Durham E-Theses
Foraminiferal ecology of contemporary isolation basins in Northwest Scotland
Laidler, Philip Damien
How to cite: Laidler, Philip Damien (2002) Foraminiferal ecology of contemporary isolation basins in Northwest Scotland, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4143/
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Academic Support O ce, Durham University, University O ce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland
Volume Two:
Figures, Plates, and Appendices
The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published in any form, including Electronic and the Internet, without the author's prior written consent. All information derived from this thesis must be acknowledged appropriately.
Philip Damien Laidler
Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Department of Geography, University of Durham
January 2002
1 4 JUN 2002 VOLUME TWO
List of Contents
LIST OF CONTENTS i
LIST OF FIGURES iii
LIST OF PLATES XV
LIST OF TABLES xvi
FIGURES AND PLATES:
CHAPTER TWO 1
CHAPTER THREE 7
CHAPTER FOUR 21
CHAPTER FIVE 52
CHAPTER SIX 74
CHAPTER SEVEN 85
CHAPTER EIGHT 94
APPENDIX THREE 95
APPENDIX FOUR 144
APPENDIX ONE METHODS 146
A1.1 INTRODUCTION 146
A1.2 LABORATORY METHODS 146 Al.2.1 Salinity 146 Al.2.1.1 Calibration 146 Al.2.1.2 Measurement 147 Al.2.1.3 Method for Chloride Titration 147
A1.3 Loss ON IGNITION ANALYSIS 148
A1.4 PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS 148 Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
A1.5 FORAMINIFERA 150
A1.6 LEVELLING SILL ALTITUDES 150
APPENDIX TWO FORAMINIFERAL SPECIES LIST 151
APPENDIX THREE SITE RESULTS 152
A3.1 FORAMINIFERA AND ENVIRONMENTAL
VARIABLES 152
A3.2 REGIONAL COMPARISON OF THE COMBINED
DATA-SET 153
APPENDIX FOUR STANDARDISED WATER LEVEL INDEX 156
A4.1 METHOD ONE 156
A4.2 METHOD TWO 156
A4.3 METHOD THREE 157
A4.4 SUMMARY 157
APPENDIX FIVE WA-PLS CALIBRATION AND MODERN
ANALOGUE TECHNIQUE RESULTS FOR
FOSSIL DATA 162
-ii- VOLUME TWO
List of Figures and Plates
CHAPTER TWO Figure 2.1 Schematic representation of an isolation basin during a fall
in relative sea-level (Lloyd, 2000). 1 Figure 2.2 Conceptual model of the isolation process. 2 Figure 2.3 Conceptual models of the perceived changes in environmental conditions in an isolation basin, through time, during the transition from marine to freshwater conditions. 3 Figure 2.4 Depositional conditions in an isolation basin. 4 Figure 2.5 Four isolation contacts: A) Sedimentological, B) diatomological, C) hydrological, and D) the freshwater / sediment interface. 5 Figure 2.6 Empirical and rebound models of relative sea-level change (m OD) for northwest Scotland. 6
CHAPTER THREE
Figure 3.1.1 Location map of Scotland, showing the three main field areas. 7 Figure 3.1.2 Location map of Argyll, showing the three field sites in this area. 8 Figure 3.1.3 Location map of Assynt, showing the eight field sites in this area. 9 Figure 3.1.4 Location map of the Outer and Inner Hebrides, showing the nine field sites in this area. 10
-iii- Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
Figure 3.2 The proposed relationship between foraminifera and environmental variables on saltmarshes (after de Rijk, 1995; Horton, 1997). 11 Figure 3.3 Summary of diversity data for living foraminiferal assemblages, where the Fisher (a) and Shannon-Weaver (H(S)) indices indicate the degree of species diversity. 12 Figure 3.4.1 Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, at Locheport 1, Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides. 13 Figure 3.4.2 Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken from a basin in Locheport, Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides. 14 Figure 3.4.3 Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken from a basin on the Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides. 15 Figure 3.4.4 Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken from a basin on the Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides. 16 Figure 3.4.5 Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken from a basin on the Isle of North Uist. 17 Figure 3.4.6 Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken from a basin in the Loch Carnan area, Isle of South Uist, Outer Hebrides. 18 Figure 3.5 Percentage abundance versus total number of species, plotted logarithmically. 19
-iv- Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
Figure 3.6 Principles of quantitative environmental reconstruction showing Xo, the unknown environmental variable to be reconstructed from fossil assemblage Yo consisting of m taxa in t samples, and the role of a modern 'training set' consisting of modern biological data Y of m taxa at n sites and environmental data X for the same n sites (Source: Birks, 1995). 20
CHAPTER FOUR 21 Figure 4.1 Summary geological map of the Outer Hebrides and the IsleofSkye. 21 Figure 4.2 Summary geological map of the Assynt area. 22 Figure 4.3 Summary geological map of Argyll. 23 Figure 4.4.1 Oban Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist. 24 Figure 4.4.2 Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist. 25 Figure 4.4.3 Alioter Lagoon, Isle of North Uist. 26 Figure 4.4.4 Bac-a-Stoc, Isle of North Uist. 27 Figure 4.4.5 Locheport Basin 1, Isle of North Uist. 29 Figure 4.4.6 Locheport Basin 2, Isle of North Uist. 31 Figure 4.4.7 Grimsay, Isle of Grimsay. 33 Figure 4.4.8 Pool Roag, Isle of Skye. 34 Figure 4.4.9 Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye. 35 Figure 4.4.10 Loch of Reiff, Assynt. 37 Figure 4.4.11 Lochan Sal, Assynt. 38 Figure 4.4.12 Loch an Eisg-brachaidh, Assynt. 40 Figure 4.4.13 Loch Roe Lagoon, Assynt. 41 Figure 4.4.14 Oldany Lagoons, Assynt. 42 Figure 4.4.15 Loch Nedd Lagoon, Assynt. 44 Figure 4.4.16 Lochan na Dubh Leitir, Assynt. 45 Figure 4.4.17 Duartmore, Assynt. 47 Figure 4.4.18 Caithlim Lagoon, Isle of Seil, Argyll. 49 Figure 4.4.19 Craiglin Lagoon, Argyll. 50 Figure 4.4.20 Dubh Loch, Argyll. 51 Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
CHAPTER FIVE 52 Figure 5.1.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. 52 Figure 5.1.2 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. 53 Figure 5.1.3 Salinity values for six sample periods along Transects A, B & C at Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during May and September, 1999. 54 Figure 5.1.4 pH values for six sample periods along Transects A, B & C at Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during May and September, 1999. 55 Figure 5.1.5 Dissolved Oxygen values for two sample periods along Transects A, B & C at Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during September, 1999. 56 Figure 5.1.6 Particle Size and Organic content percentage data for Transects A, B & C, Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist. 57 Figure 5.1.7 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist. 58 Figure 5.2.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during April 2000. 59 Figure 5.2.2 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during August 2000. 60 Figure 5.2.3 Salinity conditions during four sample periods for Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during April and August 2000. 61 Figure 5.2.4 pH conditions during three sample periods for Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during April and August 2000. 61 Figure 5.2.5 Dissolved oxygen conditions during four sample periods for Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during April and August 62 2000. Figure 5.2.6 Particle Size and Organic content percentage data for 62 Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt.
-vi- Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
Figure 5.2.7 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - 63 foraminifera relationships in Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt. Figure 5.3.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during April 2000. 64 Figure 5.3.2 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during August 2000. 65 Figure 5.3.3 Salinity conditions during four sample periods for Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during April and August 2000. 66 Figure 5.3.4 pH conditions during four sample periods for Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during April and August 2000. 66 Figure 5.3.5 Dissolved oxygen conditions during four sample periods for Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during April and August 2000. 67 Figure 5.3.6 Particle Size and Organic content percentage data for Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll. 67 Figure 5.3.7 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll. 68 Figure 5.4.1 Total foraminiferal dataset remaining after screening of the data for statistical significance. 69 Figure 5.4.2 Total foraminiferal dataset remaining after screening of the data for statistical significance. 70 Figure 5.5 Comparisons between basin sills and constructed tide levels for all twenty sites used in this investigation using Equation 3 71 Figure 5.6 Scatter plot of SWLI, calculated using Equation 3, versus flooding frequency for all sites. 72 Figure 5.7 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships based on the total modern dataset. 73
-vii- Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
CHAPTER SIX 74 Figure 6.1 Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) of the total foraminiferal dataset. 74 Figure 6.2 CCA Biplots for a) Sample - environment and b) Species - environment. 75 Figure 6.3 The relationship between the position of a basin sill in the tidal cycle, and the average salinity within that basin, for the 15 sites included in the modern training set. 76 Figure 6.4 Taxon-environment response models. 77 Figure 6.5 WA-PLS coefficients predicted for the 194 samples in the screened data-set. 78 Figure 6.6 Observed average salinity versus WA-PLS predicted average salinity for the screened modern training set. 79 Figure 6.7 Optimum (weighted mean) average salinity for each of the eleven species in the screened modern training set, using inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). 80 Figure 6.8 Foraminiferal assemblage from a fossil core from Rumach VI basin, Arisaig, Scotland, together with predicted average salinity values calculated by partial-least-squares (PLS) calibration and Modern Analogue Technique (MAT). 81 Figure 6.9 Foraminiferal assemblage from a fossil core from Dubh Lochan basin, Coigach, Scotland (after Shennan et al, 2000), together with predicted average salinity values calculated by partial-least-squares (PLS) calibration and Modern Analogue Technique (MAT). 82 Figure 6.10 High-resolution fossil foraminiferal and thecamoebian record from Loch nan Corr, Kintail (after Lloyd, 2000). 83 Figure 6.11 Observed versus MAT predicted average salinity values for the screened modern training set. 84
-viii- Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
CHAPTER SEVEN 85 Figure 7.1 Maximum water depth at MHWST in the modern isolation basins sampled. 85 Figure 7.2 MAT reconstructed average salinity, water depth and foraminiferal species diversity versus depth for Loch nan Corr, Kintail. 86 Figure 7.3 Potential errors in measuring only the minimum sill elevation. 87 Figure 7.4 Changes in the estimated marine input - basin volume ratio during the isolation process. 88 Figure 7.5 Foraminifera - environment relationships in the fossil isolation basin Loch nan Corr, Kintail. 89 Figure 7.6 Foraminifera - environment relationships in the fossil isolation basin Dubh Lochan, Coigach. 90 Figure 7.7 Optimum (weighted mean) average salinity (%o) for each of the eleven species in the screened modern training set, using inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). 91 Figure 7.8 Optimum (weighted mean) percentage sand content for each of the eleven species in the screened modern training set, using inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). 92 Figure 7.9 Optimum (weighted mean) Standardised Water Level Index (SWLI) for each of the eleven species in the screened modern training set, using inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). 93
CHAPTER EIGHT 94
Figure 8.1 The location of the fossil isolation basins investigated in western Scotland. 94
APPENDIX THREE 95
Figure A3.1.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. 95
-ix- Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
Figure A3.1.2 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. 96 Figure A3.1.3 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Oban Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist. 97 Figure A3.2.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Alioter Lagoon, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. 98 Figure A3.2.2 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Alioter Lagoon, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. 99 Figure A3.2.3 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Alioter Lagoon, Isle of North Uist. 100 Figure A3.3.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Bac-a-Stoc Lagoon, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. 101 Figure A3.3.2 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Bac-a-Stoc Lagoon, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. 102 Figure A3.3.3 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Bac-a-Stoc Lagoon, Isle of North Uist. 103
Figure A3.4.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Locheport 1, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. 104
Figure A3.4.2 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Locheport 1, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. 105
Figure A3.4.3 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Locheport 1, Isle of North Uist. 106
Figure A3.5.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Locheport 2, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. 107
-x- Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
Figure A3.5.2 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Locheport 2, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. 108 Figure A3.5.3 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Locheport 2, Isle of North Uist. 109 Figure A3.6.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Grimsay, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. 110 Figure A3.6.2 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Grimsay, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. Ill Figure A3.6.3 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Grimsay, Isle of North Uist. 112 Figure A3.7.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Pool Roag, Isle of Skye, during April 2000. 113 Figure A3.7.2 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Pool Roag, Isle of Skye, during August 2000. 114 Figure A3.7.3 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Pool Roag, Isle of Skye. 115 Figure A3.8.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye, during April 2000. 116 Figure A3.8.2 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye, during August 2000. 117 Figure A3.8.3 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye. 118 Figure A3.9.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch of Reiff, Assynt, during April 2000. 119 Figure A3.9.2 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch of Reiff, Assynt, during August 2000. 120
-xi- Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
Figure A3.9.3 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Loch of Reiff, Assynt. 121 Figure A3.10.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Lochan Sal, Assynt, during April 2000. 122 Figure A3.10.2 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Lochan Sal, Assynt, during August 2000. 123 Figure A3.10.3 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Lochan Sal, Assynt. 124 Figure A3.11.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch an Eisg- brachaidh, Assynt, during April 2000. 125 Figure A3.11.2 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch an Eisg- brachaidh, Assynt, during August 2000. 126 Figure A3.11.3 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Loch an Eisg-brachaidh, Assynt. 127 Figure A3.12.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Roe Lagoon, Assynt, during April 2000. 128 Figure A3.12.2 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Roe Lagoon, Assynt, during August 2000. 129
Figure A3.12.3 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Loch Roe Lagoon, Assynt. 130
Figure A3.13.1 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Oldany Lagoons, Assynt. 131
Figure A3.14.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Nedd Lagoon, Assynt, during April 2000. 132
Figure A3.14.2 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Nedd Lagoon, Assynt, during August 2000. 133
-Xll- Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
Figure A3.14.3 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Loch Nedd Lagoon, Assynt. 134
Figure A3.15.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Lochan na Dubh Leitir, Assynt, during August 2000. 135
Figure A3.15.2 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Lochan na Dubh Leitir, Assynt. 136
Figure A3.16.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Craiglin Lagoon, Argyll, during April 2000. 137
Figure A3.16.2 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Craiglin Lagoon, Argyll, during August 2000. 138
Figure A3.16.3 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Craiglin Lagoon, Argyll. 139
Figure A3.17.1 Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Dubh Loch, Argyll, during April 2000. 140
Figure A3.17.2 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Dubh Loch, Argyll. 141
Figure A3.18.1 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships based on the modern dataset for mainland Scotland (Assynt and Argyll). 142
Figure A3.18.2 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships based on the modern dataset for the Hebrides (Isles of North Uist and Skye). 143
APPENDIX FOUR 144 Figure A4.1 Comparison between constructed tide levels for all twenty sites used in this investigation using SWLI Method One. 144
-Xlll- Foraminiferal Ecology of Contemporary Isolation Basins in Northwest Scotland P. D. Laidler
Figure A4.2 Comparison between constructed tide levels for all twenty sites used in this investigation using SWLI Method Two. 144 Figure A4.3 Scatter plot of SWLI, calculated using a) Method One and b) Method Two, versus flooding frequency for all sites. 145
-xiv- VOLUME TWO
List of Plates
CHAPTER FOUR Plate 4.1 Bac-a-Stoc, Isle of North Uist. 28 Plate 4.2 Locheport 1 basin, Isle of North Uist. A) shows the basin and the two rock sills at low tide. B) shows the basin and both sills inundated at high water during Spring tide. 30 Plate 4.3 Tidal rapids formed over one of the sills of Locheport 2, during outflow of marine water following Spring high tide. 32 Plate 4.4 Channel linking Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye, to the sea. 36 Plate 4.5 Retaining wall for Lochan Sal, Assynt, with water flowing out of the basin through a shallow notch. 39 Plate 4.6 One of the Oldany Lagoons, Assynt, with the natural rock sill in the middle of the photograph, leading out into the open sea. 43 Plate 4.7 Lochan na Dubh Leitir, Assynt. 46 Plate 4.8 Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt. 48
-XV- VOLUME TWO
List of Tables
APPENDIX THREE Table A3.1 Values of r (Pearson's Correlation Coefficient) for the relationship between environmental variables in the modern data-set for mainland Scotland (Argyll and Assynt). 154 Table A3.2 Values of r (Pearson's Correlation Coefficient) for the relationship between environmental variables in the modern data-set for the Hebridean Islands of North Uist and Skye. 155
APPENDIX FOUR Table A4.1 Construction of tide levels using SWLI Method One. 158 Table A4.2 Construction of tide levels using SWLI Method Two. 159 Table A4.3 Construction of tide levels using SWLI Method Three. 160 Table A4.4 Sill elevations and SWLI values, using SWLI Method Three. 161
APPENDIX FIVE Table A5.1 Summary of salinity values predicted for samples in a fossil core from Dubh Lochan basin, Coigach. 162 Table A5.2 Summary of salinity values predicted for samples in a fossil core from Loch nan Corr basin, Kintail. 163 Table A5.3 MAT Assessment of PLS Calibration predictions for samples from Loch nan Corr fossil isolation basin, Kintail. 165
-xvi- Figures and Plates Chapter Two
Stage 1
l-ullv marine Rock Sill
Stage Fullv marine / reduced salinily
Vanab e sa inilv Stage 3 i
Stage 4
Freshwater lake
Stage 5
Mean llmh Walcr Spnnii I kil'S
Menu Low* W ilier Sprmn Tides
Figure 2.1: Schematic representation of an isolation basin during a fall in relative sea-level (Lloyd, 2000). Stages 1 - 5 correspond with the sequence outlined in Figure 2.2. Figures and Plates Chapter Two
Biological Assemblage
Ornanic Civll|;i
Transitiona Un t e. organic silt)
C astic
I 411 (>() IK IK' I ) 40 N
Figure 2.2: Conceptual model of the isolation process. The biological assemblage diagram in the centre shows the up-core transition from marine (nearshore shelf), through brackish (Variable salinity), to freshwater species. The column on the left indicates the typical sediment types associated with water environment The column on the right indicates the stage of the basin from Figure 2.1.
-2- Figures and Plates Chapter Two
a Hid!
\
viannc Variable Saltnth (Brackish) hvnici
Time b Ha i \
•
}- CP
Marine Variable Salinity (Brackish) Freshwater lime •
Figure 2.3: Conceptual models of the perceived changes in environmental conditions in an isolation basin, through time, during the transition from marine to freshwater conditions, assuming a) a linear change in environment and b) a curvi-linear change in environment. Both scenarios are based upon the assumption of no climate change during the process. Figures and Plates Chapter Two
C-orer I 'reshvvater Threshold Isolation Contact
Sea Level Brackish or Variable Salinity Conditions
Marine or Nearshore Shell Conditions
Sea Level
t lsostatic Uplift
Sea Leve
t
Figure 2.4: Depositional conditions in an isolation basin. A) represents the fully marine stage, B) the brackish or variable salinity stage, and C) the freshwater stage. After Hafsten (1983). Figures and Plates Chapter Two
WWW I
MLV Photic Zoin Sill
Sedimcntolomeal Isolation Contact
S Diatomolomcal Isolation Contact
S
Hvdrolomcal Iso ation Contact
Freshwater / Sediment Contact
D Water Quality Sediments • • • Fresh Brackish Marine Clay/Silt, Clay Oyttja Gyttja with Gyttja Sand iron
Figure 2.5: Four isolation contacts: A) Sedimentological, B) diatomological, C) hydrological, and D) the freshwater / sediment interface. The last occurs rarely, other than in deep, well-mixed basins. MHWL is Mean High Water Level, MLWL is Mean Low Water Level (after Kjemperud, 1986).
-5- Figures and Plates Chapter Two
20 * Empirical
18
16
14
12
in 9> 10 0)
8
s
N Rebound o
14 000 12 000 10 000 8 000 6 000 4 000 2 000 0 Radiocarbon years BP
Figure 2.6: Empirical and rebound models of relative sea-level change (m OD) for northwest Scotland. The curves illustrate the significant differences between the general trends but are not intended to define precise age and altitude limits (after Sherman et a!., 1995). Figures and Plates Chapter Three
he North ssynt
<0 v. o
6 <3
Argyll
r
a Q
Figure 3.1.1: Location map of Scotland, showing the three main field areas.
-7- Figures and Plates Chapter Three
A \ \ 0 10 km
N 1 Caithlim Lagoon Craiglin Lagoon Dubh Loch o y V \ Mull Isle o Seil Y 1
0 n 0 ° 0 / /
/ ^
Lochgilphead £2
Figure 3.1.2: Location map of Argyll, showing the three field sites in this area.
-8- Figures and Plates Chapter Three
N • CAPE WRATH
10 km
r / \
f
/ / V /
I
V 1
•
E D DBA CHILLIS < BAY \_.
Point ot Stoer Oldany Island 8
Enard ^3 Bay
°0 0 bummer isles
0 1 Loch of Reiff v Lochan Sal o Loch an Eisg-brachaidh Loch Roe Lagoon Oldany Loch Nedd Lagoon Lochan na Dubh Leitir r 8 Duartmore J 2£>
Figure 3.1.3: Location map of Assynt, showing the eight field sites in this area. Figures and Plates Chapter Three
1 Oban Trumisgarry ? Oban nan Struthan 3 Alioter Lagoon •I Bac-a-Stoc Locheport 1 e Locheport 2 Grimsay 8 Loch na h'airde 9 Pool Roag CO
Taransay,—v \0\
Beineray/—^ ^
Q'North Uist^«l/ Monacti Islands HQWflnflra Rom
Benbecula
Portree
Isle of
Enskay carau Barra
Skival
Q Minqulay Mu I
Figure 3.1.4: Location map of the Outer and Inner Hebrides, showing the nine field sites in this area.
-10- Figures and Plates Chapter Three
Climate: precipitation, evaporation, etc. Marsh elevation & topography Terrestrial input: overland flow, groundwater seepage etc. I I Flooding frequency Freshwater Seawater
Porewater chemistry: salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature
Substrate: particle size & organic content
Nutrition • Foraminifera Vegetation
Figure 3.2: The proposed relationship between foraminifera and environmental variables on saltmarshes (after de Rijk, 1995; Horton, 1997). As there is no published work for shallow sub-tidal foraminiferal ecology, saltmarsh is used as an example, on the assumption that it is the most similar habitat with available published data. Figures and Plates Chapter Three
Fisher Index (species diversity) 0 5 10 15 20 25 1 1 1 1 Brackish marshes
Normal marine marshes
Hypersaline marshes
Brackish lagoons
Normal marine lagoons
Hypersaline lagoons
Normal marine shelf
Hypersaline shelf
Slope (bathyal)
H (S) (Shannon-Weaver species diversity) 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Brackish marshes
Brackish lagoons
Normal marine shelf
Slope (bathyal)
Abyssal plain
Figure 3.3: Summary of diversity data for living foraminiferal assemblages, where the Fisher (a) and Shannon-Weaver (H(S)) indices indicate the degree of species diversity. The main area of interest is that of the brackish, marine and hypersaline lagoons (Source: Murray, 1991).
-12- Figures and Plates Chapter Three
_ 41 1- " es --i 3 - ST _ <«<*- o Z O -s S U s
0i o
I I
•»> "0' -j'
• a L L L L L L
u o o o I— t: 3 3 00 3 1/5 3|dlUBS
Figure 3.4.1: Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, at Locheport 1, Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides.
-13- Figures and Plates Chapter Three
4» 1/3
I L 5i CO a L I
4> in
on 3|dllIBS
Figure 3.4.2: Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken from a basin in Locheport, Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides.
-14- Figures and Plates Chapter Three
a
v- — Z e o S u o H
v Z X
r
B "« C/D
.s > X i i i
v
-J D f- I u 1) u u rf a rf a (A3 3 3
joqiunsj 3|duiBS
Figure 3.4.3: Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken from a basin on the Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides.
-15- Figures and Plates Chapter Three
VI
«5 30 <0 (73
•T [ft
t/3 3>
V3 01
F
A I F
h^A L en L
1/3 t/3 jaquinM a|duies
Figure 3.4.4: Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken from a basin on the Isle of North Uist, Outer Hebrides.
-16- Figures and Plates Chapter Three
4>
in
in
J!
r i
'->. Wfs
5>J L ^ L L L L
I
I
I
r-J
ea
c/5 c/5 aiduiee
Figure 3.4.5: Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken from a basin on the Isle of North Uist.
-17- Figures and Plates Chapter Three
a "3
3
3|dlUBS
Figure 3.4.6: Modern surface assemblages (life, death and total (life + death)), compared to fossil data from a short core, taken from a basin in the Loch Carnan area, Isle of South Uist, Outer Hebrides.
-18- Figures and Plates Chapter Three
V3
a. 00 32%
16% as 8% I
0s- T
%
1%
0.5%
0.25% i LilJ l ' l Ll 10 100 000 0 Total Number of Specimens
Figure 3.5: Percentage abundance versus total number of species, plotted logarithmically. The contours are errors at + 'x' % at 95% confidence level (Source: Patterson and Fishbein, 1989). Dashed lines indicate the values for total number of specimens required together with the associated error for given % abundance of species, as detailed in table 3.1.
-19- Figures and Plates Chapter Three
BIOLOGICAL DATA ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLE (e.g. diatoms, foraminifera) (e.g. pH, Salinity)
Modern data 'training set' 1, , m taxa 1,
1 Y | X
n n Samples Samples
Fossil data i ., m taxa 1,
! xo I Unknown 1 To be 1 reconstructed
t t Samples Samples
Figure 3.6: Principles of quantitative environmental reconstruction showing X0, the unknown environmental variable to be reconstructed from fossil assemblage Yo consisting of m taxa in t samples, and the role of a modern 'training set' consisting of modern biological data Y of m taxa at n sites and environmental data X for the same n sites (Source: Birks, 1995).
-20- Figures and Plates Chapter Four
ra ran say —
PaUbay
liernerav 5 I A
Monach I_J\ Islands <«;
Haleshare«
Benbecula
Isle o f s< NJ§UVN Skye Vs\\V»
Barra
Skival
20 km
Ciuaru-FBlfl Rhyolite, Trachyte Torridonian spar-Granulite & Felsite Sandstone Agglomerate Pipe Rock & J Metasediments I Mica Sch in neck Basal Quart/ite •ome
Serpulite Grit J Gabbro J Basall Kimmendge Clay & Fucouid Beds Ultrabas Granite. Syenite Rhyolite & Durness Trachyte Upper Chalk & Granophyre Limestone
Intermediate S j I Permian & Major Thrust Basic Rock Basalt & Poleme Tiassic Sandstones Major Fault
Figure 4.1: Summary geological map of the Outer Hebrides and the Isle of Skye.'^' = study site. After Ordnance Survey (1979) Geological Map of the United Kingdom North, 3rd Edition (Solid).
-21- Figures and Plates Chapter Four
N A CAPE WRATH
10 km
r
ilLLIS BAY
Point of Stoer •nam island
Diorite & allied Durness • intermediate types Limestone Ultrabasic Permian & Porphyrite & Rock Triasstc Sandstones lamprphyre • •H Intermediate & Rhyolite, Trachyte j Lower lias Basic Rock & Felsite "I Quartz-feldspar Torridonian Major Thrust -granulite Sandstone
J Mica-schist Pipe Rock & Basal Quartzite
Epidiorite & Serpulite Grit hornblende-schist & Fucouid Beds
Figure 4.2: Summary geological map of the Assynt area!^' = study site. After Ordnance Survey (1979) Geological Map of the United Kingdom North, 3r Edition (Solid).
-22- Figures and Plates Chapter Four
10 km A 4 : IBAN
iverar.y
Sc.lli),!
Quartz-feldspar Dionte & allied Andesitic & basaltic -granulite slate & phyllite intermediate types avas & tuffs
Epidiorite-chlorite Granite, Syenite Slate, phyllite & mic-schist Rhyolite & trachyte -schist & Granophyre
Boulder bed & Tuft (including Graphitic schist & slate Basalt & Dolerile conglomerate ignimbrite) Porphyrite & Lower old rec ] Quartzite. Grit Limestone lamprphyre sandstone Major Thrust ] Quartzose-mica-schist Epidiorite & Rhyolite. Trachyte hornblende-schist 8 Felsite Major Fault
Figure 4.3: Summary geological map of Argyll.'^' = study site. After Ordnance Survey (1979) Geological Map of the United Kingdom North, 3rd Edition (Solid).
-23- Figures and Plates Chapter Four
CD fl>'. in
CD to / / 0) I
CD CO E 5 03 CD / / 5
s
J
©
©
CD
Ic V V
j r
Figure 4.4.1 Oban Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist.
24 Figures and Plates Chapter Four
CD
03
CO
CO a> CD CO O3SJ
CO 0) x 03 cO E 5 CO a> 5 co 2
CO 00 © CO © CO O £ ©
CD CD CO © CD
e
©
0
CO CO
CD
CO
CM CO CD © CO cn 0
CD CD CO 0 CO
© ©
CD CO
CD CO
CO 3
Figure 4.4.2: Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist.
25 Figures and Plates Chapter Four
CO CD
CD O) CO eg
T3 CO CD co CD CD CO CD
Co 0 x CD
CD E 5 03 CD £ CO ^ Q
CD
©
© © Q © (7 ©
OS
c/l
OS
Figure 4.4.3 Alioter Lagoon, Isle of North Uist.
26 Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Water Body 5 C 0 Sample number and location
MHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide
nr
0 \ <9 \
K
""est*
0 200 m L_ i
Figure 4.4.4: Bac-a-Stoc, Isle of North Uist.
-27- Figures and Plates Chapter Four
—. - -—•.._
Plate 4.1: Bac-a-Stoc, Isle of North Uist. The basin is in the foreground, second from the front, with the sill running out into Loch Blashaval. The basin in the immediate foreground is freshwater, and supplies a small input via a channel into Bac-a-Stoc. Figures and Plates Chapter Four
CP T3 cu V
CO 03 03 C/J Z
03 Q) CD CO CD 03 CO
03
0 x -> 0} 03 CO E C*D 0) CO 5 co ^
/ CM if
C/)
8*1
Figure 4.4.5: Locheport Basin 1, Isle of North Uist.
29 Figures and Plates Chapter Four
B)
Plate 4.2: Locheport 1 basin, Isle of North Uist. A) shows the basin and the two rock sills at low tide. B) shows the basin and both sills inundated at high water during Spring tide.
-30- Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Water Body
V O Sample number and location MHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide
wLt«s Mean Low Water of Spring Tide
Sill 11 0 75 m
0
\ MLWS \
\\ Sill 2
MHWS
Q
5> \ \ \ \
Figure 4.4.6: Locheport Basin 2, Isle of North Uist.
-31- Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Plate 4.3: Tidal rapids formed over one of the sills of Locheport 2, during outflow of marine water following Spring high tide.
-32- Figures and Plates Chapter Four
0 Water Body 40 m
O Sample number and location
MHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide
Sill
MHWS
t v e in Bay
Figure 4.4.7: Grimsay, Isle of Grimsay.
-33- Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Water Body
O Sample number and location
MHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide
Contours in metres (10 m interval)
n o 9 /
CD
o
\ Channel
r
(J)
du ring \o
s
0 200 m L
Figure 4.4.8: Pool Roag, Isle of Skye.
-34- Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Water Body
O Sample number and location
MHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide \ Contours in metres (10 m interval)
\
0
(
Stream \
/
Q /
\
<_>
4 MHWS 4
0 75 m
Figure 4.4.9: Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye.
-35- Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Plate 4.4: Channel linking Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye, to the sea. The basin sill lies in the channel, in the foreground of the photograph, with the basin to the rear.
-36- Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Water Body
O Sample number and location e /
MHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide
Contours in metres (10 m interval)
/
v.
\
St C«am J
Sill (Channel) \
Reiff Bay
MHWS
0 50 m
Figure 4.4.10: Loch of Reiff, Assynt.
37 Figures and Plates Chapter Four
0 (0 0) 10 0>
CO (f) to CO 0 to
CD 0) I E 5 as CD 0) > UD S o
Figure 4.4.11: Lochan Sal, Assynt.
38 Figures and Plates Chapter Four
m
v.
Plate 4.5: Retaining wall for Lochan Sal, Assynt, with water flowing out of the basin through a shallow notch.
-39- Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Water Body
O Sample number and location
VHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide
Contours in metres (10 m interval) tr
0 50 m \
Sill (boulders)
\ ) \
Sill (culvert)
to
MHWS
Figure 4.4.12: Loch an Eisg-brachaidh, Assynt.
-40- Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Loch Fasg an t-Seana Chlaidh \ (Freshwater) Weirs /
o
r
y Sill
Loc/i floe
Water Body
O Sample number and location MHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide r 0 100 m y Contours in metres (10 m interval)
Figure 4.4.13: Loch Roe Lagoon, Assynt.
-41- Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Water Body
O Sample number and location
MHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide
0 25 m
V v
© o
0
Figure 4.4.14: Oldany Lagoons, Assynt.
-42- Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Plate 4.6: One of the Oldany Lagoons, Assynt, with the natural rock sill in the middle of the photograph, leading out into the open sea. This lagoon is the smallest in this study, at only ca. 30 m in length.
-43- Figures and Plates Chapter Four
r
/ in
/
\
\ 1 CD Sunn / \ CO r
CO s / \ / / © )
CO CD 5> £ /
CO
CO CO
CO o K0) 0) CD 6 CD CO CD V 5 E
cos CO CD a) X 0) CO E CcDo co _ > vCuO — W0) o(J 5 crt 5 5 O
Figure 4.4.15: Loch Nedd Lagoon, Assynt.
-44- Figures and Plates Chapter Four
0 100 m
r hi o
c 0 \ J
© Q © © o j
r
Water Body
O Sample number and location
MHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide
Contours in metres (10 m interval)
Figure 4.4.16: Lochan na Dubh Leitir, Assynt.
45 Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Plate 4.7: Lochan na Dubh Leitir, Assynt. This is a freshwater basin, held behind a thick shingle ridge (middle-right of the photograph), with relatively steep relief to the rear of the basin (middle-left of the photograph).
-46- Figures and Plates Chapter Four
CO 0)
a> to CO 10 CO (1) 0) \ CO J3 a>
a) Q) X a> Q. CO E 3 CO > CO 5 o
CO
Figure 4.4.17: Duartmore, Assynt.
47 Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Plate 4.8: Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt. The sill is under-water, to the right of the photograph , with the basin to the left, separated and protected by the small rock peninsula. The steep topography surrounding the basin provides a source of freshwater input.
-48- Figures and Plates Chapter Four
/ Water Body
O Sample number and location
MHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide
Contours in metres (10 m interval)
\ V 0 300 m \ r X Culverf Sill
\
/
s
(Of
© /
11 v 7 \ ? \ v / / / /
Figure 4.4.18: Caithlim Lagoon, Isle of Seil, Argyll.
-49- Figures and Plates Chapter Four
\ \
o
\
r
\
CD J O C/J
v. 0) co CO
(0
C\J CO COD \ a> CD CO CD
en \ CO 0) X en 01 Q. CO E C«D > c/C5O 2* q
Figure 4.4.19: Craiglin Lagoon, Argyll
50 Figures and Plates Chapter Four
Water Body
O Sample number and location
MHWS Mean High Water of Spring Tide
Contours in metres (10 m interval)
0 150 m / /
I ( / ,1
7
f
/
/ r
/ /
/ \
I
SILL
/1
// V
i
Figure 4.4.20: Dubh Loch, Argyll.
-51- Figures and Plates Chapter Five
s cr
o
V
Y7
S t/j
.S
X in
\ • i tr,-i^i r ifi -r -cor-— — "tmaeO'QQi- *m^ae»rs i/iaer- r~r*> — ^gemorifmmMc ^n;,. n -r S^S<<<<<< jaquinj^ 3|duies Figure 5.1.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -52- Figures and Plates Chapter Five CM in 5P 9- ^ I t C/3 I III I. 3^ .11 o—rir-seffi>r>oO"Or~oOMtse*«oe'/if-so_n^-0' i cj , >, S S S cr-j l S cj cj cj c5j Cc?J CcJj CcJ j CcJ j CyJ CJ CJ CJ cj cj cj cj c}jn CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ cj CJ CJ! CJ C!! cj ri rt ri ri ri m n ri r-4 O U o O o jaqiunfsj 3|duic§ Figure 5.1.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -53- Figures and Plates Chapter Five 40 "May Neap "May Spring "May mid-cycle "May Neap MM "Sept Spring " Sept Neap Sample Number B May Neap May Spring May mid-cycle May Neap 73 CO Sept Spring Sept Neap 4 5 6 Sample Number 35 30 xxxxxxxx****** 25 "May Neap "May Spring §> 3> 20 " May mid-cycle .§> " May Neap 15 1 A A A A A~^ AAA AAA "Sept Spring 10 * * * ft " Sept Neap 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Sample Number Figure 5.1.3: Salinity values for six sample periods along Transects A, B & C at Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during May and September, 1999. -54- Figures and Plates Chapter Five 9.0 8.5 May Neap May Spring 8.0 May mid-cycle May Neap 7.5 XXX Sept Spring 7.0 Sept Neap 6.0 ON CM Sample Number B 9.0 May Neap May Spring May mid-cycle % 8.0 May Neap Sept Spring Sept Neap 7.5 7.0 1 2 3 4 5 Sample Number 9.5 9.0 -•- • • • • "May Neap 8.5 1 "May Spring "May mid-cycle & 8.0 "May Neap "Sept Spring 7.5 A A A A A* • • • * \*—X—X—X—XOA AAA "Sept Neap X—X—X—X—XOK—A—A—A—A^Sc X X—X 7.0 6.5 -I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Sample Number Figure 5.1.4: pH values for six sample periods along Transects A, B & C at Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during May and September, 1999. -55- Figures and Plates Chapter Five 15 4 S 13 00 Sept Spnng * 12 Sept Neap > Q II 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Sample Number 14 B 3 g 12 00 Sept Spnng Sept Neap 5 11 X X X X X o i 8 Sample Number 14 £ 13 60 * Sept Spring * 12 Sept Neap 5 ii 10 1 8 10 11 12 13 14 Sample Number Figure 5.1.5: Dissolved Oxygen values for two sample periods along Transects A, B & C at Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist, during September, 1999. 56 Figures and Plates Chapter Five A 100 90 80 70 Clay BO 60 Sit 50 4> & 40 Sand 30 % Organic Content 20 10 0 —« — — — CN (N Sample Number B 1000 90 80 70 Clay So 60 3 Silt ID 50 Sand & 40 % Organic Content 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sample Number c 100 90 80 70 Clay So 60 3 Sit 50 4) Sand 40 % Organic Content 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Sample Number Figure 5.1.6: Particle Size and Organic content percentage data for Transects A, B & C, Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist. -57- Figures and Plates Chapter Five CO / <0 # 4 4-T.4 8. i QO 4 4m. 1-4- + JSk. jiJt "Ife. "^jjlaHE $.S i. nr" 111II nil ~rrn Ail 4wWHff WWIWlP' "inwwiplfH -9mmp rirnnHF ~Mwpv* 444 44+ 4 ++ ++ Si 4 44 + 4+ -H- 4 + 4 + is 4- 4 » 4* 4W- 4. » I [M 1 + ++ + 4+ + + * |r 4 +#• +H«- 44 44 4 4+ 4+ ft* ft U tt +i t V* 4 + 4*4 ifcfc UJ (A 4 4 4 +.4 4 4 S 4 + 44 +4 tit- 4 4 4 4 + 4- 4 V * +* "*+ 4W- S2 t- 4 4 4 4- 4H- 44 +* 44 OS 4*4 (-4+4 3 S 5>3 E 85 ^ Figure 5.1.7 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Oban nan Struthan, Isle of North Uist. -58- Figures and Plates Chapter Five Y3 E s o H C/3 1 V a L «5 L ^- (N rn ^ in ;© tt e t c e e Ctj Cd Cfl rrt "O "O TD "O *T3 jaquin\[ 3|diues Figure 5.2.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -59- Figures and Plates Chapter Five C/5 V) V) v. L L I ft in 00 CN CO Figure 5.2.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during August 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -60- Figures and Plates Chapter Five 36 - 34 - 32 30 April Spring tide April Neap tide £> 28 August Spring tide ••a X August Neap Ude t/i 26 24 22 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sample Number Figure 5.2.3 Salinity conditions during four sample periods for Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during April and August 2000. 9 T 8.5 April Spring tide August Spnng tide August Neap tide 8 1 3 8 Sample Number Figure 5.2.4 pH conditions during three sample periods for Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during April and August 2000. April Neap tide data is not available, owing to meter malfunction. -61- Figures and Plates Chapter Five 18 , 16 14 April Spring tide 2 WO April Neap tide August Spring tide •8 10 > —X— August Neap tide 8 4 -I , , , , , , , 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sample Number Figure 5.2.5 Dissolved oxygen conditions during four sample periods for Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt, during April and August 2000. 00 90 80 70 Clay M 60 3 Silt 50 Sand 40 % Organic Content 30 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sample Number Figure 5.2.6 Particle size and organic content percentage data for Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt. -62- Figures and Plates Chapter Five + + 5 ll •4- ^ fSp*sg it a +# + 44# + + =M- 31 + #+ #- #*. + h 2.2 ++ +-*+ i 4t T +•+ £.5 o= + + ++ m -WH-+ * 44-44- I- + + + + + + + + 44 + 4 + 4ft- _4__ ++. .A-.-H .+ .+ gggss a see • Figure 5.2.7 Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Duartmore Lagoon, Assynt. -63- Figures and Plates Chapter Five in in \ •1 I F C/J i5> •5 i3 J3quin^ 3|diuBs Figure 5.3.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -64- Figures and Plates Chapter Five Vt L c/5 *5 v.3> 5 !Q ig 2^ f^l jaqiutifj a|duiBS Figure 5.3.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -65- Figures and Plates Chapter Five 40 1 35 fr 30 April Spnng April Neap August Spring 73 25 C/3 August Neap 20 15 -) , , , , , , , , , , , 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Sample Number Figure 5.3.3: Salinity conditions during four sample periods for Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during April and August 2000. 8.6 8.4 8.2 April Spring April Neap 8 August Spnng August Neap 7.8 1 8 10 11 12 Sample Number Figure 5.3.4: pH conditions during four sample periods for Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during April and August 2000. 66 Figures and Plates Chapter Five 12 10 i AprilSpnng 04) Apnl Neap 8 August Spnng "8 August Neap 4 -7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Sample Number Figure 5.3.5: Dissolved oxygen conditions during four sample periods for Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll, during April and August 2000. 00 90 80 70 Clay 9P 60 3 Silt 5 50 Sand £ 40 % Organic Content 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Sample Number Figure 5.3.6: Particle Size and Organic content percentage data for Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll. -67- Figures and Plates Chapter Five 8 2 9 o> A i ml T* f HI 1 111 iff-' I +• ii nil i r 111 I I IHf M 11T If i_ mi i I ill, 11111. i . r in i' 1111 tt+ t+ II OO L ti ++- in II Yrn— ] -•H-++H- II i u II II i 1 i r i i i mi ~ J1® uj'5 '= 1 HI 8 88 8 <0 ? 8 Figure 5.3.7: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Caithlim Lagoon, Argyll. -68- Figures and Plates Chapter Five I/! to UJ UJ 2 LU O Li \ Mi Figure 5.4.1: Total foraminiferal dataset remaining after screening of the data for statistical significance. The CONISS cluster analysis which produced the foraminiferal assemblage zones was carried out using no data transformation through the unweighted Euclidean distance method, on an unconstrained dataset. -69- Figures and Plates Chapter Five in E (J rz m CM u. en LJJ \ ' i L Mi X \ 1 1 Figure 5.4.2: Total foraminiferal dataset remaining after screening of the data for statistical significance. The CONISS cluster analysis which produced the foraminiferal assemblage zones was carried out using the unweighted Chord distance method, on an unconstrained dataset, in order to give greater significance to the minor taxa. -70- Figures and Plates Chapter Five h S 5 j J S - « HHttt • > S Sj > 4- s> o s S, o II s \• I > Sr. > XCipUI |0A3q JDJB,W pOSipjtipilEJS Figure 5.5: Comparisons between basin sills and constructed tide levels for all twenty sites used in this investigation using SWLI method three (equation 3). -71- Figures and Plates Chapter Five o C 4> > V -J w I- M •O B 2 (A o o (sajnuiui) uoiiejnQ Suipooy Figure 5.6: Scatter plot of SWLI, calculated using Equation 3, versus flooding frequency for all sites. The value of R2 is 0.92. -72- Figures and Plates Chapter Five j*£ *Jtok rftift flfcjjfc. •1* 1 4fi4 * tB"t*9I IB*' f f tar rr: T r ^fytf Ht^J tfffi^j -1—tii t- s s ° aasa° sss° sags0 sss Figure 5.7: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships based on the total modern dataset. -73- Figures and Plates Chapter Six r "° ++ ++ + •r, O "J r l :: r I I r I Axis Two Score Figure 6.1: Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) of the total foraminiferal dataset. The data is split into the seven zones identified by unconstrained Euclidean distance and Chord distance cluster analysis. All samples from the MF 1 cluster are plotted in the same position because the zone is 100 % Miliammina fusca; all samples in this zone therefore have identical Eigenvalues. -74- Figures and Plates Chapter Six (a) Liasm v ohimc mneiai "Average Salinity -I () I Axis One (b) o 5: < Uasin volum \veraue Salinity Axis One Figure 6.2: CCA Biplots for a) Sample - environment and b) Species - environment. Mf = Miliammina fusca, Hd = Haynesina depressula, Ti = Trochammina inflata, Es = Eggerelloides scabrus, Emar = Elphidium margaritaceum, Emac = Elphidium macellum, Jm = Jadammina macrescens, Hg = Haynesina germanica, Ew = Elphidium williamsoni, CI = Cibicides lobatulus, and Ab = Ammonia beccarii var. batavus. The six labelled environmental gradients are plotted as vectors, with the length of the arrow proportional to the degree of influence over the biological assemblage and the direction of the arrow being the direction of maximum change of that environmental variable within the samples / species. -75- Figures and Plates Chapter Six \ (/J C/3 n,\\s Figure 6.3: The relationship between the position of a basin sill in the tidal cycle, and the average salinity within that basin, for the 15 sites included in the modern training set. Although the lowest salinity is found in the basin with its sill at the highest position in the tidal cycle, and vice versa, the overall pattern is not clear-cut, suggesting that the relationship between the two factors is not straightforward; other variables must interact to complicate the connection between salinity and the position of the sill in the tidal cycle. -76- Figures and Plates Chapter Six (a) 1!/ (x-uWt Ey = c exp 2 01 t u Environmental variable (.v) (b) Ey = b0 + b,x 0 Environmental variable (.v) Figure 6.4: Taxon-environment response models, a) Gaussian unimodal relationship between the abundance (y) of a taxon and an environmental variable (x). The three important ecological parameters of the model are shown; u = optimum, t = tolerance, c = maximum. The equation for the expected value of the taxon's abundance y is given for the Gaussian response model (modified from terBraak, 1988). b) Linear relationship between the abundance (y) of a taxon and an environmental variable (x). The equation for the expected value of the taxon's abundance v in relation to x is given for the linear response model (bo = intercept, b| = slope or regression coefficient (modified from ter Braak, 1988; after Birks, 1995). -77- Figures and Plates Chapter Six s "5k> •— a. -1 a. I < WA-PLS prediction (screened) Figure 6.5: WA-PLS coefficients predicted for the 194 samples in the screened data-set. The X-axis shows the value of average salinity (%o) predicted when the original modern training set (266 samples) is used to develop the transfer function, plotted against the revised prediction produced by the transfer function when using the screened data-set of 194 samples. -78- Figures and Plates Chapter Six » • •» St o X) >• I. 4> o o OS 1/1 o Predicted Average Salinity Figure 6.6: Observed average salinity versus WA-PLS predicted average salinity for the screened modern training set. -79- Figures and Plates Chapter Six a. <« a ou Average Salinity (ppt) Figure 6.7: Optimum (weighted mean) average salinity for each of the eleven species in the screened modern training set, using inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). Tolerance (standard deviation) levels are indicated by the error bars. -80- Figures and Plates Chapter Six it L L r I I I 1/5 I • i (ma) i|jdao Figure 6.8: Foraminiferal assemblage from a fossil core from Rumach VI basin, Arisaig, Scotland, together with predicted average salinity values calculated by partial-least-squares (PLS) calibration and Modern Analogue Technique (MAT). Lithology is modified from Troels-Smith (1955): LLL = silt and clay; X X X = bedrock. -81- Figures and Plates Chapter Six ec \ A" .J Ai I I i I, A li. I, i OJ I I \ •( A ^1 ^ A jJ \ Xx X A /< AX AA^Av'h v (ma) Figure 6.9: Foraminiferal assemblage from a fossil core from Dubh Lochan basin, Coigach, Scotland (after Sherman et al., 2000), together with predicted average salinity values calculated by partial-least-squares (PLS) calibration and Modern Analogue Technique (MAT). Lithology is modified from Troels-Smjth (1955): cross-hatching = organic limus; L L L = silt and clay; "' = sand. -82- Figures and Plates Chapter Six * - <„ ^ I*, ' l.-ul •! X; X« X X ">• ""xT X. X i< •X.X. > ^X>.Xr,. (ui.i) i)|da(] Figure 6.10: High-resolution fossil foraminiferal and thecamoebian record from Loch nan Corr, Kintail (after Lloyd, 2000). Lithology is modified from Troels-Smith (1955): cross-hatching = organic limus; L L L = silt and clay; ' = sand; 111 = turfa peat; — = well-humified organic material; , = shells. -83- Figures and Plates Chapter Six v-: OX' < •o •i» .... r- o © o Weighted Mean (DC) Predicted Average Salinity Figure 6.11: Observed versus MAT predicted average salinity values for the screened modern training set. -84- Figures and Plates Chapter Seven X \s \ XJ o. X X X K \ X X X? X X °> K X a * X. X X r X •a X 9o xX >> yo X X °> rl CI X Figure 7.1: Maximum water depth at MHWST in the modern isolation basins sampled. The majority are considerably shallower than the fossil basins during the fully marine or nearshore shelf stage. -85- Figures and Plates Chapter Seven (iii) qidaa J3|B,\\ Odd) A|Ki!|KS SSBJOAV popn.ijsuojoy / sopoil^jo .uquin\[ Figure 7.2: MAT reconstructed average salinity, water depth and foraminiferal species diversity versus depth for Loch nan Corr, Kintail. The graph of species diversity shows a general trend of increasing species diversity with increasing water depth (the species diversity between 5 and 100 cm depth is for thecamoebians). Maximum species diversity occurs in the nearshore shelf (fully marine) stage (600 - 726 cm). -86- Figures and Plates Chapter Seven \ 00 \ \ Vj 00 v© rs (CIO S34J3UI) U0peA3|3 Figure 7.3: Potential errors in measuring only the minimum sill elevation. The marine input over the sill indicated by the dashed line will be considerably greater than that over the sill indicated by the solid line, yet both have the same minimum sill elevation. For this reason, an approximate measure of marine input is suggested. -87- Figures and Plates Chapter Seven > • (dO sajiD|\) uu;ie v3| j (d() SD.ipiV) IIOIICADI J (dO sai>3|\') UOIIB SIJ 03 (S: (CIO s».i)Di\;) U»>I|BA.>| | ins (dO saJ|*|M) UOUBA.«'J MIS Figure 7.4: Changes in the estimated marine input - basin volume ratio during the isolation process, a) indicates fully marine conditions with marine sedimentation, with the wetted sill cross- sectional area a and basin water volume a at MHWST. b) indicates brackish or variable salinity conditions with associated sedimentation, with the wetted sill cross-sectional area b and basin water volume b at MHWST. c) indicates freshwater conditions with associated sedimentation, with the wetted sill cross-sectional area c and basin water volume c at MHWST. This ratio will control the salinity of the basin, with the basin water volume controlling the inertia within the system to changes such as isolation and freshwater input. Figures and Plates Chapter Seven I I j I J ! I • , '1 •'V. i I t • .1 itlfl ttt. 1 5 •J •VtA 'VSI 111111 •i . J Figure 7.5: Foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in the fossil isolation basin Loch nan Corr, Kintail. -89- Figures and Plates Chapter Seven OS 8 S 3 t s t 4 t. f t 1 8 £•3 a*™ 8 oJ3 •V Figure 7.6: Foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in the fossil isolation basin Dubh Lochan, Coigach. -90- Figures and Plates Chapter Seven yy y. yy j y y yy yy yj y y -J yy. ry> y. y y. y y. •y y-. y y> y- (jdd) XHUIIKS Figure 7.7: Optimum (weighted mean) average salinity (%o) for each of the eleven species in the screened modern training set, using inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). Tolerance (standard deviation) levels are indicated by the error bars. -91- Figures and Plates Chapter Seven % Sand Content Figure 7.8: Optimum (weighted mean) percentage sand content for each of the eleven species in the screened modern training set, using inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). Tolerance (standard deviation) levels are indicated by the error bars. -92- Figures and Plates Chapter Seven V a. E a cu © o o o o o <5? SWLI Figure 7.9: Optimum (weighted mean) Standardised Water Level Index (SWLI) for each of the eleven species in the screened modern training set, using inverse Weighted Averaging (WA). Tolerance (standard deviation) levels are indicated by the error bars. -93- Figures and Plates Chapter Eight KIN TAIL COIGACH M Achnahaird 17 Dornie • Bay 5 15 COIGACH 0 km I 0 km Ullapool APPLECROSS Badentarbat Bay Loch Torndon 0 APPLECROSS Inverness VP ion s ARISAIG KINTAIL it 0 km rX I AR SA G Ansaig Fort KENTRA Loch nan William Ceall f 12 1-1 11 13 Mull Oban N O 4 ARGYLL Tarbert Glasgow KENTRA i 6 Q km Ardnamurchan o km 2 Figure 8.1: The location of the fossil isolation basins investigated in western Scotland (after Sherman et al., 2000a). The red-coloured numbers correspond to those sites listed in Table 8.1. -94- Figures and Plates Appendix Three V) Vi C F L ll I L I F F_ I s i/1 D o 00 < < < < < < < < < < < — — •— "-— — —. C/5 -t/-3 -m- C/3 c/3 c/5 u U U U U U u U u c s c s c s jaqiunnj 3|duiB<«; Figure A3.1.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -95- Figures and Plates Appendix Three 00 00 1*1 (/I t/3 3> L L St. I s Si I I s s O — OO FN R«-> Figure A3.1.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Oban Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -96- Figures and Plates Appendix Three + ^ 4-lt- 44 * 44 4+~ + 44 44 44 44 44 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 +++ # 44 ++ * 0* +44. 5 #4 ^ | [ |11 [~ MS 4jHt+ J=fc- t + 4 X ++++ #4+ t t , r+-F 4 4 If ' + 44 T -t) 44 4 + 4 + + 4 4 + 4- 44 ± 44 T + 4 + + 4 4 33 OS 4 44 4 44 + 4* 4+4^ +1+ T 44 * 4 4 ^ 44 (- + 4 44 8 8 § S S 8S Figure A3.1.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Oban Trumisgarry, Isle of North Uist -97- Figures and Plates Appendix Three \ at a — ON ON ON • . ON ON ON ON ON jaquinu aiduies Figure A3.2.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Alioter Lagoon, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -98- Figures and Plates Appendix Three oo ON <: <; <: <: CN CN CN C Figure A3.2.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Alioter Lagoon, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -99- Figures and Plates Appendix Three T "5 + + ll .8? QO 4+ +1- + I +++ It eS "1 -H-H- -ti- i1 jfct* 'ii jfe I'll Figure A3.2.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Alioter Lagoon, Isle of North Uist. -100- Figures and Plates Appendix Three VI C/5 01 \ I I I I I C/5 OIV/I , 1 IV/l , Ov 00 < < < < < < <: — —. •—. < \ — •— '1/A1 2 C/5 C/5 C/5 C/l C/5 03 CD 02 cTi C/5 oa C/5 03 CQ CQ 02 m 03 Figure A3.3.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Bac-a-Stoc Lagoon, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. Figures and Plates Appendix Three VI Vi •r. \ <4 •4- III I I B I I >1 L 00 Si 00 00 00 0Q o0n3 1/m1 00 09 03 00 oCDn CD CO 03 .oquinfyi 3|duiBg Figure A3.3.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Bac-a-Stoc Lagoon, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -102- Figures and Plates Appendix Three t IT if j>1 % + + 4 J •4+ +f• t 1** 4$H I I ++ 4 + Is S2 3£. n1 1£ S3 - +++ m; / + t * 4-t 88S Figure A3.3.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Bac-a-Stoc Lagoon, Isle of North Uist. -103- Figures and Plates Appendix Three 03 s o <*- O u E 3 O H — jaqiun|vj a|duies Figure A3.4.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Locheport 1, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -104- Figures and Plates Appendix Three \ ^li I I I I I I B I D I D I . o. DIB 0 D11D11 e i DI 5 59 95 22 25 22 25 92 29 59 59 95 99 25 55 5 59 59 —— —UJUJUJ —QJUJUJ — — [jjfii——~—— — —.-n——.— jaquin\i 0|dums Figure A3.4.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Locheport 1, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -105- Figures and Plates Appendix Three 10 3? 7 CD *4 T^^-ff + oo mt ft* -*•»*- #*-*• + + + ++ + + + (-+ t-f + 4 I MM- +#- + 4- ++• *H- 4ft 8 s 8 f & ! ft 8 9 GJS -t* + 4-tt- s IS mm + f r s si 5 +4- 3l Si us ++ 4f 8 I 8 Is Is5? S Figure A3.4.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Locheport l, Isle of North Uist. -106- Figures and Plates Appendix Three C/3 (A 3> so z \ 7Z •A L I I oo —. Figure A3.5.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Locheport 2, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -107- Figures and Plates Appendix Three VI VI V) t/3 ^ ^ IP ,5^ ^ I I I I D jaquinkj siduiBC Figure A3.5.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Locheport 2, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -108- Figures and Plates Appendix Three 8 2 4 4 + + s + + If 1 8f bo iff iiPt *»- 4J* 4 + + 4+ + 4-+ ++ 4 4 3 23 8 Eg 4 + 44 4 s 85 8 I 8 9 9 5 02 s 44 8 Figure A3.5.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Locheport 2, Isle of North Uist. -109- Figures and Plates Appendix Three C/5 C/5 C/5 5f> I/) \ W5 C/5 4> 00 ON ON ON ON ON ON ON 04 04 a 04 a Figure A3.6.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Grimsay, Isle of North Uist, during May 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -110- Figures and Plates Appendix Three tfi VI V) 41 I I L L J L s rs 00 — cs (N ON $ ON $ON ON ON oO^S ON ON ON sc; ON ON ai Oi ON ON ON ON p> a: a a a a a o£ o O jaquinfsj sjduiBS a Figure A3.6.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Grimsay, Isle of North Uist, during September 1999. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -Ill- Figures and Plates Appendix Three f % f 4! -i + + 4, .4 ,4 J 4? S 4- +V I .85? QO 4 4 4 ^4 frftn ^K^--«t§- 4 4% 8 ii J nirm- i i • m- r—-ITT —3 1 111 3 m 3 s S 5S 44+ 4- £2 + H- 4f 3 U1OSJ i + + 4- 44- 4f 44+ 44H- 44- 4+ + UJ 4H- * 444+ + 4+4H- + si a8s <9 i y a 1z |8 s O o o Figure A3.6.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Grimsay, Isle of North Uist. -112- Figures and Plates Appendix Three " SB - « 3 in in if* I [" 3> Si J"5 HI F s 5£ 00 oo 00 60 00 SP to oo 8P jaqiun[yj ajduiBS Figure A3.7.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Pool Roag, Isle of Skye, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -113- Figures and Plates Appendix Three t/2 s 3> 8 8 L 56 «3 % r L — ^ £N 00 (N £N £N fN SO 00 00 00 03 cd cd cd O O O O jaquinf«j 3|duies Figure A3.7.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Pool Roag, Isle of Skye, during August 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -114- Figures and Plates Appendix Three + + + 1 + i* ++- + ji*j=t-i. T "#5 If + 4#- + II + E 1I 3 4: +4^ II If is BE + + + + + r m + + + + + *1 If OS + + e -! ++ + t + + + ,+ t < 8 ! 8 a Figure A3.7.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Pool Roag, Isle of Skye. -115- Figures and Plates Appendix Three 9 C/) R v© — cd cd cd cd cd cd cd eg jaquinM 3|duiB«; Figure A3.8.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -116- Figures and Plates Appendix Three 3> C0 4) \ g »3 J^1 — 5 r-- o ^ 9° C fN ?5 o ^5 '8 J3 .is '« '3 4= Joqiun[\] 3|duiBS Figure A3.8.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye, during August 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -117- Figures and Plates Appendix Three +3 + + + + * if ^4 •a if Is + + + + + + + + It + + + E Is is To ft 8 S 8 ! 3 S Figure A3.8.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Loch na h'airde, Isle of Skye. -118- Figures and Plates Appendix Three V) t/5 1/C/5 3^ \1 L 41 L L L fi O — (N Figure A3.9.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch of Reiff, Assynt, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -119- Figures and Plates Appendix Three '5 O o ti1n> •eiff/2 / •eiff/2 / -eiff/2 / I* I— reiff/2/ : reiff/2/ : J3qiunf»j a|duies Figure A3.9.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch of Reiff, Assynt, during August 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -120- Figures and Plates Appendix Three + + z i * *l# ± is t 6 O * * V 1W| 4+ +• + * 1; JliJ "H'c Qt(0 + 4* + 4* t "^t#-t*4*r T83 T if + + + +• Is 4- 4- 4- 4-4- + + ,, + 4- 4 - ,4- + , . -H+H- 4-1, 4f,+ S S ESS CD S 8 825 Figure A3.9.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Loch of Reiff, Assynt. -121- Figures and Plates Appendix Three 1 M z '.C2 « > in /1/ 3 /1/ 4 "3 "3 "3 jaquinjvj 9|duiBS Figure A3.10.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Lochan Sal, Assynt, during April 2000. -122- Figures and Plates Appendix Three 03 93 m vi fN ?3 is rs (8 jaquin^i aiduies Figure A3.10.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Lochan Sal, Assynt, during August 2000. -123- Figures and Plates Appendix Three 4^ /4 Ht4f ++ if 4-44- -Wtf-HH-- II+ 4+ + 4f 4fHf 4*44- *+ 4 4fc 4- 4 %- ++ 4- • + - •* 4 + + 4- S + -w--m-m=ttk 4H-4- M - 2 v 6 II lis o o Q og S8S5 t- (5 in •*« Figure A3.10.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Lochan Sal, Assynt. -124- Figures and Plates Appendix Three 4> Si 01 joqiunM 3|duiBS Figure A3.11.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch an Eisg-brachaidh, Assynt, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -125- Figures and Plates Appendix Three (N fN 4> jaquinhj siduiBe Figure A3.11.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch an Eisg-brachaidh, Assynt, during August 2000. -126- Figures and Plates Appendix Three / 4- T 4* +t \>»+ +Ht*^ + + 4+ + 4++ +4+ 4 4 4 4-4* 4+ II * 4 ++J# 4) " 4- t ++•# +*iM++fc 4 4 4- 4- w T 4++ + 4-44-+ +44-+ + # ^4 4-t^_+ + + 4f 1+ 4- 61 I? 163 8S88 Figure A3.11.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Loch an Eisg-brachaidh, Assynt. -127- Figures and Plates Appendix Three in E 3 O H V} •Pi F OO R~ IN VO F^I —. — — o u u :j ".J e s s s s s Figure A3.12.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Roe Lagoon, Assynt, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -128- Figures and Plates Appendix Three Vi V) t/1 3> y>, *i>. 5* F Of I L 1/3 i r vo i— oo u-> ci FS Figure A3.12.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Roe Lagoon, Assynt, during August 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -129- Figures and Plates Appendix Three * 4- (- 4 + H*t: +P- ++ -fc li ^ I III ^ Ifr i ^ ^Ift F i* I is- QO + ^ 5 1 4- + * 4 8 IS Si s o ?g u + 4- + + Figure A3.12.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Loch Roe Lagoon, Assynt. -130- Figures and Plates Appendix Three 4 II ss Si s Figure A3.13.1: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Oldany Lagoons, Assynt. -131- Figures and Plates Appendix Three t/3 9 Si. J* L 11 L V) 41 I 1 lb I 3> I _ R- (N O 5 5 I c 1 "O "O "6 T3 o D o *o a> Z Z 2 Z jsquinisi 0|diuBS Figure A3.14.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Nedd Lagoon, Assynt, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -132- Figures and Plates Appendix Three vi vi Vi Vi Vi 9 V it I I if 71 00 •8 •8 •8 "8 •8 Figure A3.14.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Loch Nedd Lagoon, Assynt, during August 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -133- Figures and Plates Appendix Three + +4 H%+4- +-+# *&+ +- it* J* 4-fjjj F*i- + H** + + 4- + S3 ++ 44- 4- + + + t + g ft f4f + h4-4-+ Is 4- 4- f + ++ + +1- 4 + + 4-4 4- 4- 4- + +4- OS + 4- 4- + 111 if4-+4- test. 8 8 as 2° 8* Figure A3.14.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Loch Nedd Lagoon, Assynt. -134- Figures and Plates Appendix Three 00 o ?5 r3 jaquiiifsj 3(duiBS Figure A3.15.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Lochan na Dubh Leitir, Assynt, during 9 August 2000. -135- Figures and Plates Appendix Three 4 SB N+4 *+»- + It + +-H4+ •HfH+4 + + 4* V* + -til i -H- •4* #-H- + Is 28 || Is 2* TS 8 01 5 S88SS gesss Figure A3.15.2: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Lochan na Dubh Leitir, Assynt. -136- Figures and Plates Appendix Three 0) \ IP if' 5> I \ 00 00 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 <0 60 CO (3 jaqiunkj a|duiBS Figure A3.16.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Craiglin Lagoon, Argyll, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -137- Figures and Plates Appendix Three Vi t/5 Si if! Os in 00 — 60 60 00 00 00 so 60 60 00 CO si jaqiuntsi arduiec Figure A3.16.2: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Craiglin Lagoon, Argyll, during August 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -138- Figures and Plates Appendix Three + +x o+ + + + e 3 + s •4 II 1 %1 + •* =5 + + + +- t + + 23 $ n is, 1? il t 41 + + 4f + + +• 4 Si S sasec Figure A3.16.3: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Craiglin Lagoon, Argyll. -139- Figures and Plates Appendix Three A- \ 01 x: £ jaquinfij 3|daies Figure A3.17.1: Foraminiferal assemblages collected from Dubh Loch, Argyll, during April 2000. The CONISS cluster analysis was carried out with no data transformation. -140- Figures and Plates Appendix Three % 4 Si a? •o + Pi + + + + f SI + -I 3- 12 s.2 8 c £3 E8 II* s s g a Figure A3.17.2: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships in Dubh Loch, Argyll. -141- Figures and Plates Appendix Three i r .1 I 5 T <-i • i* i i I J. I I LI Figure A3.18.1: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships based on the modern dataset for mainland Scotland (Assynt and Argyll) -142- Figures and Plates Appendix Three 1 !- fi ll ! 5 ! VI. I- 1- i-U -I = ! ! -I -i - I "ir • • At i i m • i % 1J r I & » i:r 3 ^1 M ^ H :•_ I j f I ; iMi i: LiL 1 -.- , J..*. r;ff'?fi | if if? _l. 4; » ii. JL_ !.' I. r ! " I • 'i i i i Figure A3.18.2: Scatter plot matrices for foraminifera - environment, environment - environment, and foraminifera - foraminifera relationships based on the modern dataset for the Hebrides (Isles of North Uist and Skye). -143- Figures and Plates Appendix Four -HAT "MHWS "MHWN -MTL "MLWN "MLWS ~LAT y s - y if if y v Site Name Figure A4.1: Comparison between constructed tide levels for all twenty sites used in this investigation using SWLI Method One. -HAT -MHWS -MHWN -MTL -MLWN -MLWS ~LAT /y////"/////•s / •/ if Figure A4.2: Comparison between constructed tide levels for all twenty sites used in this investigation using SWLI Method Two. -144- Figures and Plates Appendix Four • • • • 100 50 50 100 Standardised Water Level Index Standardised Water Level Index Figure A4.3: Scatter plot of SWLI, calculated using a) Equation One and b) Method Two, versus flooding frequency for all sites. The value of R2 is a) 0.92 and b) 0.93. -145- APPENDIX ONE Methods Al.l INTRODUCTION The methods employed in the sampling strategy and data collection stages are described here. This includes the methods used in the analysis of water chemistry, including the calibration of equipment, and sediment properties (loss on ignition and particle size analysis). A1.2 LABORATORY METHODS Al.2.1 Salinity The accurate measurement of salinity within each basin was critical in this research if useful comparisons were to be made between and within sites, and through time. Al.2.1.1 Calibration The meters selected for all water chemistry measurements were calibrated on freshly prepared standards, and tested against benchtop meters in the laboratory. The standards were also tested using the Chloride titration method. The Jenway IP67 standard hand-held meter used during the research accepts only one calibration, using KC1 (potassium chloride) standards of conductivity strength 1413/iS (microsiemens) or 12.88mS (millisiemens) or, in terms of molar strength, 0.0IN and 0.1N KC1. The Jenway bench-top meter used in the laboratory allows a three-point calibration, and standards of conductivity 1413/iS, 12.88mS, and 24.8mS (0.2N KC1) were used. The hand-held meter was also tested against a self-calibrating YSI 63 meter during the final set of data collection in the field, and the results were within 0.1 mS (or mg/L) of each other in water of salinity 27%o. -146- Appendix One Methods Al.2.1.2 Measurement Measurements were taken only once the end-point (meter stabilised) symbol was displayed by the instrument. The conductivity was then converted to salinity using Lab Assistant software v.2.00.05 (PDMS, 1995). One sample from every batch at each site was also tested using the Chloride titration method. These were chosen to represent the full range of salinity values experienced in the field. Al.2.1.3 Method for Chloride Titration 1. Wearing a lab coat, safety glasses and protective gloves, prepare an N/10 (0.1N) standard of Sodium Chloride (5.845g NaCl in 1 litre of distilled water). 2. Make up an N/10 solution of Silver Nitrate (AgNo3) (17.0g AgNo3 in 1 litre of distilled water). This should be kept in a dark bottle, and stored in a cupboard, in order to prevent the silver nitrate from deteriorating. 3. In a small flask, add 20 - 30ml of distilled water, then add to that 10ml of the NaCl standard, using an automatic pipette or another accurate method. 4. Add 4 or 5 drops of potassium chromate (K^CrC^) solution, which will give the sample a yellow colour. In order to ensure that the sample is made acidic, add 2 or 3 drops of Nitric Acid (NHO3), then a small spatula amount of Calcium Carbonate (CaCo3) in order to make the sample alkaline. 5. Using a 25ml or 50ml burette, mounted on a stand, to add the silver nitrate, first test it against the NaCl standard. Exactly 10ml of silver nitrate should be required to change the colour of the entire sample from yellow to light brown. A magnetic stirrer is useful in mixing the sample, otherwise gently agitate the sample the whole time that silver nitrate is being added. 6. Prepare samples in the same way as the NaCl standard, adding 5 or 10ml to the distilled water, then adding the potassium chromate, Nitric Acid and Calcium Carbonate in turn. If the sample has already been measured using a -147- Appendix One Methods conductivity meter, and the conductivity is greater than lOmS, use 5ml of sample. If it has a conductivity less than 10 mS, use 10ml of sample in order to achieve a more accurate result from the reading on the burette. 7. Add the silver nitrate as before. 8. The amount of sample and silver nitrate used in obtaining each reading should be noted and entered into the following equation, where A = amount of silver nitrate used, B = amount of sample used, Y = the figure obtained in the first part of the calculation (required for the second part) and Z = salinity in parts per thousand (%o): Y = (A x 3.55) x (1000/B) (4) Z = (Y/19350) x 35 (5) A1.3 Loss ON IGNITION ANALYSIS The technique used here is after that of Ball (1964). Approximately 3.5 g of sediment was added to a crucible of known weight, and oven-dried at 105°C for 24 hours. The dried sample was then weighed, and the weight of the crucible subtracted, before being placed in a furnace at 550°C for 4 hours. Before the ashed samples cool to below 100°C, place them into a dessicator and store them there until they are weighed and, again, the weight of the crucible is subtracted. The percentage difference between the dry weight and ashed weight is the percentage organic content or loss on ignition: Loss on ignition % =((0 -1) / O) * 100 (6) Where O is the weight of the dried sample; and I is the ashed weight. A1.4 PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS Particle size analysis was carried out using a Coulter laser granulometer, using a minimum of two runs of 90 seconds for each sample. The results were converted to -148- Appendix One Methods MS Excel format and simplified into the percentage of material by volume in the clay, silt and sand fractions. The granulometer accepts any particles in the size range ljum to 2mm (2000/*m). The method of sample preparation is as follows 1 Wearing the appropriate safety equipment (lab coat, safety glasses and Nitrile gloves), place approximately 3 g of sediment in a plastic vial. From now onwards, work inside a fume hood 2 Add 20 ml of distilled water and 5 ml of 100 % Hydrogen Peroxide (H202) to the sample. 3 The sample will effervesce. If this is extreme, allow the sample to settle for a time before covering each tube with foil and placing in a boiling water bath for two hours. 4 Scrape any coarse material which has collected at the top of the tube back down into the sample and, if necessary, add more Hydrogen Peroxide and return to the water bath. Repeat this procedure until all organic material has been dissolved. 5 Centrifuge the samples at 4000 rpm for 4 minutes and carefully decant half of the supernatant liquid off. Top up with water, centrifuge, and decant off the supernatant water. 6 Add 20 ml of distilled water to the tube, then 2 ml of Sodium Hexametaphosphate (NaP03) solution, which is a deflocculant. The sample is now ready for analysis in the Coulter laser granulometer. -149- Appendix One Methods A 1.5 FORAMINIFERA The following procedure is after Scott and Medioli (1980a) and de Rijk (1995). 1 The foraminiferal and, where appropriate, thecamoebian (or testate amoebae) samples are placed in buffered ethanol together with the protein stain rose Bengal (Walton, 1952). 2 Wet sieve through 500/i.m and 63/im sieves, using light water pressure from a fine spray. 3 Wash the samples into a storage vial with distilled water, add ethanol as a preservative, and store in a refrigerator. A1.6 LEVELLING SILL ALTITUDES The majority of sill altitudes were determined using Leica GPS System 300, with the data analysed in the SKI package and tied into the UK Ordnance Survey active GPS network, the data from which is downloadable via the internet. The maximum error in linking the reference station (in effect a temporary benchmark) to the active network was less than 25 mm. Given that the errors associated with the (no longer maintained) UK benchmark system are up to order of magnitude larger than this, 25mm can be accepted as a legitimate error margin. Added to this are any differences between the reference station and the rover station used at each site. The quality of this solution never exceeds 41 mm, although more typical error values are sub-millimetre. For the small number of sites where the GPS equipment was not available, a Leica Total Station was used, in conjunction with the OS benchmark system. In order to maximise the accuracy of this system, the benchmarks used were cut in solid rock and all transects were closed back to the benchmark, with a maximum accepted closure error of 50mm. -150- APPENDIX TWO Foraminiferal Species List Ammonia beccarii var. batavus (Hofker) Ammoscalaria runiana (Heron-Allen and Earland) Cibicides lobatulus (Walker and Jacob) Eggerelloides scabrus (Haynes) Elphidium excavatum (Terquem) Elphidium macellum (Fichtel and Moll) Elphidium margaritaceum (Cushman) Elphidium williamsoni (Haynes) Haynesina depressula (Walker and Jacob) Haynesina germanica (Ehrenberg) Jadammina macrescens (Brady) Miliammina fusca (Brady) Quinqueloculina spp. Trochammina inflata (Montagu) -151- APPENDIX THREE Site Results A3.1 FORAMINIFERA AND ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES Three sites were selected in the main text for discussion of the relationships between the foraminifera and environmental variables data collected from each site. The remaining data is presented here, with information appearing in Figures A3.1.1 - A3.17.2 in the following site order: Oban Trumisgarry Alioter Lagoon Bac-a-Stoc Locheport 1 Locheport 2 Grimsay Pool Roag Loch na h'airde Loch of Reiff Lochan Sal Loch an Eisg-brachaidh Loch Roe Lagoon Oldany Lagoons Loch Nedd Lagoon Lochan na Dubh Leitir Craiglin Lagoon Dubh Loch -152- Appendix Three Site Results A3.2 REGIONAL COMPARISON OF THE COMBINED DATA-SET The screened dataset of 266 samples was split into that from the Hebridean islands of North Uist and Skye (221 samples), and that from the Assynt and Argyll areas of the mainland (45 samples). Values of r (Table A3.1) and r2 (Table A3.2) were calculated for the relationships in each, and scatter plot matrices calculated in the same manner as for the combined modern dataset (Figures A3.18.1 and A3.18.2). Data from neither region displays any distinct differences from the combined dataset. As a result, the combined dataset is used for the remaining statistical analysis, as there is no apparent gain in treating the results on a regional basis. -153- Appendix Three Site Results Sil l elevatio n inpu t 0.368 2 Freshwate r are a Basi n surfac e -0.145 4 0.5877 * OO 0.138 5 volum e o 0.5659 * Hig h tid e * oo oo «-> 0.013 1 volum e 0.8221 * 0.9798 * Lo w tid e O 0.057 7 0.171 3 0.003 9 -0.127 5 % San d -0.4438 * % Sil t 0.131 8 0.009 9 -0.083 8 -0.196 9 0.4947 * -0.9928 * 0.022 6 0.104 4 0.260 0 % Cla y -0.043 6 -0.083 0 0.8898 * -0.9381 * * * v-i OWl OO oo 0.097 6 0.034 9 -0.137 4 -0.222 3 0.3817 * 0.7019 * Conten t O O % Organi c 0.165 1 0.028 1 -0.018 8 -0.118 3 -0.231 7 -0.237 9 -0.130 6 -0.064 7 -0.099 7 Averag e 2 Dissolve d O * o> Os 0.029 4 0.016 3 0.102 9 0.089 7 0.097 1 0.022 3 0.127 6 CO -0.000 5 -0.012 3 Averag e d temperatur e oo o tN oo 0.127 1 0.009 3 -0.232 2 -0.305 9 -0.360 5 0.3987 * d d 0.4374 * | -0.4334 * -0.4873 * p H rang e * m oo Os P H 0.232 9 0.277 1 0.333 6 0.342 8 -0.350 4 -0.323 7 -0.173 3 -0.176 4 -0.119 5 -0.3880 * -0.7690 * d Minimu m P H 0.244 4 | 0.365 8 0.353 9 0.328 9 -0.367 3 -0.326 0 -0.284 5 | -0.018 6 -0.220 9 -0.108 5 | 0.4721 * 0.9297 * Averag e -0.6189 * | * o 0.300 5 0.287 3 0.026 4 -0.002 6 -0.093 5 -0.325 0 -0.220 2 Salinit y 0.5799 * 0.5592 * 0.5195 * -0.5121 * | d -0.4384 * -0.5850 * Minimu m ON *f -O Rang e 0.109 9 0.365 3 0.001 7 0.188 7 0.267 4 -0.030 2 -0.040 5 -0.274 6 -0.096 9 Salinit y 0.3924 * 0.5363 * | 0.4178 * | -0.5788 * O -0.5168 * m *r> 0.046 4 0.065 3 0.032 2 -0.239 2 -0.315 7 -0.334 0 | -0.101 3 -0.275 8 Salinit y d 0.9303 * 0.6722 * 0.5750 * 0.4781 * 0.4334 * -0.5249 * 1 -0.4656 * Maximu m * r- o m r- O Os in 0.374 4 0.053 0 0.057 6 -0.206 7 -0.376 6 -0.349 2 -0.323 7 -0.055 9 -0.304 3 -0.214 0 1 Salinit v 0.6857 * 0.9065 * 0.6710 * Averag e d d -0.5858 * 1 -0.4193 * | 2 O p H p H Sil l Are a Basi n inpu t Tem p % Sil t 1 Rang e volum e volum e surfac e Salinit y %Cla y Salinit y Salinit y Salinit y %San d Conten t Averag e Averag e Averag e Averag e Lo w tid e Hig h tid e elevatio n Dissolve d p H rang e 1 Minimu m Minimu m Maximu m % Organi c Freshwate r Table A3.1: Values of r (Pearson's Correlation Coefficient) for the relationship between environmental variables in the modern dataset for mainland Scotland (Argyll and Assynt). * indicates 99% confidence interval. -154- Appendix Three Site Results Sil l elevatio n inpu t o Freshwate r are a Basi n -0.527 1 surfac e 0.2429 * voium e -0.077 6 -0.649 3 0.8586 * Hig h tid e OO o Rang e 0.041 6 0.018 9 0.003 0 -0.112 1 -0.060 4 -0.066 1 -0.006 1 -0.009 3 -0.025 5 Salinit y O 0.3288 * -0.3247 * -0.7827 * -0.3338 * -0.4903 * * • * OO i 00 rN OO fN 0.003 8 0.056 0 0.153 8 0.001 9 0.109 3 0.038 7 -0.204 2 -0.076 2 -0.035 6 Salinit y 0.6195 * O O 0.1804 * | -0.2116 * | -0.2699 * Maximu m O » OO OO ro O 0.084 3 0.053 1 0.106 8 O -0.120 9 Salinit y 0.7807 * 0.9530 * 0.4619 * 0.3449 * 0.2849 * | 0.2322 * 1 0.3066 * Averag e d -0.5950 * -0.410 3 * J -0.2390* 1 -0.2004 * p H p H are a Basi n inpu t Rang e % Sil t volum e volum e Salinit y Salinit y Salinit y % Cla y | surfac e Salinit y % San d Conten t | Averag e Averag e Averag e Lo w tid e Averag e Hig h tid e p H rang e 1 Minimu m Minimu m Maximu m 2 % Organi c I Freshwate r Dissolve d O Temperatur e Sil l elevatio n Table A3.2: Values of r (Pearson's Correlation Coefficient) for the relationship between environmental variables in the modern dataset for the Hebridean Islands of North Uist and Skye. * indicates 99% confidence interval. -155- APPENDIX FOUR Standardised Water Level Index The altitude of basin sills can not be accurately compared in the statistical reconstruction of relative sea-level without also taking account of their position in relation to the tidal cycle. The altitudes are therefore converted to a standardised water level index (SWLI) from metres OD. Three methods were previously discussed by Horton (1997). Here, the three methods are assessed, in order to find the most appropriate equation for the range of basin elevations in this research: A4.1 METHOD ONE The altitude of sills and tide levels are expressed as: xa = [(Aa - MTLa) / (MHWSTa - MTLa)* 100] (7) where Aa is the altitude (m OD) of the sill at site a; MTLa is the mean tide level (m OD) at site a; MHWSTa is the mean high water spring tide at site a; and xa is the SWLI of the sill of site a. This method gives values of 0 for the xa of MTL and 100 for that of MHWST. Figure A4.1 and Table A4.1 show the construction of tide levels using method one. A4.2 METHOD Two The altitude of sills and tide levels are expressed as: xa = ((A„ - LATa) / (HAT« - LATfl)* 100) (8) where Aa is the altitude (m OD) of the sill at site a; LATa is the lowest astronomical tide (m OD) at site a; HATa is the highest astronomical tide at site a; and xa is the SWLI of the sill of site a. This method gives values of 0 for the xa of LAT and 100 -156- Appendix Four Standardised Water Level Index for that of HAT. Figure A4.2 and Table A4.2 show the construction of tide levels using method two. A4.3 METHOD THREE The altitude of sills and tide levels are expressed as: xa = [((A,, - MLWSTa) / (MHWST0 - MLWSTa)* 100) + 100] (3) where Aa is the altitude (m OD) of the sill at site a; MLWSTa is mean low water spring tide (m OD) at site a; MHWSTa is mean high water spring tide at site a; and xa is the SWLI of the sill of site a. As this method is selected as the most appropriate for the this research, the constant 100 is added to ensure that all values are positive, in order to avoid any potential problems with computer programs and negative values. This method gives values of 100 for the xa of MLWST and 200 for that of MHWST. Tide level construction is shown in Figure 4.6 and Table 4.3. Table A4.4 shows the construction of the SWLI for sill elevations using method three. A4.4 SUMMARY As well as the elevations of tide levels being constructed using each SWLI method in turn (Table A4.2 - Table A4.4), the duration of flooding at Spring tide was also plotted against SWLI using each of the three methods (Figure 4.7 - method three; Figure A4.3 - methods one and two). From this, either method two or method three could be used in this research, as they show the greatest consistency in SWLI values between sites at the different stages of the tide. Although SWLI method two actually produced a slightly higher value of r2 and lower RMSE, it was decided to proceed with method three. Method three is based around accurate readings of Spring tides, the data for which is calculated for secondary ports in the Admiralty Tide Tables (2000), whilst method two relies on the accurate measurement of HAT and LAT, the data for which is not calculated for secondary ports in the Admiralty Tide Tables (2000). This requires extrapolation from standard ports, leaving the method open to potentially larger errors in the calculation of the SWLI of each sill. -157- Appendix Four Standardised Water Level Index Site LAT MLWST MLWNT MTL MHWNT MHWST HAT Oban Trumisgarry -140 -105 -45 0 40 100 130 Oban na Struthan -140 -105 -45 0 40 100 130 Alioter Lagoon -140 -105 -45 0 40 100 130 Bac-a-Stoc -140 -105 -45 0 40 100 130 Locheport 1 -140 -105 -45 0 40 100 130 Locheport 2 -140 -105 -45 0 40 100 130 Grimsay -140 -105 -45 0 40 100 130 Pool Roag -136.36 -100 -40.91 0 36.36 100 127.27 Loch na h'airde -166.67 -127.78 -50 0 38.89 100 155.56 Loch of Reiff -136.36 -104.55 -40.91 0 40.91 100 127.27 Lochan Sal -136.36 -104.55 -40.91 0 40.91 100 127.27 Loch an Eisg- -136.36 -104.55 -40.91 0 40.91 100 127.27 brachaidh Loch Roe Lagoon -163.16 -121.05 -52.63 0 42.11 100 142.11 Oldany Lagoon 1 -157.89 -121.05 -57.89 0 36.84 100 147.37 Oldany Lagoon 2 -157.89 -121.05 -57.89 0 36.84 100 147.37 Loch Nedd -157.89 -57.89 0 36.84 100 147.37 Lagoon Lochan na Dubh -157.89 -121.05 -57.89 0 36.84 100 147.37 Leitir Duartmore -157.89 -121.05 -57.89 0 36.84 100 147.37 Caithlim Lagoon -107.69 -76.92 -23.08 0 46.15 100 138.46 Craiglin Lagoon -143.75 -81.25 -62.5 0 56.25 100 125 Dubh Loch -192.31 -115.38 -115.38 0 69.23 100 153.85 Average -147.07 108.39 -51.03 0 41.71 100 136.71 SD 16.80 12.86 17.26 0 7.64 0 10.14 Table A4.1: Construction of tide levels using SWLI method one (equation 7). -158- Appendix Four Standardised Water Level Index Site LAT MLWST MLWNT MTL MHWNT MHWST HAT Oban Trumisgarry 0 12.96 35.19 51.85 66 67 88.89 100 Oban na Struthan 0 12.96 35.19 51.85 66 67 88.89 100 Alioter Lagoon 0 12.96 35.19 51.85 66 67 88.89 100 Bac-a-Stoc 0 12.96 35.19 51.85 66 67 88.89 100 Locheport 1 0 12.96 35.19 51.85 66 67 88.89 100 Locheport 2 0 12.96 35.19 51.85 66 67 88.89 100 Grimsay 0 12.96 35.19 51.85 66 67 88.89 100 Pool Roag 0 13.79 36.21 51.72 65 52 89.66 100 Loch na h'airde 0 12.07 36.21 51.72 63 79 82.76 100 Loch of Reiff 0 12.07 36.21 51.72 67 24 89.66 100 Lochan Sal 0 12.07 36.21 51.72 67 24 89.66 100 Loch an Eisg- 0 12.07 36.21 51.72 67 24 89.66 100 brachaidh Loch Roe Lagoon 0 13.79 36.21 53.45 67 24 86.21 100 Oldany Lagoon 1 0 12.07 32.76 51.72 63 79 84.48 100 Oldany Lagoon 2 0 12.07 32.76 51.72 63 79 84.48 100 Loch Nedd 0 12.07 32.76 51.72 63 79 84.48 100 Lagoon Lochan na Dubh 0 12.07 32.76 51.72 63.79 84.48 100 Leitir Duartmore 0 12.07 32.76 51.72 63.79 84.48 100 Caithlim Lagoon 0 12.50 34.38 43.75 62.50 84.38 100 Craiglin Lagoon 0 23.26 30.23 53.49 74.42 90.70 100 Dubh Loch 0 22.22 22.22 55.56 75.56 84.44 100 Average 0 13.57 34.01 51.74 66.49 87.23 100 SD 0 3.10 3.16 2.06 3.23 2.54 0 Table A4.2: Construction of tide levels using SWLI method two (equation 8). -159- Appendix Four Standardised Water Level Index Site LAT MLWST MLWNT MTL MHWNT MHWST HAT Oban Trumisgarry 82.93 100 129.27 151.22 170.73 200 214.63 Oban na Struthan 82.93 100 129.27 151.22 170.73 200 214.63 Alioter Lagoon 82.93 100 129.27 151.22 170.73 200 214.63 Bac-a-Stoc 82.93 100 129.27 151.22 170.73 200 214.63 Locheport 1 82.93 100 129.27 151.22 170.73 200 214.63 Locheport 2 82.93 100 129.27 151.22 170.73 200 214.63 Grimsay 82.93 100 129.27 151.22 170.73 200 214.63 Pool Roag 81.82 100 129.55 150.00 168.18 200 213.64 Loch na h'airde 82.93 100 134.15 156.10 173.17 200 224.39 Loch of Reiff 84.44 100 131.11 151.11 171.11 200 213.33 Lochan Sal 84.44 100 131.11 151.11 171.11 200 213.33 Loch an Eisg- 84.44 100 131.11 151.11 171.11 200 213.33 brachaidh Loch Roe Lagoon 80.95 100 130.95 154.76 173.81 200 219.05 Oldany Lagoon 1 83.33 100 128.57 154.76 171.43 200 221.43 Oldany Lagoon 2 83.33 100 128.57 154.76 171.43 200 221.43 Loch Nedd 83.33 100 128.57 154.76 171.43 200 221.43 Lagoon Lochan na Dubh 83.33 100 128.57 154.76 171.43 200 221.43 Leitir Duartmore 83.33 100 128.57 154.76 171.43 200 221.43 Caithlim Lagoon 82.61 100 130.43 143.48 169.57 200 221.74 Craiglin Lagoon 65.52 100 110.34 144.83 175.86 200 213.79 Dubh Loch 64.29 100 100.00 153.57 185.71 200 225.00 Average 81.36 100 127.45 151.83 172.00 200 217.49 SD 5.53 0 7.70 3.16 3.49 0 4.12 Table A4.3: Construction of tide levels using SWLI method three (equation 3). -160- Appendix Four Standardised Water Level Index Site Sill Altitude (m OD) SWLI Oban Trumisgarry 0.813 165.93 Oban na Struthan 0.851 166.85 Alioter Lagoon 0.674 162.54 Bac-a-Stoc 0.653 162.02 Locheport 1 0.879 167.54 Locheport 2 0.417 156.28 Grimsay 1.035 171.34 Pool Roag -0.707 125.52 Loch na h'airde 1.851 191.49 Loch of Reiff 1.426 177.24 Lochan Sal 3.182 216.26 Loch an Eisg-brachaidh 0.801 163.36 Loch Roe Lagoon 0.477 154.21 Oldany Lagoon 1 1.42 179.05 Oldany Lagoon 2 1.923 191.02 Loch Nedd Lagoon 1.921 190.98 Lochan na Dubh Leitir 4.498 252.33 Duartmore -0.546 132.24 Caithlim Lagoon 1.084 170.61 Craiglin Lagoon 1.417 180.59 Dubh Loch 1.193 182.61 Table A4.4: Sill elevations and SWLI values, using SWLI method three. -161- APPENDIX FIVE WA-PLS Calibration and Modern Analogue Technique Results for Fossil Data This appendix provides data not included in Chapter Six for WA-PLS calibration and Modern Analogue technique tests on fossil data from two basins. The data are presented are: i. Dubh Lochan. WA-PLS calibration (Table A5.1 and Figure 6.9). ii. Loch nan Corr. WA-PLS calibration (Table A5.2 and Figure 6.10). iii. Loch nan Corr. MAT (Table A5.3 and Figure 6.10). Sample Number Sample Depth PLS Predicted Salinity 1 122 15.71 2 126 15.71 3 134 18.79 4 142 17.41 5 150 17.95 6 158 16.59 7 166 16.95 8 174 16.93 9 182 18.87 10 190 22.52 11 198 23.62 12 206 23.51 13 214 22.27 14 222 21.22 15 230 21.60 16 238 18.61 17 242 23.26 18 246 25.98 19 248 27.14 20 250 28.81 21 252 27.50 22 254 26.41 23 262 26.04 24 266 26.00 25 269 26.06 Table A5.1: Summary of salinity values predicted for samples in a fossil core from Dubh Lochan basin, Coigach. -162- Appendix Five WA-PLS Calibration and Modern Analogue Technique Results for Fossil Data e Number Sample Depth PLS Predicted Salinity 1 104 16.09 2 112 16.40 3 120 17.45 4 128 27.19 5 136 26.78 6 144 27.48 7 160 28.01 8 176 27.70 9 192 27.43 10 208 27.69 11 224 27.26 12 240 27.28 13 256 27.26 14 272 26.09 15 288 27.42 16 304 27.39 17 328 26.71 18 336 26.40 19 344 27.62 20 352 28.01 21 360 28.01 22 368 28.01 23 376 28.01 24 384 28.53 25 400 28.24 26 424 25.17 27 432 27.02 28 440 25.22 29 448 26.52 30 456 27.90 31 464 27.33 32 472 27.88 33 480 26.61 34 490 28.52 35 500 28.22 36 520 28.67 37 540 28.71 38 560 28.86 39 580 28.88 40 600 29.41 41 620 29.75 42 630 29.54 43 646 29.12 44 662 29.15 45 678 28.61 46 686 29.20 47 694 30.13 48 702 29.67 49 710 29.45 50 718 30.04 51 726 30.63 52 730 30.07 53 738 28.62 54 746 28.45 55 754 26.55 56 758 27.80 57 762 28.36 58 766 28.54 -163- Appendix Five WA-PLS Calibration and Modern Analogue Technique Results for Fossil Data 59 770 28.50 60 774 28.96 61 778 28.96 Table A5.2: Summary of salinity values predicted for samples in a fossil core from Loch nan Corr basin, Kintail. -164- Appendix Five WA-PLS Calibration and Modern Analogue Technique Results for Fossil Data Sample Depth PLS Weighted Mean Min DC Analogue Calibration 1 5 - 20.17 2.0000 No Close 2 26 - 20.17 2.0000 No Close 3 50 - 20.17 2.0000 No Close 4 66 - 20.17 2.0000 No Close 5 72 - 16.76 2.0000 No Close 6 80 - 21.41 2.0000 No Close 7 88 - 20.17 2.0000 No Close 8 96 - 27.12 2.0000 No Close 9 104 16.09 18.41 0.4784 No Close 10 112 16.4 21.22 0.0594 No Close 11 120 17.45 21.32 0.0644 No Close 12 128 27.19 21.58 1.2105 No Close 13 136 26.78 21.55 1.0755 No Close 14 144 27.48 21.62 1.2741 No Close 15 160 28.01 23.55 1.4523 No Close 16 176 27.7 23.38 1.3256 No Close 17 192 27.43 21.60 1.2381 No Close 18 208 27.69 23.37 1.3106 No Close 19 224 27.26 21.59 1.2425 No Close 20 240 27.28 21.62 1.2933 No Close 21 256 27.26 21.59 1.2282 No Close 22 272 26.09 21.21 0.9453 No Close 23 288 27.42 23.31 1.2980 No Close 24 304 27.39 21.60 1.2301 No Close 25 328 26.71 21.62 1.0530 No Close 26 336 26.4 21.21 1.0020 No Close 27 344 27.62 23.34 1.3137 No Close 28 352 28.01 23.55 1.4523 No Close 29 360 28.01 23.55 1.4523 No Close 30 368 28.01 23.54 1.4686 No Close 31 376 28.01 23.55 1.4523 No Close 32 384 28.53 26.21 0.8917 No Close 33 400 28.24 26.18 0.8284 No Close 34 424 25.17 26.78 0.2976 No Close 35 432 27.02 26.36 0.3269 No Close 36 440 25.22 21.51 0.6283 No Close 37 448 26.52 26.94 0.4302 No Close 38 456 27.9 28.02 0.2528 No Close 39 464 27.33 26.64 0.3418 No Close 40 472 27.88 26.85 0.3598 No Close 41 480 26.61 26.24 0.6372 No Close 42 490 28.52 28.46 0.1459 No Close 43 500 28.22 27.67 0.2328 No Close 44 520 28.67 28.21 0.1712 No Close 45 540 28.71 28.21 0.1581 No Close 46 560 28.86 28.04 0.1654 No Close 47 580 28.88 27.92 0.2181 No Close 48 600 29.41 28.26 0.5781 No Close 49 620 29.75 29.81 0.6630 No Close 50 630 29.54 27.99 0.7724 No Close 51 646 29.12 25.30 0.7951 No Close 52 662 29.15 26.29 0.6828 No Close 53 678 28.61 27.04 0.7124 No Close 54 686 29.2 26.77 0.5382 No Close 55 694 30.13 27.81 0.6603 No Close 56 702 29.67 28.05 0.7290 No Close -165- Appendix Five WA-PLS Calibration and Modern Analogue Technique Results for Fossil Data 57 710 29.45 26.42 0.6479 No Close 58 718 30.04 26.73 0.6583 No Close 59 726 30.63 28.94 0.8429 No Close 60 730 30.07 27.01 0.8183 No Close 61 738 28.62 27.11 0.6634 No Close 62 746 28.45 27.17 0.3619 No Close 63 754 26.55 27.08 0.3907 No Close 64 758 27.8 27.15 0.4693 No Close 65 762 28.36 27.63 0.2585 No Close 66 766 28.54 27.70 0.2560 No Close 67 770 28.5 28.53 0.1217 No Close 68 774 28.96 26.89 0.4068 No Close 69 778 28.96 26.89 0.4068 No Close Table AS.3: MAT Assessment of PLS Calibration predictions for samples from Loch nan Con- fossil isolation basin, Kintail. No samples have a DC (Dissimilarity Coefficient) lower than the 20th percentile (Table 6.6) and, therefore, there are no good analogue samples for this fossil data in the modern training set. -166- O 1> o o o o o t- jaquin\t- [ t-3|duiB u-S