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Chapter 16 , , and Photography

Culture and Values, 8th Ed. Cunningham and Reich and Fichner-Rathus identify the concerns of Romanticism What is Romanticism

• nostalgia for idealized past • interest in exotic, distant lands • man is inherently good • emphasis on , emotion, intuition, imagination • commitment to political and social freedom

! [Source: Adams Exploring the Humanities p. 495] • Anonymous 13th century story of Jaufré What is Romanticism Rudel: The term Romantic is used to – Jaufré Rudel … , the prince of Blaye … fell in love with the countess of Tripoli, without ever having seen her, out of the describe a revival of interest good he heard of her…. Out of his desire to see her, he in literary works with medieval became a crusader and set off by sea, and on the boat was settings written in the taken ill, and was taken to Tripoli. … Word of this was sent to the countess and she came to his bedside and took him in her Romance languages. arms. … [He praised] God for having allowed him live long ! enough to see her; and so he died in her arms. [Source: Adams Exploring the Humanities p. 500] [Source: Eco History of Beauty p. 167] ! • Several 12th century songs refer to Jaufré Rudel as well: – My thoughts stray to my distant love. … But I know not when I shall see her for our lands lie too far apart! – Distant love, for you all my heart aches … [Source: Eco History of Beauty p. 168] ! • This story appears in the works of several important Romantic period poets Jaufré Rudel legend in the Romantic Period

Heinrich Heine from Romancero-Last Poems (1851)! Giosuè Carducci from “Jaufré Rudel” (1888)! [in Eco History of Beauty p. 169] ! [in Eco History of Beauty p. 170]

The walls of castle Blaye … as out of Cyprus sails are hung with tapestries The crusader ship. woven by the expert hand of her who was countess of Tripoli. Gasping with fever in the stern … Lies the prince of Blaye, Rudel The countess bends over him Seeking to glimpse Embracing him with love The castle high in Tripoli. And kisses the bloodless mouth That had praised her gloriously. ! With the Asian shore in sight But oh! that kiss is transformed The song rings out into a kiss of farewell. “Love from a distant land … For you my heart aches.” In castle Blaye, at night The figures on the tapestries ! Tremble, rustle, whisper … the ship As suddenly they return to life. Moors in the peaceful harbor … ! Bertrand … hastens to the castle to seek The Lady and the Troubadour Melisenda Their spectral limbs arouse And come down from the walls The countess of Tripoli. To stroll through the halls. … the intellectual background and the impact of the Industrial Revolution on Romanticism 16.2 A panoramic view of , ca. 1858 The Intellectual Background

• Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) • Transcendental • Critique of Judgment (1790) • disinterested interest (disinterested satisfaction) • Art reconciles opposites

! • Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) • Synthesis of thesis, antithesis • Optimistic “World Spirit” The Intellectual Background

• Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) • Dominating world power is evil • The World as Will and Idea (1819) • Despondency, pessimism, gloom

! • Karl Marx (1818-1883) • Communist Manifesto (1848) • Universal proletariat, revolution • Artistic realism: social and political • Anti-capitalism Other Industrial Developments

• Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) • Theory of evolution, natural selection • “Social Darwinism” • Physics, chemistry • Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) • Railroads, factories • “a wilderness of human beings” explain Romanticism in 19th-century art The Concerns of Romanticism

• Romanticism is more a set of characteristics than an era (see p. 578) • Expression of personal feelings • Emotionality, subjectivity • Individual creative imagination • Mystical attachment to nature • Love of the fantastic and the exotic 16.12 Francisco de Goya, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters, 1797-1798

Romantic Art in Spain and France

• Francisco de Goya (1746-1828) • The Third of May (Execution of the Madrileños) (1814) • No idealization • Persuasive emotionality • Personal commitment, vision Francois Goya’s Romanticism: Nationalism and Dream Worlds

Third of May 1808 (1814) The Sleep of Reason Produces shows his concern with justice and liberty Monsters (ca. 1798) Romantic Art in Spain and France

• Géricault’s Raft of the Medusa (1818) • Intended as a direct indictment of the government

! • Romantic art of Delacroix (1798-1863) • Use of color to create form • Violent, emotional scenes • The Death of Sardanapalus (1826) 16.16 Jean Louis André-Théodore Géricault, Raft of the Medusa, 1818 16.18 Eugène Delacroix, The Death of Sardanapalus, 1826

Romantic Art in the and Germany

• (1757-1827) • as Romantic device • Constable’s Hay Wain (1821) • Turner’s Slave Ship (1840) • Friedrich’s Wanderer Above a Sea of Mist (1817-1818) 16.20 , , 1821 16.21 Joseph Mallord William Turner, The Slave Ship, 1840 16.22 , Wanderer Above a Sea of Mist, 1817-1818 illustrate the role of poetry and the novel in the Romantic era Love of the Fantastic and Exotic The Beauty of the Medusa: grotesque, gloomy, melancholy, formless

Head of Medusa at the Uffizi Gallery P.B. Shelley poem “On the Medusa of Leonardo Flemish School (formerly attributed to Leonardo da Vinci) da Vinci in the Florentine Gallery” 1. It lieth, gazing on the midnight sky, Upon the cloudy mountain-peak supine; Below, far lands are seen tremblingly; Its horror and its beauty are divine. Upon its lips and eyelids seems to lie Loveliness like a shadow, from which shine, Fiery and lurid, struggling underneath, The agonies of anguish and of death. 2. Yet it is less the horror than the grace Which turns the gazer's spirit into stone, Whereon the lineaments of that dead face Are graven, till the characters be grown Into itself, and thought no more can trace; 'Tis the melodious hue of beauty thrown Athwart the darkness and the glare of pain, Which humanize and harmonize the strain. Nature and Romanticism

Wordsworth “Lines Written a few Miles above J.M.W. Turner (1794) Tintern Abbey …” (1798) Five years have passed; five summers, with the length Of five long winters! and again I hear These waters, rolling from their mountain-springs With a sweet inland murmur. —Once again Do I behold these steep and lofty cliffs, Which on a wild secluded scene impress Thoughts of more deep seclusion; and connect The landscape with the quiet of the sky. The day is come when I again repose Here, under this dark sycamore, and view These plots of cottage-ground, these orchard-tufts, Which, at this season, with their unripe fruits, Among the woods and copses lose themselves, Nor, with their and simple hue, disturb The wild green landscape. …

• William Blake (1757-1827) • Accomplished in both literature and the visual arts; “The Tyger” (1794) • (1770-1850) • Founded Romantic movement • “Emotion recollected in tranquility” • • The Rime of the Ancient Mariner • Illustrates humankind’s powerlessness in the face of the majesty of nature Romantic Poetry

• (1788-1824) • Tormented , Byronic • Commitment to struggles for liberty • (1792-1822) • Atheism, anarchy • Perfectability of humanity • Unification of extreme emotions • (1795-1821) • Tragedy of existence, peace of death The Romantic Novel

• Jane Austen • Superficially about manners and dress • More deeply, they satirize the British evolution of mating strategies • Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley • Argued in favor of free love • Ghost story competition resulted in Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus • • Les Miserables • Combined the Romantic style with a social conscience detail the music of the Romantic era and its most important composers (1770-1827) •Pioneer of musical Romanticism •Pathétique •Rooted in classical principles •Autobiographical emotionality •Eroica •“… the memory of a great man” •Classical structure + Romantic elements Romantic Music Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) •Fidelio •Love of liberty, hatred of oppression •Triumph over fate •Pastoral •“Ode to Joy” •Universality of individual emotion •Emotional intensity: No. 5 in C Romantic Music

• (1803-1869) •Symphonie fantastique • •Personal emotion •More than six hundred Lieder (songs) •Unfinished Symphony Fantastic and Exotic in Music (but also expressive and self-analytical)

• Berlioz Symphonie fantastique – 5th movement titled “Dream of a Witches’ Sabbath” – Shows expression of personal feelings and self- analysis – the story: • a young musician, obsessed with a woman, tries to kill himself with an overdose of opium. The drug does not kill him, rather plunges him into dream. – see p. 601 for more details Romantic Music

• (1833-1897) •Conservative Romanticism •Symphony No. 1, intermezzo • (1824-1896) •Catholicism, mystical vision •Symphony No. 8, adagio Romantic Music Instrumental Virtuosos •Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849) •Mazurkas, polonaises •“the soul of the piano” • (1811-1886) •Hungarian folk tunes •Faust, Dante •Nicolò Paganini •Violin virtuoso, Romantic exaggeration 16.25 Eugène Delacroix, Frédéric Chopin, 1838 Romantic Music Music and Nationalism

•Emphasis on native musical traditions •Modest Moussorgsky (1839-1881) •Boris Godunov (1874) •Russian folksongs, religious music •Bedrich Smetana (1824-1884) •Antonin Dvorák (1841-1904) describe the development of opera in Italy and Germany Romantic Music Opera •Bel canto • (1797-1848) • (1801-1835) • (1813-1901) •Dramatic, psychological truth •Contemporary life issues •Rigoletto, Il Trovatore, La Traviata •Otello Romantic Music Opera in Germany: Wagner (1813-1883)

• • Wagnerian characteristics • Musical flow • Elimination of virtuosity • Emphasis on orchestra • Leitmotiv • Universal drama, universal emotion • The Ring of the Nibelung (1851-1874) • Tristan and Isolde (1865) explain Realism in 19th-century art Realism Realist Art

•Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) •Champion of the working class •“Pavilion of Realism” •Honore Daumier (1808-1879) •Used everyday events to express views 16.27 Gustave Courbet, The Artist’s Studio: A Real Allegory of the Last Seven Years of My Life, 1855 Realist Literature

•A more naturalistic style; describe characters’ lives in realistic terms •Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880) •Madam Bovary (1856) •Honore de Balzac (1779-1850) •`The Human Comedy Realist Literature: The Novel

• (1804-1876) •Issues of gender, moral equality •Tolstoy’s War and Peace (1863-9) •“Natural person” vs. civilization •Charles Dickens (1812-1870) •Social justice, evil institutions explain the major trends in 19th-century American literature and art The Humanities in the United States Literature

• European influences+individuality • Transcendentalists • Unity of humans with nature • Emerson, Thoreau • Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849) • The death of a beautiful woman is “unquestionably the most poetic topic in the world” • Walt Whitman (1819-1892) • Importance of the individual, freedom • Humanity united with the universe The Humanities in the United States United States Literature

•Emily Dickinson (1830-1881) •Balance of passion, reason •Psychology, faith, skepticism •Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter (1850) •Evil in society •Melville’s Moby Dick (1851) •Profound moral issues •Search for truth, self-discovery United States Art and Architecture

•Significance of •Natural beauty=moral beauty • School, Luminists • (1801-1848) •Asher B. Durand •United States Genre Painting •Featured narrative scenes and portraits of ordinary people at work and play •George Caleb Bingham (1811-1879) 16.29 Thomas Cole, View from Mount Holyoake, Northhampton, Massachusetts--after a Thunderstorm, The Oxbow, 1836 16.30 Asher B. Durand, Kindred Spirits, 1849 16.31 George Caleb Bingham, The Jolly Flatboatman, 1846 United States Art and Architecture

•United States architecture spanned Neo- and Gothic Revival •United States Capitol (1793) •Saint Patrick’s Cathedral (1858-1878) 16.32 United States Capitol, Washington, D.C. 16.33 Saint Patrick’s Cathedral, , New York, 1858-1878 United States Art and Architecture

•Photography •Principles of photography •Camera obscura •Heliography •Daguerrotype •Photography became the democratic equalizer •Photography revolutionized the news media 16.35 Nadar, Sarah Bernhardt, 1869 16.36 Alexander Gardner, Home of a Rebel Sharpshooter, Gettysburg, July 1863

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