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Home , Curiosity (rover), Ingenuity (helicopter), Mars 2020, Perseverance (rover), RIMFAX, Sol (day on Mars)

52nd Lunar and Conference 2021 (LPI Contrib. No. 2548) 1317.pdf

The 2020 Mission One Month After Landing. K.A. Farley1, J. Trosper2 and the Science and Engineering Teams 1Caltech Pasadena, CA ([email protected]), 2Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena, CA (jennifer.h.trosper@jpl..gov).

Introduction: The Mars 2020 mission was observations is an important advance and an essential successfully launched on July 30, 2020, and as of this component of ’s search for . writing has completed 85% of its cruise to Mars with no The mission’s most sophisticated new element, the significant unexpected events. Shortly after 12:30 PM Sampling and Caching System, allows Perseverance to Pacific time on , 2021, the is collect and store samples for possible return. To expected to the atmosphere and deposit take a sample, this system selects one of the 38 the Perseverance rover on the planet’s surface. This ultraclean sample tubes from a storage assembly inside abstract summarizes the mission and its expected the rover and transfers the tube to the that activities, focusing on the first 90 sols and the linkage then cores ~15 g of rock or directly into the of the mission to a possible joint NASA-ESA Mars tube. Once returned to the rover interior, the tube is Sample Return campaign. Immediate post-landing assessed for acquired volume, a picture looking down science results will be described at the Conference. the bore is acquired, and the tube is hermetically sealed Mission Goals: The central objectives of the Mars and returned to the storage assembly. Perseverance also 2020 mission are to seek the signs of ancient life and to carries 5 “witness tubes” that can be collected at collect a cache of rock and regolith samples for possible different times to document the evolving rover return to Earth by a follow-on mission. Using its contamination environment. After acquisition, sample scientific payload, the mission will characterize the tubes are transported within the rover until deployed to geology of its exploration environment, identify any the for possible retrieval at a later date. habitable paleoenvironments, and search for Mars 2020 carries a new EDL capability that was biosignatures [1]. These activities are essential to the enabling in landing site selection. While previous Mars identification and documentation of samples that, if landers required landing zones almost completely free returned and analyzed in terrestrial laboratories, may of hazards such as boulders, cliffs, craters, and sand answer key questions about the evolution of Mars, its dunes, Terrain Relative Navigation (TRN) allows the climate, and the potential existence of life beyond Earth Mars 2020 spacecraft to acquire real-time positional [2]. The mission will also enable future exploration by awareness during descent, and to deflect away from characterizing modern weather conditions and by previously mapped localities that would otherwise be demonstrating new technologies including the first mission-ending. After landing, the computational to attempt flight on another planet. hardware implementing TRN is repurposed to expedite Mission Design and Science Instruments: Mars autonomous rover navigation. 2020 inherits most of its designs from the Mars Science Mars 2020 has upgraded its operations system to Laboratory (MSL) mission and its rover, with shorten the operations tactical timeline, ultimately to ~ a few important modifications. Most notably, 5 hrs, to reduce the number of sols that are constrained Perseverance has seven new science instruments or lost due to Earth-Mars time phasing. This shortened selected to achieve the mission’s unique goals. These tactical timeline is enabled by ground software and include the ground-penetrating radar RIMFAX that will operational process improvements. The upgraded characterize shallow subsurface structure, the MEDA ground software includes more than 30 interoperable instrument to document the modern environment, and tools utilizing cloud-based technologies, data analytics, MOXIE, a device that demonstrates an important ISRU intuitive interfaces, and best practice cyber security capability: the conversion of atmospheric CO2 into O2. standards. This software enables secure collaboration of Mastcam-Z and Supercam are mast-mounted hundreds of scientists and JPL engineers to make instruments that provide high resolution color imagery decisions efficiently through fast data processing, and elemental chemistry and mineralogy at the outcrop collaborative targeting and automated command scale, while the turret-mounted instruments SHERLOC expansions. The tactical timeline duration is reduced (and its associated WATSON imager) and PIXL further through the formalization of the decision- provide similar data, including making effort that occurs out of the tactical timeline in measurements, at the microscopic scale on natural or parallel meetings with longer time horizons, termed abraded surfaces or drilled rock tailings. The ability to Strategic, Campaign Planning, and Campaign coregister and map geochemical data to textural Implementation. Additional details of the Mars 2020 mission, its capabilities, and its instrument suite can be 52nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2021 (LPI Contrib. No. 2548) 1317.pdf

found in a recent collection of publications in Space limited science data collection will occur. During the Science Reviews [3]. ~90 period we expect to acquire one or more high Landing Site and Science Mission Plan: resolution panoramas that will provide the first on-the- Perseverance’s intended landing site in crater ground insights to the geology of the landing site and was a several-hundred-meter deep, 40 km diameter will inform development of the first science campaign. open-system lake in the late or early Downlink of the rich dataset acquired by the EDL . During the community workshops that led to cameras and is also expected in this period. selection of this site, it was recognized that studies of Most or all of the first 90 sols of Mars 2020 this lacustrine habitable environment would be operations will be undertaken on Mars time. Owing to complemented by studies of a distinct potentially- COVID, a bare minimum of staffing will occur on-site habitable subsurface paleoenvironment, in the very at JPL with most work done remotely. In particular the ancient rocks of the Nili Planum region upon which science team will not co-locate until the Fall of 2021 at Jezero crater is superposed. The final site selection the earliest. The science and engineering teams have recognized the value of combining exploration of these been working and practicing to minimize the impact of two very different environments through a traverse from distributed operations on mission productivity. the Jezero floor, up the crater rim and across Nili Linkage to Mars Sample Return: An animating Planum (subject to an appropriate level of confidence in feature of the Mars 2020 mission is its linkage to health and capabilities) . Sample Return, and the choreography this necessitates. Over the last several years the Perseverance Science Although still nascent, current thinking is that a Sample Team undertook a detailed study of Jezero and its Return (SRL) may arrive to pick up the samples surrounding with the goal to develop a Science Mission Mars 2020 collects as early as 2028. This leads to the Plan that identifies promising outcrops in Jezero, the expectation that Mars 2020 should acquire a full crater rim, and in Nili Planum, and maps those locations complement of samples by late 2027. Samples would be to specific science questions they could inform, what in- transferred to the SRL in one of two ways: a cache of situ observations could be undertaken there, and what samples deployed to the martian surface could be picked sample collection targets they contain. Notional up by a fetch rover delivered by SRL, or Mars 2020 traverses connecting these targets were then generated could itself deliver samples directly to SRL. with realistic and well-informed constraints such as time Stakeholders are investigating how to maximize the required for commissioning, driving, science scientific value of the sample cache will simultaneously observations, and sols that are unproductive for various maintaining appropriate risk tolerance. As one example, reasons. The resulting traverses explore Jezero crater in Perseverance could deposit one cache of samples on the a period of 2 to 3 Earth years and then ascend the crater martian surface towards the end of its qualified lifetime rim and explore Nili Planum through ~2027. While (3 Earth years, so sometime early in 2024) and before Perseverance’s actual traverse will undoubtedly be beginning the ascent of the Jezero crater rim. Once modified from these initial plans by facts on the ground, deployed, this initial cache, rich with samples from the this activity provides important insights to where effort promising outcrops within the crater, guarantees a target is likely to be focused, how mission time will likely be for SRL pickup regardless of what happens to spent, and signals what types of rocks the Mars 2020 Perseverance thereafter. A second cache (or direct sample cache may ultimately include [2]. Mars 2020’s delivery to SRL) could then occur “just on time” about parallel goals of in situ exploration and sample 3 years later. To ensure maximum science value of this collection are extremely ambitious, and this exercise second cache, Perseverance could acquire duplicates of informs team-internal and stakeholder expectations. the best (or even all) samples from the Jezero First 90 sols: The first ~3 months of mission environment, depositing one copy in the initial cache operations will be focused on the transition from Cruise, and transporting the duplicate to the second depot. It is Entry, Descent and Landing to Surface Operations. reasonable to expect that these types of considerations Critical events during this period include assessment of and plans will steadily evolve as the design of SRL rover health, transition to surface flight software, and matures, as the health and capability of Perseverance functional check-outs. The latter includes the Sampling become better known, and as the team obtains a better and Caching system, which may be used to acquire a understanding of its exploration environment and of the first witness blank sample. Towards the end of this scientific value of the sample cache. period Perseverance will seek out and drive to an References: [1] Williford et al., LPSC 2021; [2] appropriate landscape in which to deploy and operate Herd et al., LPSC 2021; [3] Farley, K.A. Space Sci Rev the . The helicopter will nominally 216, 142 (2020) and companion papers in same issue. operate for 30 sols and five test flights, during which