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Condition of Semi-Natural Meadows in Northern Finland Today — Do the Classical Vegetation Types Still Exist?

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Condition of Semi-Natural Meadows in Northern Finland Today — Do the Classical Vegetation Types Still Exist? Ann. Bot. Fennici 42: 81–93 ISSN 0003-3847 Helsinki 27 April 2005 © Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2005 Condition of semi-natural meadows in northern Finland today — do the classical vegetation types still exist? Ari-Pekka Huhta1 & Pasi Rautio2 1) Botanical Museum, Department of Biology, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland (e-mail: aphuhta@suomi24.fi) 2) Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano Research Station, Kaironiementie 54, FI-39700 Parkano, Finland Received 10 Aug. 2004, revised version received 14 Dec. 2004, accepted 18 Feb. 2005 Huhta, A.-P. & Rautio, P. 2005: Condition of semi-natural meadows in northern Finland today — do the classical vegetation types still exist? — Ann. Bot. Fennici 42: 81–93. Species-rich, semi-natural meadows in Finland are threatened. During the last century most of them have either been abandoned or changed into cultivated fields. This has resulted in a collapse of species and habitat diversity of the Finnish agricultural land- scape. In this study, we tried to define the present state of inland semi-natural meadows on mineral soil in North Ostrobothnia and in immediate vicinity. We compared the material gathered in national inventory of traditional rural biotopes in Finland with two data sets from the beginning of the last century to find out how does the detected species composition correspond to vegetation types established by two early researchers, A. K. Cajander and K. Teräsvuori. The studied meadows’ species composition differs mark- edly from the meadow types described earlier. Present-day meadows are characterized by several nitrophilous species indicating that modern type of management, where sup- plementary forage is provided for grazing animals, causes eutrophication. Because the open meadows in North Ostrobothnia are in such a poor condition, — eutrophication and resulting low species diversity — the protection of semi-natural habitats more typi- cal of the coastal areas, e.g. seashore meadows, in particular, should be emphasized. Key words: abandonment, conservation, ecology, grazing, mowing, semi-natural meadows Introduction changed into cultivated fields (cf. Raatikainen & Raatikainen 1974). In the latter case, frequently Semi-natural vegetation, i.e., human-influenced occurring ploughing and sowing of commercial plant communities maintained solely by mowing forage plants as well as use of chemical fertilizers and grazing, are rarer than ever. Their use as a and pesticides have impoverished the flora and source of animal forage has decreased along with fauna in semi-natural habitats along with their agricultural rationalization and with agrotechni- surrounding agricultural areas. Ekstam (1988) cal innovations. As a result, semi-natural mead- states that the change from the early to modern ows and pastures have either been abandoned or agriculture has, considering solely the effect of 82 Huhta & Rautio • ANN. BOT. FENNICI Vol. 42 fertilizers, been radical: plants that have adapted include e.g. a substantial increase in incentive to nutrient scarcity for centuries suddenly have bonuses for farmers to keep the remaining semi- to cope with a multifold amount of nitrogen natural habitats managed and development of load. Further, modern agriculture enabled more wide-range organic cultivation in cropping sys- intensive and earlier occurring mowing practises tems, which means cessation of using chemical which, in turn, reduced the lifelines of archaeo- fertilizers and pest control over large areas near phytic plants, that is, plants which invaded Fin- valuable semi-natural habitats. land long ago with the aid of man (see Suominen The aim of this study was to define the & Hämet-Ahti 1993). As a result, the number of present state of inland semi-natural meadows on traditional plant communities has decreased and mineral soil in the North Ostrobothnia regional the remaining ones have become poorer in spe- environment centre’s administrative district. cies. On the other hand, overgrowing of meadows The axiom based on the several observations caused by reduced grazing is the most significant throughout Finland (Jutila et al. 1996, Vainio & cause for species loss in Finland; nowadays 22% Kekäläinen 1997, Jantunen et al. 1999, Bergman of the threatened species live in semi-natural & Kalpio 1999, Hering 1999, Lehtomaa 2000) habitats (Rassi et al. 2001). is that (1) fertilising effects, particularly nutrient The decline of Finnish semi-natural habitats leaching from surrounding non-traditional pas- started at the end of the 18th century, continued tures, constitute a severe problem for the remain- during the 1900s and is still going on. Accord- ing semi-natural meadows, and (2) that meadows ing to Soininen (1974) the area of semi-natural that were abandoned have signs of deterioration meadows decreased from 1.6 million hectares to caused by overgrowing. Although the report by 600 000 hectares within 40 years (1880–1920). Vainio and Kekäläinen (1997) presents the over- Yet, it is assumed that their condition was toler- all picture of the state of the remaining meadows, able as late as in the 1960s (Vainio et al. 2001). there was no possibility — just from the report- After that, accompanied by the field decimation style reasons — to examine the issue thoroughly act, started a rapid decline of semi-natural mead- from the ecological point of view. ows (Raatikainen 1986). It is estimated that at The present study is based on data collected the turn of millennium there are 20 000 hectares by eight different field researchers in 1992–1996. of traditional rural biotopes left, of which only Results of the inventory were documented in spe- a small fraction is still managed continuously cial forms accompanied with presence/absence of (Vainio et al. 2001). This decline caused by the species lists of each plant community found. The development of Finnish cultivation techniques collected material is compared with two separate and animal husbandry is a part of the larger studies performed in the beginning of the 1900s changes in rationalization of agriculture occur- from the area (Cajander 1909, Teräsvuori 1926) ring in the entire western Europe (cf. During & to find out whether the described “old/classical” Willems 1984, Berendse et al. 1992, Schaminée meadow types still exist. In short, our aim was to & Meertens 1992, Eriksson 1995, Losvik 1999, answer the following specific questions: Pärtel et al. 1999, Stampfli & Zeiter 1999, Bul- lock et al. 2001, Cousins et al. 2003). 1. What is the species composition of semi- The protection of semi-natural habitats in natural meadows in northern Finland? practice means continuation and bringing back 2. What environmental conditions does the the old ways of management, grazing and present species composition reflect? mowing. During the 1980s a special project 3. How well does the detected species compo- was established in Sweden to allow financial aid sition correspond to established vegetation to farmers who maintain semi-natural habitats types? (Anonymous 1986). In Finland a similar kind of 4. How do the given conservation values and help has been provided since 1995, while smaller diversity measures meet? pilot projects had been carried out earlier. Next 5. In the light of earlier classifications, how steps for large-scale activities in improving living “traditional” are the described semi-natural conditions for meadow flora and fauna would meadows? ANN. BOT. FENNICI Vol. 42 • Condition of meadows in northern Finland 83 Material and methods categorical and nominal environmental variables see Appendix 1. The material was composed from forms filled Differences in species number, number of during inventory of traditional rural biotopes in community types and bush cover in different North Ostrobothnia regional environment cen- levels of landscape (six levels), biogeographical tre’s administrative district. Most of the mead- provinces (four levels), management (managed/ ows (91) are located in the Ostrobothnia Oulu abandoned), management means (mowed/grazed/ biogeographical province (Obo), 13 in Ostro- mowed and grazed), the effect of former field use, bothnia kajanensis (Ok), 10 in Ostrobothnia year since abandonment and phenolology was media (Om) and 14 in Regio kuusamoënsis (Ks) studied by means of one-way ANOVA (for envi- (Table 1). According to the landscape area divi- ronmental values see Appendix 1). If the assump- sion (Anonymous 1992) most of the meadows tions of ANOVA (normality and homogeneity of belong to North Ostrobothnia riverside and coast variances) were not met the data was log-trans- (PPjr), while others are distributed evenly into formed before the analysis. If ANOVA yielded a different landscapes (Table 1). Only two mead- significant result treatment means were compared ows belong to Middle Ostrobothnia riverside with Tukey’s HSD. Correlations between differ- and coast (KPjr). The criterion for meadows in ent parameters were studied by means of Pear- this study was to include all habitats classified son’s (or in case of conservation value by means as open semi-natural meadows on mineral soil of Spearman’s) correlation coefficient. (cf. Pykälä et al. 1994). The species data consist Ordinations were performed with the of presence/absence species lists of each sepa- CANOCO program version 4 (ter Braak & rate plant community found. The environmental Šmilauer 1998). Compositional gradients of the variables described verbally in field forms were data set in relation to the measured environmen- transformed into numerical values. For exam- tal variables
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