From the Last Frontier to the New Cosmopolitan a History of Casino Public Relations in Las Vegas Jessalynn Strauss
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©2012 Center for Gaming Research • University Libraries • University of Nevada, Las Vegas Number 18 June 2012 Center for Gaming Research Occasional Paper Series University Libraries University of Nevada, Las Vegas From the Last Frontier to the New Cosmopolitan A History of Casino Public Relations in Las Vegas Jessalynn Strauss ABSTRACT: This research chronicles the history of public relations by the gaming industry in Las Vegas. Reflecting larger trends in the field, public relations efforts by the casinos and hotels in this popular tourist destination have used a variety of communication tactics over time to promote themselves to potential Las Vegas tourists. Based on archival materials from over 30 casinos and gaming corporations, this paper identifies four ways in which public relations is practiced in the gaming industry and four macro-level trends in the evolution of casino public relations in Las Vegas. Keywords: public relations, casinos, Las Vegas, communication, marketing In the movie Casino, loosely based on the know as public relations, but this raises the real-life story of Las Vegas casino manager question: What role did public relations Frank “Lefty” Rosenthal, Robert DeNiro’s play in the promotion of Las Vegas’s hotel- Ace Rothstein comes to Las Vegas to run the casinos? This research seeks to chronicle fictional Tangiers casino. There’s just one the history of public relations by the problem: Ace is a noted gambler and bookie gaming/tourism industry in Las Vegas. who has run afoul of the law on several Overall, the definition of the term “public occasions. Even in the rough and tumble relations” has changed over the years, and a heyday of 1970s Las Vegas, Ace knows he practice that was once limited to won’t be given a gambling license. The disseminating information via the mass hidden “money” behind the casino, a media has evolved into one that utilizes a Chicago mobster, suggests that Ace give broad range of communication media to himself a fictional job title that won’t tie connect with interested publics. Similarly, him to the casino’s gaming function. And so public relations efforts by the casinos and Ace Rothstein becomes the Director of hotels in this popular tourist destination Public Relations for the Tangiers Casino. have used a variety of communication Ace Rothstein’s work at the fictional tactics over time to promote themselves to Tangiers resembles nothing like what we potential Las Vegas tourists. [2] Occasional Papers | Center for Gaming Research | University of Nevada, Las Vegas The history of the Las Vegas gaming of U.S. success and excess. As the only U.S. industry, and the industry’s focus on city founded after 1900 to reach a promoting the city’s attractions to out-of- population of over 1 million, Las Vegas has town tourists, provide an unusual and played an interesting and integral role in challenging context for a history of its the development of the modern United public relations practices. As the industry States landscape. Its iconic casinos and and its targeted markets have evolved over hotels are recognized by people all over the the years, the use of communication to world for their depictions of world build relationships with these target landmarks such as the pyramids of Egypt publics has understandably changed as well. and Paris’s Eiffel Tower. Few people Communication used to promote the casino recognize, however, the role played by industry and the “Las Vegas experience” public relations in developing, promoting, has also been dramatically influenced by and popularizing this town as an “oasis in changes in technology, most recently the the desert” and a destination for evolution of social media as a direct-to- generations of tourists. consumer communication tool. This research examines the evolution of Literature Review public relations efforts in the Las Vegas gaming industry in order to provide context Settlement and early history of Las Vegas for future study of the contemporary use of Originally a small Mormon settlement, new communication technologies, and later an equally small railroad town, specifically social media, by the Las Vegas began to grow as workers on the corporations in this industry. An Boulder Dam (later the Hoover Dam, built understanding of the history of public from 1931-1935) came to its friendly relations in this industry will help inform environs to escape the strict regulations of present-day research by providing the workers’ residence town, Boulder City. background on the kind of efforts that have Gambling was legalized in Nevada by the previously been undertaken to promote state legislature in 1931, but both gambling casinos, gambling, and the Las Vegas and drinking were strictly forbidden in experience. Boulder City. Dam workers would This industry-specific history will also frequently pick up their paychecks and provide an in-depth look at how public head straight for Las Vegas, where both relations practices have evolved and been vices were legal (M. Land & B. Land, 1999). affected by environmental factors. By Almost since the town’s inception, Las considering contextual factors such as the Vegas’s economy has been based on history of Las Vegas and its casino gaming gambling and associated with vice. industry, as well as economic pressures When the steady stream of gamblers from that have influenced the industry, this the dam project dried up after the structure research will provide a fully informed and was completed in 1935, many thought the well-rounded picture of how public town of Las Vegas would dry up as well. But relations efforts have influenced the several far-sighted entrepreneurs saw in development of this tourist mecca and Las Vegas a potential tourist destination for American cultural icon. those drawn by the lure of legalized In 1905, the city of Las Vegas, NV was an gambling. Some of these early hoteliers and unremarkable town, centered around a casino owners were legitimate small train depot, in the middle of an businessmen, often from the West Coast, unrelenting desert. Just over one hundred but many of them came from places as far years later, Las Vegas is a controversial icon away as Chicago, Cleveland, and New York Strauss | From the Last Frontier to the New Cosmopolitan [3] and had ties to those cities’ largest Mafia phases of corporatization and families. As the building boom began and conglomeration. hotel-casinos began springing up along Hughes’s impact on Las Vegas was swift Highway 97, later to be known as the Las and significant. After he purchased the Vegas Strip, city residents welcomed the Desert Inn, he continued to purchase prosperity and turned a blind eye to the surrounding casino properties, making it Mafia connections of the casinos’ owners clear that he intended to stay in Las Vegas (Ferrari & Ives, 2005). for an extended time. Local leaders must have been delighted at Hughes’s grandiose From mobsters to businessmen vision for Southern Nevada: Many of these Mob-connected casino Less than a year after he set up owners were colorful, iconic characters quarters in the Desert Inn, Hughes whose presence dominated the early issued a statement to Southern history of the town. In the 1940s and 1950s, Nevadans. He was going to improve they were not unwelcome; in fact, many the face of the Silver State. He believed that the unofficial “system” of mob promised to help diversify the justice helped discourage crime and petty economy by creating industry of the theft in the town (M. Land & B. Land, 1999). sort that had made him rich and Moreover, these mobsters were good for famous. business and for the development of Las Hughes painted a future in which Vegas into a viable city rather than a Las Vegas would become a clean, railroad-stop town. By building increasingly bright, shining city in the sun. “We can large hotel-casinos on previously make a really super environment: no undeveloped land on the Strip, they smog, no contamination, efficient local brought jobs and tax revenue into the local government, where the taxpayers pay economy (Rothman, 2002). Many Las as little as possible and get something Vegans welcomed even the dubious for their money,” Hughes wrote in a notoriety these mobsters’ presence and memo. (Smith, 2005, pp. 80-81) prominence in the local economy brought Due in part to Hughes’s declining health to the town (M. Land & B. Land, 1999). and increasing eccentricities, his vision for Las Vegas was never realized. The Howard Hughes era When Hughes departed Las Vegas in 1970, As officials looked to clean up their city’s the city was once more left to its own image in the wake of Senator Estes devices. Into the void of power created by Kefauver’s investigations into organized the absence of Hughes’s overwhelming crime in Las Vegas, the early influence came a new breed of casino mobster/casino owners eventually wore owners: entrepreneurial businessmen out their welcome in the city. In their place looking to cash in on Las Vegas’s ability to rose Las Vegas’s next larger-than-life figure draw tourists willing to part with their – reclusive billionaire Howard Hughes, who money (Smith, 2005). Although brief, purchased the Desert Inn in 1967. Although Hughes’s involvement in the evolution of a respectable businessman like Hughes the Las Vegas casino industry brought a seemed to be an answer to reformers’ marked change in the amount of capital prayers, by that point he was already a bit that developers were able to access for of an oddball. However unconventional building improvement and expansion, Hughes’s personal and business practices construction of new casinos, and purchase might have been, this era in casino of existing casinos.