer in the suppression gentleman has raised. I am not say­ Through Strength." of the rights of minorities. I am un­ ing that it might not be used or it will Mr. JACKSON of Washington. I alterably opposed to those individuals not be used. I do not believe that I thank the gentleman. I would quite and governments who preach and prac­ myself, and I speak only for myself; agree with such a title or characteriza­ tice intolerance in any form. I deplore would be helping our over-all objective, tion because it is through this type of and detest principles and practices .of which is peace, to bring that terrible strength that we have the best chance government which are designed to curb the liberties and rights of the individual conftict to an early conclusion, if I should of avoiding world war III. citizen. · make a direct answer to the gentleman's The SPEAKER pro temp ore