Summary of Results from the Risk Management Program for the Mars Microrover Flight Experiment
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Telling Time on Mars 41
Telling Time on Mars 41 The InSight Lander will arrive at Mars on September 20, 2016 according to Earth Time, but when will it arrive according to Mars Time? One Earth Day is exactly 24 hours long, so that the time between two High Noons is exactly 24 hours. But Mars rotates a bit more slowly and by Earth units, one Mars Day (called a Sol) is 24 hours and 40 minutes long. This photo was taken by the NASA Phoenix Lander on Sol 90, which is Earth date August 25, 2008 The Curiosity Rover can only safely move during the Martian daytime. This is when scientists on Earth can use TV cameras to watch where the rover is traveling. The Martian day is 40 minutes longer then the Earth day. That means scientists have to move their work schedule forward by 40 minutes each Earth day to keep up with sunrise and sunset on Mars. The rover landed on August 5, 2012 at about 10:30 pm Pacific Daylight Time (PDT), which was defined as Sol 0 for this mission. All of the navigation is performed by Navigation Engineers working at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Problem 1 - What time and date will it be on Earth on Sol 5? Problem 2 - Suppose that sunrise at the Curiosity lander happened on February 16, 2013 at 5:20 pm Pacific Standard Time (Sol 190 at 6:00 am Local Mars Time). A Navigation Engineer begins his work shift exactly at that moment. When will his shift have to start after 5 Sols have passed on Mars? Problem 3 – How many Sols have to elapse before his work shift once again starts at the same Earth time of 5:20 pm PST? Space Math http://spacemath.gsfc.nasa.gov Answer Key 41 Mars Sunrise and Sunset Tables http://www.curiosityrover.com/sundata/ Problem 1 - What time and date will it be on Earth on Sol 5? Answer: This will be 5 x (1 day and 40 minutes) added to August 5 at 10:30 pm PDT. -
Human Mars Architecture
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Human Mars Architecture Tara Polsgrove NASA Human Mars Study Team 15th International Planetary Probe Workshop June 11, 2018 Space Policy Directive-1 “Lead an innovative and sustainable program of exploration with commercial and international partners to enable human expansion across the solar system and to bring back to Earth new knowledge and opportunities. Beginning with missions beyond low-Earth orbit, the United States will lead the return of humans to the Moon for long-term exploration and utilization, followed by human missions to Mars and other destinations.” 2 EXPLORATION CAMPAIGN Gateway Initial ConfigurationLunar Orbital Platform-Gateway (Notional) Orion 4 5 A Brief History of Human Exploration Beyond LEO America at DPT / NEXT NASA Case the Threshold Constellation National Studies Program Lunar Review of Commission First Lunar Architecture U.S. Human on Space Outpost Team Spaceflight Plans Committee Pathways to Exploration Columbia Challenger 1980 1990 2000 2010 Bush 41 Bush 43 7kObama HAT/EMC MSC Speech Speech Speech Report of the 90-Day Study on Human Exploration of the Moon and Mars NASA’s Journey to National Aeronautics and November 1989 Global Leadership Space Administration Mars Exploration and 90-Day Study Mars Design Mars Design Roadmap America’s Reference Mars Design Reference Future in Reference Mission 1.0 Exploration Architecture Space Mission 3.0 System 5.0 Exploration Architecture Blueprint Study 6 Exploring the Mars Mission Design Tradespace • A myriad of choices define -
The Water Traces on the Martian Moons and Structural Lineaments
Flow folds of viscous ice-rock mixture in Phobos and Deimos(Martian moons) Pedram Aftabi * Introduction: Mars has two very small satellites called soil change to dry soils after few Phobos and Deimos( Hall 1887 reviewed in[7]) with minutes(subscribed).Therefore the ice rock mixture 22.2 and 12.6 km across respectively[15]which decreased in the volume and contracted in two type of surfaced by deposits[5]as a thick regolith or dust and the external shape as ellipsoid and the spherical(Fig4). with a significant interior ice or ice and rock mixture[8,4&6]. The small rocky moons of Mars, Deimos and Phobos, are irregular in shape and comparable in size to the asteroid Gaspra (Fig1[7]). Fig4-Shrinkage of the moon by evaporation of the ice matrix. Fig1-Martian moons Phobos,Deimos and the asteroid Gaspra(see b)spherical shrinkage c)ellipsoid shrinkage d)shrinkage folds in www.NASA.Gov). section2 of b e)shrinkage folds in the section3 of c compare to All Martian moons have irregular shapes(to ellipsoid), the primary phobos. F)The folds from top to the bottom in the upper most part of phobos. testament to their violent histories(Figs2&4). Their surfaces are distinctly different, most likely because of The PDMS 36[10] suggested for modeling viscous materials very different impact histories(Fig3 from like salt or ice [9, 1, 2&3]. Sand and PDMS mixture is good www.NASA.Gov).but the lines in this fig seen both in material for the simulations of the Ice and basalt articles in the phobos and Deimos[12,13]but presented sharp on the Martian moons[15]. -
The Journey to Mars: How Donna Shirley Broke Barriers for Women in Space Engineering
The Journey to Mars: How Donna Shirley Broke Barriers for Women in Space Engineering Laurel Mossman, Kate Schein, and Amelia Peoples Senior Division Group Documentary Word Count: 499 Our group chose the topic, Donna Shirley and her Mars rover, because of our connections and our interest level in not only science but strong, determined women. One of our group member’s mothers worked for a man under Ms. Shirley when she was developing the Mars rover. This provided us with a connection to Ms. Shirley, which then gave us the amazing opportunity to interview her. In addition, our group is interested in the philosophy of equality and we have continuously created documentaries that revolve around this idea. Every member of our group is a female, so we understand the struggles and discrimination that women face in an everyday setting and wanted to share the story of a female that faced these struggles but overcame them. Thus after conducting a great amount of research, we fell in love with Donna Shirley’s story. Lastly, it was an added benefit that Ms. Shirley is from Oklahoma, making her story important to our state. All of these components made this topic extremely appealing to us. We conducted our research using online articles, Donna Shirley’s autobiography, “Managing Martians”, news coverage from the launch day, and our interview with Donna Shirley. We started our research process by reading Shirley’s autobiography. This gave us insight into her college life, her time working at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and what it was like being in charge of such a barrier-breaking mission. -
Long-Range Rovers for Mars Exploration and Sample Return
2001-01-2138 Long-Range Rovers for Mars Exploration and Sample Return Joe C. Parrish NASA Headquarters ABSTRACT This paper discusses long-range rovers to be flown as part of NASA’s newly reformulated Mars Exploration Program (MEP). These rovers are currently scheduled for launch first in 2007 as part of a joint science and technology mission, and then again in 2011 as part of a planned Mars Sample Return (MSR) mission. These rovers are characterized by substantially longer range capability than their predecessors in the 1997 Mars Pathfinder and 2003 Mars Exploration Rover (MER) missions. Topics addressed in this paper include the rover mission objectives, key design features, and Figure 1: Rover Size Comparison (Mars Pathfinder, Mars Exploration technologies. Rover, ’07 Smart Lander/Mobile Laboratory) INTRODUCTION NASA is leading a multinational program to explore above, below, and on the surface of Mars. A new The first of these rovers, the Smart Lander/Mobile architecture for the Mars Exploration Program has Laboratory (SLML) is scheduled for launch in 2007. The recently been announced [1], and it incorporates a current program baseline is to use this mission as a joint number of missions through the rest of this decade and science and technology mission that will contribute into the next. Among those missions are ambitious plans directly toward sample return missions planned for the to land rovers on the surface of Mars, with several turn of the decade. These sample return missions may purposes: (1) perform scientific explorations of the involve a rover of almost identical architecture to the surface; (2) demonstrate critical technologies for 2007 rover, except for the need to cache samples and collection, caching, and return of samples to Earth; (3) support their delivery into orbit for subsequent return to evaluate the suitability of the planet for potential manned Earth. -
Autonomous Navigation and the Sojourner Microrover
rtRR.31. lYYf3 5: 4“(7-TI 5L1FLNCE RRIWROD NO. >y~ 1-’.1313 m TI-113PATNFINDERIVWSIONmhf.ms tbas@iweofMarostthetime the d F ; Iandar completed sun-finding and identifi 3 the cliraetion of mrirtiannorth on 90! 1. Int$ 4 Autonomous Navigation and the madkfe wqqmints (ss needed) were also de- tined by the driver if them was a preferent$l : Sojourner Microrover path toward the fml dcstindors (such ss a 7 . route to avoid obvious hazsrds along t$e 8 path). If the rover was not slreody faoing e 9 J. Matijevic next waypoinL it was carunandsd to 10 toward tbe god until it facd the destination+ 11 These oommnds (W30to Waypointfl tuqs, 12 and a command to update the position of e TtM Mars ex@xation program has as an ing, the rover used teobniques for aukmo- rover in the x and y coordinate tie) w e i: ovmamhingtheme tho mamh for md under- mous control which were (among sewed sent to tho rovor as part of a single c d stnnding of life, climate, and resou.moson technologies)tkst damonstrate$in flight on sequence. 4 15 16 this fascinating planet. The abfiity to move this mission. One such technique for Upon exeoution of tha “Go to Waypo”mt” 17 aboutthe surfiiof Mars is key to makb autonomow navigation and hszad avoidance cunmand the rover drove an appmxirrde 18 measuremcmtsand the gathuirtg of tha straight lina, ac@9& - its ps data which address this therm (J). In Oc- when it datacted drifi off ils co c ;: tober 1992, the NASA Office of Spaea or enoountoreda tid condili 21 Access and kbno]o~ fdod an ex- king cxooutionof a “Go to Wai - 22 periment to d~nsti~ the mobile vti- point” eomrnsnd,the rover updstdd 23 ck technologiesneeded for a Msrs surl%oc its position relntive to the lander {o 24 mission (2), lllat exporimlmh the Micro- dexarmine(at a mioirnurn) if it ~d rover Flight Expmimcnt (MJ?EX) or reaohed the objeotivc of the trsy- : “So@mer;’ flew on tbe Mars Pathfinder erse. -
Three Women Who Dared Rabbi Van Lanckton Temple B’Nai Shalom Braintree, Massachusetts March 4, 2017
Three Women Who Dared Rabbi Van Lanckton Temple B’nai Shalom Braintree, Massachusetts March 4, 2017 Be happy, it’s Adar! The new month of Adar began last Monday. Next weekend, we celebrate Purim. Spring is finally almost here. In addition to sending sh’lach manot and eating hamentaschen and dressing up in costumes, the central celebration of Purim is the public reading of the Book of Esther, Megillat Esther. Esther is the prime example of a woman who dared. She dared to speak up to King Achashverosh. She dared to enter his throne room without his permission, risking death. She accused Haman, powerful counselor to the king, of plotting to kill the Jews. In doing so, she revealed to the king that she, herself, was Jewish. If she had failed, she would have shared in the fate of all the Jews of Persia in being killed by Haman and his followers. Before these exploits, Esther was unsure what to do. Her uncle Mordecai urged her to use her position as queen to save the Jews. We need to back up a little in the story to understand the exchange between Mordecai and Esther and the key line in that exchange that still speaks to us today. Megillat Esther tells us that the king had promoted Haman and seated him higher than any of his fellow officials. All the king’s courtiers knelt and bowed low to Haman according to the king’s order, but Mordecai would not kneel or bow low. He refused to do so, he said, because he was a Jew. -
Insight Spacecraft Launch for Mission to Interior of Mars
InSight Spacecraft Launch for Mission to Interior of Mars InSight is a robotic scientific explorer to investigate the deep interior of Mars set to launch May 5, 2018. It is scheduled to land on Mars November 26, 2018. It will allow us to better understand the origin of Mars. First Launch of Project Orion Project Orion took its first unmanned mission Exploration flight Test-1 (EFT-1) on December 5, 2014. It made two orbits in four hours before splashing down in the Pacific. The flight tested many subsystems, including its heat shield, electronics and parachutes. Orion will play an important role in NASA's journey to Mars. Orion will eventually carry astronauts to an asteroid and to Mars on the Space Launch System. Mars Rover Curiosity Lands After a nine month trip, Curiosity landed on August 6, 2012. The rover carries the biggest, most advanced suite of instruments for scientific studies ever sent to the martian surface. Curiosity analyzes samples scooped from the soil and drilled from rocks to record of the planet's climate and geology. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Begins Mission at Mars NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter launched from Cape Canaveral August 12. 2005, to find evidence that water persisted on the surface of Mars. The instruments zoom in for photography of the Martian surface, analyze minerals, look for subsurface water, trace how much dust and water are distributed in the atmosphere, and monitor daily global weather. Spirit and Opportunity Land on Mars January 2004, NASA landed two Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, on opposite sides of Mars. -
Radar Imager for Mars' Subsurface Experiment—RIMFAX
Space Sci Rev (2020) 216:128 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00740-4 Radar Imager for Mars’ Subsurface Experiment—RIMFAX Svein-Erik Hamran1 · David A. Paige2 · Hans E.F. Amundsen3 · Tor Berger 4 · Sverre Brovoll4 · Lynn Carter5 · Leif Damsgård4 · Henning Dypvik1 · Jo Eide6 · Sigurd Eide1 · Rebecca Ghent7 · Øystein Helleren4 · Jack Kohler8 · Mike Mellon9 · Daniel C. Nunes10 · Dirk Plettemeier11 · Kathryn Rowe2 · Patrick Russell2 · Mats Jørgen Øyan4 Received: 15 May 2020 / Accepted: 25 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020 Abstract The Radar Imager for Mars’ Subsurface Experiment (RIMFAX) is a Ground Pen- etrating Radar on the Mars 2020 mission’s Perseverance rover, which is planned to land near a deltaic landform in Jezero crater. RIMFAX will add a new dimension to rover investiga- tions of Mars by providing the capability to image the shallow subsurface beneath the rover. The principal goals of the RIMFAX investigation are to image subsurface structure, and to provide information regarding subsurface composition. Data provided by RIMFAX will aid Perseverance’s mission to explore the ancient habitability of its field area and to select a set of promising geologic samples for analysis, caching, and eventual return to Earth. RIM- FAX is a Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar, which transmits a signal swept through a range of frequencies, rather than a single wide-band pulse. The operating frequency range of 150–1200 MHz covers the typical frequencies of GPR used in geology. In general, the full bandwidth (with effective center frequency of 675 MHz) will be used for The Mars 2020 Mission Edited by Kenneth A. -
Mars Pathfinder
NASA Facts National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA 91109 Mars Pathfinder Mars Pathfinder was the first completed mission events, ending in a touchdown which left all systems in NASAs Discovery Program of low-cost, rapidly intact. developed planetary missions with highly focused sci- The landing site, an ancient flood plain in Mars ence goals. With a development time of only three northern hemisphere known as Ares Vallis, is among years and a total cost of $265 million, Pathfinder was the rockiest parts of Mars. It was chosen because sci- originally designed entists believed it to as a technology be a relatively safe demonstration of a surface to land on way to deliver an and one which con- instrumented lander tained a wide vari- and a free-ranging ety of rocks robotic rover to the deposited during a surface of the red catastrophic flood. planet. Pathfinder In the event early in not only accom- Mars history, sci- plished this goal but entists believe that also returned an the flood plain was unprecedented cut by a volume of amount of data and water the size of outlived its primary North Americas design life. Great Lakes in Pathfinder used about two weeks. an innovative The lander, for- method of directly mally named the entering the Carl Sagan Martian atmos- Memorial Station phere, assisted by a following its suc- parachute to slow cessful touchdown, its descent through and the rover, the thin Martian atmosphere and a giant system of named Sojourner after American civil rights crusader airbags to cushion the impact. -
The Mars Pathfinder Project
CaseStudy The Mars PathfinderProject Introduction In 1992budgets throughout the U.S. government were being slashedas the post-Cold War drawdown gathered momentum. Support for expensive space exploration projects was waning and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) relationship with politicians and the general public had been strained by recent high-profile, expensive project failures. "The new NASA A.dministrator determined that the United States must continue to do space science missions despite the government-wide belt tightening that had squeezed the NASA budget, began talking about 'Faster, Better, Cheaper.' The catch- phrase summed up a philosophy that was right in step with the new adrninistration's practical thinking" (Muirhead & Simon, 1999). For NASA, this mantra meant increasing the number of planetary rnissions, spending less than $150 million (US) on each mission and taking no longer than 36 months for implernentation. Frojects that took longer or cost more would be canceled. With this philosophy, NASA teamed with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory 0PL) and embarked on a project to land a scientific exploration module on the planet of Mars. This proiect was known as the Mars Pathfinder (MPF) mission. More than three years later, NASA and JPL received their last scientific data transmission from the MPF. This transmission marked the culmination of a phenomenal rnission that far exceeded all rightful expectations. Both in terms of science and management, the MPF project was hugely successfirl and won the Project Management Institute's coveted "Project of the Year ,{ward" for 1998 (Project lv{anagement Institute, n.d.). Many factors led to the project's success. -
Mars Rover Opportunity Working at 'Matijevic Hill' Site 30 September 2012
Mars rover Opportunity working at 'Matijevic Hill' site 30 September 2012 reminiscent of, but different from, the iron-rich spheres nicknamed "blueberries" at the rover's landing site nearly 22 driving miles ago (35 kilometers). The small spheres at Matijevic Hill have different composition and internal structure. Opportunity's science team is evaluating a range of possibilities for how they formed. The spheres are up to about an eighth of an inch (3 millimeters) in diameter. The "blueberries" found earlier are concretions formed by the action of mineral-laden water inside rocks, but that is only one of the ways nature can make small, rounded particles. One working hypothesis, out of several, is that the new-found spherules are also concretions but with a different Rock fins up to about 1 foot (30 centimeters) tall composition. Others include that they may be dominate this scene from the panoramic camera accretionary lapilli formed in volcanic ash eruptions, (Pancam) on NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity. The component images were taken during impact spherules formed in impact events, or the 3,058th Martian day, or sol, of Opportunity's work on devitrification spherules resulting from formation of Mars (Aug. 23, 2012). The view spans an area of terrain crystals from formerly melted material. There are about 30 feet (9 meters) wide. Orbital investigation of the other possibilities, too. area has identified a possibility of clay minerals in this area of the Cape York segment of the western rim of "Right now we have multiple working hypotheses, Endeavour Crater. The view combines exposures taken and each hypothesis makes certain predictions through Pancam filters centered on wavelengths of 753 about things like what the spherules are made of nanometers (near infrared), 535 nanometers (green) and and how they are distributed," said Opportunity's 432 nanometers (violet).