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CULTUREANDDEVELOPMENTCULTUREANDDEVELOPMENT

The Post2015NationalConsultationsinSerbia Mural themed “The Serbia We Want“ made by young street graffiti artists “C6H6 KIDS” from Pancevo

Mural themed “The Serbia We Want“ made by young street graffiti artists “C6H6 KIDS” from Pancevo Acronyms

BFPE Belgrade Fund for Political Excellence CSO Civil Society Organization EC European Commission ESS European Social Survey EU European Union EUROSTAT Statistical Office of the European Union FGD Focus group discussion GDP Gross domestic product HIV Human immunodeficiency virus HDR Human Development Report HS Human security ICT Information and Communications Technology IDP Internally displaced person ILO International Labor Organization IOM International Organization for Migration LGBT Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender LSMS Living Standards Measurement Study MDG Millennium Development Goals MoI Means of implementation NGO Non-governmental organizations PWD Persons with disabilities SKGO Standing Conference of Towns and Municipalities SORS Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia UN United Nations UNCT UN Country Team in Serbia UNDAF United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFPA United Nations Population Fund UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services UN Women United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 7

INTRODUCTION...... 11 PARTNERS...... 12 SYNERGIES ...... 13 THE IMPACT ...... 15 REPORTS AND OUTPUTS...... 15

CONSULTATION METHODOLOGY AND PROCESS ...... 16 METHODOLOGY OF THE PROCESS...... 19 CHRONOLOGY OF THE PROCESS ...... 22

CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT IN SERBIA ...... 25 THE RELEVANCE OF CULTURE FOR DEVELOPMENT IN SERBIA ...... 25 CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS AND CULTURAL POLICIES ...... 26

CONSULTATION RESULTS ...... 32 SUBTHEME 1: CULTURE AND POVERTY REDUCTION ...... 39 SUBTHEME 2: CULTURE AND EDUCATION ...... 49 SUBTHEME 3: CULTURE, GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT...... 55 SUBTHEME 4: CULTURE, SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND URBANIZATION ...... 63 SUBTHEME 5: CULTURE, ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE ...... 72 SUBTHEME 6: CULTURE, INCLUSION AND RECONCILIATION...... 78

CONCLUSIONS...... 85 MAJOR CHALENGES ...... 86 RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 88

ANNEX ...... 91 ANNEX 1 Survey sample description...... 91 ANNEX 2 Visibility and visuals ...... 93 The United Nations Day celebration ...... 94

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

n June 2014 the UN Country Team in Serbia, led by UNESCO, UNFPA and the Office of the UN Resident Coordinator in Serbia, initiated a new round of national consultations on culture for development. This second phase of the Post-2015 consultations was implemented in close co- Ioperation with the Government of Serbia, through a working group led by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A structured dialogue with NGOs was also held during the process. The general objective of Phase 2 of the Post-2015 Consultations was to integrate culture into the Development Agenda, including its role as a critical element of a human rights based approach. Serbia is characterized by ethnic and cultural diversity, with almost 18% of its population belonging to ethnic minorities (Hungarian, Bosnjak and Roma being the largest three) and migration flows are very intensive (internally displaced persons from Kosovo1, Serbian refugees from Croatia and BiH, immigrants from Asia and Africa). For this reason, identity formation in Serbia is complex and often contradictory. Understanding these identities, and consequently the practices framed by them, is inherently linked to the understanding of cultural heritage, normative frameworks and value orientations. Serbia is a country with an institutionalized cultural policy and diversified cultural production. However, the relation between culture and (sustainable) development has not yet been widely recognized and institutionalized. As stated in the National report on implementation of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions in Serbia, the principles of cultural development defined by the Law on Culture (Article 3, item 5 and Article 3, item 10, respectively). These principles include the integration of cultural development into the socioeconomic fabric, the political long term development of democratic society, as well as fostering the sustainable development of culture as an integral part of the living environment. According to the database of the Standing Conference of Towns and Municipalities of Serbia, 85 out of 145 local self-governments have their own strategies of local sustainable development, but culture is not represented in these documents in a viable way. On the other hand, there is a growing number of cities and municipalities which start initiatives, create local plans for culture development or already implement them (Pančevo, Valjevo, Niš, Užice, Zrenjanin, Pirot, Novi Sad, Vranje, Sombor, Kragujevac, Šabac)

1 This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.

7 The methodology of consultations was designed to allow the gathering of opinion and recommendations from a wide range of stakeholders. Besides ‘traditional’ methods, such as surveys and focus group discussions, more innovative ways of opinion polling were used, including World Café discussions and debates on social networks. Consultations tackled many important issues relevant to the relationship between culture and development, including the relevant actors, resources, policies, creativity and use of technologies, but focus was sharpened on 6 specific subthemes: culture and poverty reduction; culture and education; culture; gender equality and women’s empowerment; culture, sustainable cities and urbanization; culture, environment and climate change; culture, inclusion and reconciliation. The consultation methodology was comprised of the following sub-components: a) Opinion poll on a representative population of Serbia, age 15 and more; b) Web survey c) Social media consultations (Facebook and Twitter) d) Face-to-face consultations (focus group discussions, workshops, World Café sessions, in- depth interviews) The impact of the consultations was highly positive. As in the previous round (2013) the number of responses to various consultation events and tools was very high, reaching over 300,000 contacted individuals by the end of October. Besides that, a significant number of other important actors were mobilized: dozens of CSOs (NGOs, Trade Unions), several artists, entrepreneurs, representatives of academia and, last but not the least, representatives of different governmental institutions and bodies. Concerning the later, it should be emphasized that the issue of “culture and development” was brought to the attention of not only people from institutions dealing with culture, but also of those who primarily deal with education, social inclusion, urban planning, health and economic development. The level of readiness of various actors, and in particular the citizens of Serbia, to participate in the process and provide their voice was impressive. Finally, the issue of culture and development was widely promoted through media, social networks and on several other occasions (a session with representatives of the Government of the Republic of Serbia, a United Nations Day celebration, International Day of Eradication of Poverty, etc.).

In 10 weeks we had more than 295,000 visits of 18 posts set on Facebook and Twitter, 1,377 citizens over 15 were interviewed through the opinion survey, 100 people filled out an online questionnaire, 5 focus group discussions met with more than 40 people, 7 workshops gathered over 50 organizations and individuals, 5 World Cafe sessions attracted more than 50 participants and, last, 17 in-depth interviews were held.

In summarizing all the information, opinions and comments gathered during consultations several key messages were revealed.

1. Concerning culture and development in general, it is necessary to mainstream culture in strategies of sustainable development and to complete strategies of cultural development. It is especially important to support these processes at the local level, where most of the interaction between different actors occurs. Next, it is important to increase financing of cultural policy both at the national and local level, but also to diversify sources of financial support through access to European Union funds and strengthening of public-private partnerships. Basic cultural infrastructure should be improved and maintained if culture is to have an increasing role in employment and income generation. Finally, it is necessary to form a cross-sectoral approach in order to build fruitful synergies as a basis for sustainable growth and increased visibility of cultural determinants of development. The people of Serbia suggested that media should play a huge role in creating and sprea ding values that provide social cohesion. With this in mind, more efforts should be initiated in the

8 media sphere, since this important tool of cultural reproduction is perceived by citizens of Serbia as primitive, submissive and having a negative impact on cultural patterns. 2. Concerning the relation between culture and poverty reduction, the key message is that cultural industries in Serbia are growing, but they need adequate promotion and support in order to create positive change in terms of employment and income generation. Citizens are uncertain about how to engage industries or which cultural industry sector in Serbia would provide a solid basis for entrepreneurship. Programs should be introduced which emphasize the advantages of locally tailored cultural industries and provide guidance for business creation in this field. The same holds for cultural tourism, but here even more could be done to build a proper infrastructure, maintain cultural heritage and new production, and set accountable planning and management, tasks that fall primarily to local administrations. 3. As for the relation between culture and education, all of the consulted actors perceive the crucial role of education in forming and nurturing a productive and creative culture. More in-depth discussions reveal that tolerance and anti-discrimination are values that need constant attention and support within the educational system. The problem is much larger in the area of entrepreneurial values and skills – these are very poorly developed in Serbia. The educational system in Serbia is a crucial institutional framework for the development of a culture of entrepreneurship and individual achievements. A systematic approach to the development of education in entrepreneurship should be designed. In addition, it is necessary to establish a connection between the cultural and the educational institutions, which will contribute to the shaping of both future audiences and future cultural creators. 4. When considering the relation between culture and women’s empowerment, the consultation process revealed that gender inequalities still persist and that more should be done to improve the position of women in Serbia. In this regard, culture is the key component for profiling the image of women in society and media play an important role in promoting that image. Another important role of culture in empowering women is that cultural industries attract many women and make space for their improved social and economic inclusion. 5. Consultations about the relation between culture and sustainable cities showed that most of the actors were not familiar with the concept of ‘sustainable cities and urbanization’. They are aware of the content of the concept, though. Most agree that cities should be built and managed in a ‘citizen tailored’ manner, that cultural heritage and cultural production should be preserved and maintained, that careful urban planning should preserve equal access to cultural events, access to open spaces and provide for healthy urban living. Much of this is the responsibility of local authorities, especially when it comes to investment in basic infrastructure and in improving the cultural offer. Another important issue is raising awareness of the city image and urban living. 6. Concerning the relation between culture and environment and climate change, the basic finding is that citizens and other actors show a high awareness of the need to protect the environment, but low effort in practice. For improvement in this regard, on the one hand basic infrastructure for waste recycling should be improved, while on the other the awareness of individual responsibility for daily environmentally-friendly practices should be built. As for the latter, culture is relevant both through promoting norms and values of the rule of law (improved laws and more frequently applied punitive measures) and through providing efficient tools for raising the level of environmental awareness. 7. When it comes to the relation between culture and inclusion and reconciliation, in Serbia there are mechanisms set for the protection of cultural diversity and inclusion of minorities, but more could be done to improve the practices of inclusion and decrease discrimination. Schools and curricula should play a key role in this. One of important aspects of improving tolerance and solidarity in society is building cross-generational understanding and solidarity. It is favorable that both youth and the elderly hold values important for development, but these are somewhat distinct values (traditional vs. modern) and both groups could learn from each other.

1. INTRODUCTION

erbia has been selected as one of six countries to conduct the second phase of the Post- 2015 consultations focusing on culture for development. Decades of experience in designing, implementing and evaluating development programmes in diverse contexts have shown us Sthat culture plays a key role as both a driver and enabler for sustainable development and that cultural dynamics need to be examined as part of the drive for human rights. Culture is a critical means to determine how values, behaviors, and assumptions influence the inclusiveness, openness and cohesion of societies, as well as the improvement of people’s rights, health, and quality of life. In June 2014 the UN Country Team in Serbia, led by UNESCO, UNFPA and the Office of the UN Resident Coordinator in Serbia, extended cooperation with national expert organization, SeConS, within the framework of the implementation of the new round of national consultations on culture for development. This second phase of the Post-2015 consultations was implemented in close cooperation with the Government of Serbia, through a working group led by the Ministry of For- eign Affairs. A structured dialogue with NGOs was also held during the process. The general objective of Phase 2 of the Post-2015 Consultations was to integrate culture into the Development Agenda, including its role as a critical element of the human rights based approach. Specific objectives were: 1. To allow a diversity of stakeholders to articulate their general vision of culture in Serbia, in the context of developmental processes. 2. To provide more precise insights into the people’s vision of the culture in six specific topic areas defined by the UN: poverty reduction, education, gender equality and women’s empowerment, sustainable cities and urbanization, environment and climate change. 3. To explore means of implementing changes that will foster a culture favorable for development. 4. To build pragmatic proposals on ways to develop the emerging agenda pertaining to work.

11 5. To suggest consolidated recommendations on the basis of the national consultations that will feed into the report by UNDG on the outcome of A/Res/68/223 and thus inform the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals as well as the report of the UN Secretary-General on the Post-2015 Development Agenda to be issued in the fall of 2014. Beyond the focus on culture, the consultations collected the opinions of people and their pragmatic proposals on how to design the emerging agenda pertaining to work. These “means of implementation” (MoI) were identified as an important component of the debate about the way forward. PARTNERS

Cooperation with the Government of Serbia within the consultation framework was extremely important as consultations offered a good opportunity to open dialogue on important issues that are relevant for the country’s development agenda. The results of the consultations should offer an opportunity and material for the conceptualization of the country’s Culture Strategy, as well as other important development issues such as ageing, intergenerational solidarity, and better social inclusion of young generations. The Government of Serbia was actively involved in the process, and communication with the governmental partners was facilitated by the UN RCO. The following participation from the Govern- ment took place: • The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Department for Multilateral Affairs) with the Commission of the Republic of Serbia for UNESCO was the lead national partner in this process along with the Ministry of Culture and Information, the Ministry of Youth and Sport, the Ministry of Education and Science, the Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, Center for Study in Cultural Development and the National Statistics Office. • SeConS prepared and conducted discussion with Government partners in order to gain structured inputs in the consultations process, particularly focusing on the questions HOW and MoI (means of implementation). At the country level, SeConS coordinated with the UN RCO and two lead Agencies for this thematic window – UNFPA Sarajevo and the UNESCO. UN RCO was a part of this coordination group in line with its responsibilities for funds management and administration of the consultation process at the global level. SeConS received active support from the entire UNCT in Serbia through the following two inter-agency working groups (WG): • Post-2015 Consultations/UNDAF WG includes members of all Agencies active in Serbia and provides substantial inputs to the process while serving as the main steering body of the consultations process at the country level. Through this group, UNCT Serbia ensures proper inclusion of the Post-2015 Consultation results in the new UNDAF for Serbia (2016-2020). • UNCT Communications WG includes members from those Agencies with communications focal points and provides support to all communications related aspects of the consultations process (use of social media, organization of public events, engagement of traditional media etc). UNCT has selected some of its agencies’ programmatic events (workshops, public events) that were opened to SeConS to join and reach out to specific beneficiary populations whose voices were valuable for the consultations process. With regard to the ‘how’ question, the NGO sector had a special role. Representatives of NGOs were invited to express a more finely articulated voice and the opinions of the social groups they represent and provide valuable input in the detection of effective MoIs for the mainstreaming of culture in the 6 aspects of development as defined by the Post-2015 consultations framework:

12 poverty, education, gender equality, sustainable cities and urbanization, environment protection and climate change, inclusion and reconciliation. NGOs took part in consultations through debates on social networks, participation in workshops and in-person debates, and by responding to the online questionnaire. International partners (donors, other multilateral organizations) were involved in this process through various coordination forums active in the country and assembled around different topics relevant for the consultations process. These were facilitated by UN RCO and UNCT. The UNCT’s work was strongly supported by the UN Secretariat which provided key guidelines for the action. The key baseline and guideline documents were the UN system task team document Realizing the Future We Want for All – Report to the Secretary-General, June 2012, New York, and the Post-2015 Development Agenda: Guidelines for Country Dialogues, June 2012 New York. There were many telephone and Skype calls with the UN Secretariat as well as numerous webinars by UNCT. Coopera on with Bosnia and Herzegovina

The consultation process in Bosnia and Herzegovina was launched on the 3rd of July. It was organized through 6 thematic sub-themes: • culture and poverty reduction, • culture and education, • culture, gender equality and women’s empowerment, • culture, sustainable cities and urbanization, • culture, environment and climate change, and • culture, inclusion and reconciliation. The online population survey focused on youth and youth focus groups. In addition, several focus group discussions were organized for each thematic area in order to provide more detailed opinions from different stakeholders. Those consultations were organized in the six largest cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina from both entities. Components of the methodology implemented in Bosnia and Herzegovina have been integrated into the methodology of the consultation process in Serbia: in the survey questionnaire, in the web questionnaire and in discussions and debates. SYNERGIES

The present focus of consultations in Serbia is mainly determined by the results of the previous Post-2015 consultations phase. During that phase, implemented under the initiative “The Serbia We Want”, a large number of people in Serbia shared their thoughts and suggestions for development priorities. During this five-month period, more than a quarter of a million people in Serbia were involved in this process. According to the inputs collected, nine priority themes were identified as relevant for the Post-2015 period in Serbia. The vast majority of people in Serbia called for a continued fight against poverty and hunger, care for the most vulnerable, more and better jobs, good governance and reliable institutions, better health and education services, sustainable environment, peace and security, equality and non-discrimination, better management of migration and population mobility as well as continued inclusion of the general public in the implementation and monitoring of the new development agenda. What is very important and singles Serbia out from other countries in the region is that people called for development in culture, while fostering the spirit of responsibility, tolerance and social cohesion.

13 The consolidated recommendations resulting from the national and global consultations in 2014 will feed into the report by UNDG on the outcome of A/Res/68/223 and on the consultations on all 6 themes, including “culture and development”, which will in turn inform the Open Working Group on Sustainable Development Goals as well as the report of the UN Secretary-General on the Post- 2015 Development Agenda to be issued in the fall of 2014. The complementary processes to which consultations were linked include: • Human Security – links between the Post-2015 development priorities and the human security concept will be further strengthened in line with the links that were established during phase 1 of the consultations in Serbia. In the fall of 2014, UNCT will, together with the UNHSTF Office from New York and a number of other partners, celebrate the 20 year anniversary of the human security concept through a series of events to be organized in Serbia. The Chief Human Security Unit from New York will visit Serbia and support these activities. • ECOSOC – The government of Serbia re-joined ECOSOC in early 2014 after a long absence. Active work is being done to ensure adequate participation and, in some cases, chairman- ship of the meeting/forums within ECOSOC. Particular attention during 2014 is dedicated to the meetings related to urbanization/sustainable cities, youth forums and several other areas. It is expected that through active Government participation in the Post-2015 consultations linkages with these global processes will be adequately reflected in the consultations context in Serbia. • EU Accession – Serbia officially opened negotiations on EU Accession in January 2014. UN activities in the country are complementary to the EU accession priorities and in some cases include priorities that are not the main focus of the EU Acquis. Post-2015 consultations offer an opportunity to the UN and EU to organize joint events and activities that raise awareness of the development topics that are relevant for the sustainable development agenda of the country, i.e.: youth/unemployment, culture, education and many others. Im- provement of the EU Accession status for Serbia has also created opportunities for access to EU funding related to culture such as the new Creative Europe program. • New UNDAF for Serbia and Promotion of the Sustainable Development Concept – Serbia is an UNDAF roll out country in 2014. The new UNDAF based on sustainable development principles will be developed during 2014 and will cover the period 2016-2020. During the UNDAF preparation, UNCT will continue to strongly advocate with the Government of Ser- bia to make an overarching National Sustainable Development Strategy that would provide a development vision for the country through 2020. UNCT will with its partners also make available to the Government important documents relevant for the sustainable development concept. Post-2015 Consultations will be a good opportunity to bring the SD agenda closer to the attention of the people in Serbia. • UN Alliance of Civilizations – along with the linkages between the Post-2015 Consultations and the UN AOC developed during phase 2, UNCT in Serbia will further upgrade and expand these linkages. During 2014, it is expected that the Dialogue Café will be set up in 1-2 locations in Serbia. UN Day in October 2014 will traditionally be dedicated to promoting UN AOC values through a series of events with participation of high level representatives. Some of the events may also include regional participation, in line with the regional nature of the UN AOC Action Plan (i.e. an event dedicated to youth unemployment). • Government policies – Post-2015 Consultations will offer great opportunity to open dialogue on important issues that are relevant for the country’s development agenda. The results of the national consultations will offer the opportunity and material for the conceptualization of the country’s Culture Strategy (at the moment this does not exist). It will also be important to bring attention to the agenda and issues relevant for the ageing po-

14 pulation (relevant for Serbia and for the whole sub-region) and, as a consequence, for the evolving inter-generational and gender roles. THE IMPACT

The impact of the consultations was highly positive. As in the previous phase (2013), the number of responses received through different consultation events and communication channels was very high, resulting in over 300,000 contacted individuals. In addition, a significant number of other important actors were mobilized: numerous CSOs (NGOs, Trade Unions), several artists, entrepreneurs, representatives of academia and last but not least, representatives of various governmental institutions and bodies. Concerning the latter, it should be emphasized that the issue of “culture and development” was brought to the attention of not only those within institutions dealing with culture, but also of those who primarily focus on other topics, e.g. education, social inclusion, urban planning, health and economic development. The level of readiness of various actors and in particular the general public across Serbia to participate in the process and have their voices heard was astounding. It is clear that, in years of economic crisis and political instability, the importance of culture for overall development has increased. Through the consultations process we managed to extract culture from the general ‘context’ of development to a more differentiated, recognizable and man- ageable content and process and to emphasize accountability in cultural policy and its importance to the national economy. REPORTS AND OUTPUTS

The process and the results are presented in two key outputs. Firstly, this main report presents all the key components of the National post-2015 consultations with its focus on culture and development, methodology and results presented in a descriptive, analytical and synthetic manner. From this report a more concise and focused version will be derived as a final report to be delivered to the UN HQ in New York. Secondly, there are also other supportive reports and documents (short reports from each consultation event, a short report on communication through social networks, and a report from the online survey), as well as the photos and other visual and promotional materials that have been produced. Post-2015 consultations ‘Culture and Development’ in Serbia seek to answers three main questions in each of 6 sub-themes defined in the project proposal: 1. What is the relationship between culture and other developmental issues, and what are the major obstacles for affirmation of culture as an engine for development? 2. Who should be involved in overcoming these obstacles and providing higher input of culture in development processes? 3. How should this be done, and by which means of implementation (MoI)? In order to present the process and the results, this report is organized in three key sections: (1) description of consultation methodology, (2) description of the consultations process, (3) presentation of key results. In addition to these, conclusions and basic recommendations are presented in the final chapter. UNCT will also use Post-2015 Consultations results with the purpose of developing the Agencies’ individual plans and for new UNDAF preparation.

15 2. CONSULTATION METHODOLOGY AND PROCESS

n this chapter the tools used during the consultation process will be presented, including the methodological approach and targeted participants. Subsequently, the timeline and outreach strategy of the consultation process will be presented in accordance with the different consul- Itation tools. Culture – deﬁ ni on and concept

In our approach to the analysis of interaction between culture and development, culture is observed, in the broadest sense, as a way of life. It is observed as a part of society, but also as a part of an individual. When we say that “culture is for society what a personality is for an organism“, we point to the very essence of the meaning of culture (Golubovic, 2008). UNESCO’s definition of “intangible cultural heritage“2 highlights the significance of cultural heritage, whereas other definitions emphasize the humanizing role of culture (Marcuse) or the structure of symbolic interaction (Levi Strauss). "Culture takes diverse forms across time and space. This diversity is embodied in the uniqueness and plurality of the identities of the groups and societies making up humankind. As a source of exchange, innovation and creativity, cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature. In this sense, it is the common heritage of humanity and should be recognized and affirmed for the benefit of present and future generations (...) Cultural diversity widens the range of options open to everyone; it is one of the roots of development, understood not simply in terms of economic growth, but also as a means to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional,

2 According to the UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003) “intangible cultural heritage” means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artifacts and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage’, manifested ‘inter alia in the following domains: (a) oral traditions and expressions, including language as a vehicle of the intangible cultural heritage; (b) performing arts; (c) social practices, rituals and festive events; (d) knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe; (e) traditional craftsmanship.’

16 moral and spiritual existence” (UNESCO, 2002). Culture is ‘made up of inherited patterns of mean- ings that people share within particular contexts. Through socialization, people develop common understandings of what is significant and what is not. These common understandings …influence how people manage their daily worlds, large and small; they shape the way things are done and understandings of why they should be done so; they provide the lens through which people inter- pret their society’ (UNFPA, 2008). Taking into account these various definitions of culture and the objectives of the consultations, an overarching conceptual and methodological framework was designed. Within the consulta on framework, culture is observed as a dynamic system of more or less integrated material and spiritual crea ons which, on the one hand, enable the society/community/group to achieve its goals and, on the other, enable individuals to fully par cipate therein (society/community/group) through cultural prac ces (Golubovic, 2006). It encompasses, in addi on to the arts, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, tradi on and beliefs (UNESCO, 2003).

Culture and development

Approaching culture from the perspective of sustainable development, the UN System Task Team (2012) emphasized the difference between ‘monetized’ and ‘non-monetized’ aspects of culture. Monetary aspects of culture include cultural heritage, cultural and creative industries, sustainable cultural tourism, and cultural infrastructure that can serve as strategic tools for revenue generation, particularly in developing countries. However, culture-led development also includes a range of non-monetized benefits, such as greater social inclusiveness and rootedness, resilience, innovation, creativity and entrepreneurship for individuals and communities and the use of local resources, skills and knowledge. In this view, respecting and supporting cultural expressions contribute to strengthening the social capital of a community and fosters trust in public institutions. Cultural factors also influence lifestyles, individual behavior, consumption patterns, values related to environment protection and our interaction with the natural environment.

HOW CULTURE CONTRIBUTES TO DEVELOPMENT

More Effective Development Interventions

ENABLES

Culture + Development

PROMOTES RESULTS IN

Sustainability Economic Benefits

Inclusiveness, Equity & Non-monetized Diversity Benefits

Source: UNESCO, 2012.

17 Culture as driver of development in 6 areas

Building on the framework of the UN General Assembly resolution on culture and development, the national and global consultations on culture and development examined the contribution of culture to these six subthemes: 1. culture and poverty reduction; 2. culture and education; 3. culture, gender equality and women’s empowerment; 4. culture, sustainable cities and urbanization; 5. culture, environment and climate change; 6. culture, inclusion and reconciliation. In order to provide a common conceptualization of culture (in general and within 6 thematic topics) for different types of consultations, the following operationalization was proposed. Table 2.1 - Dimensions Thema c aspects Dimensions Desirable type of society General culture Percep on of values important for development Means of changes towards pro-development culture Economic par cipa on in cultural and crea ve industries Percep on of local cultural heritage as part of tourist oﬀ er

Culture and poverty Values related to social jus ce and inequali es reduc on Cultural par cipa on and cultural prac ces of marginalized groups Local cultural and developmental policies as means for local development and poverty reduc on Cultural sensi vity of educa onal systems and programs (adjusted to minori es, marginalized popula ons from remote areas) Pro-development and humanis c values in educa on programs (crea vity, solidarity, Culture and responsibility, entrepreneurial skills) educa on Cultural and educa onal policies, objec ves and means Life skills educa on/educa on for life (including sexuality educa on) Lifelong educa on, adult educa on related to labour market needs and fostering pro- development behavior Values related to gender roles Culture, gender Gender regimes and prac ces, including changing gender roles and family pa erns in equality and modern society women’s empowerment Role of media and arts in promo ng gender equality Gender equality policies and programs for empowerment of women Culture, sustainable Cultural heritage and sustainable ci es and communi es ci es and urbaniza on Urban planning and development policies in ci es Beliefs and values related to environmental preserva on Culture, Prac ces of environmentally responsible behavior environment and climate change Floods in 2014 Environmental policies Culture, inclusion Values related to an -discrimina on and social inclusion and reconcilia on Social inclusion and reconcilia on policies

18 It is important to emphasize that not all of the components of this framework could be covered in each research component, but they were included in the diff erent components of the consulta on process. S ll, the design of the opinion poll instrument enabled the comparison of important fi ndings with some of the most infl uen al surveys on a tudes, such as the European social survey, the World value survey and other previous surveys in the region.

In line with the approaches to culture and development men oned above, the consulta ons process, its content and methodology were designed in accordance with the speciﬁ c contexts of Serbia. The unique condi ons that were taken into account when designing this consulta on process are described in later sec ons.

METHODOLOGY OF THE PROCESS The methodology of consulta ons was designed to allow the gathering of opinion and recommenda ons from a wide range of stakeholders. Besides ‘tradi onal’ methods, other more innova ve ways of opinion polling were also used. Consulta ons tackled many important issues relevant to the rela on between culture and development, including actors, resources, policies, crea vity and the use of modern technologies. The methodology was comprised of the following sub-components:

e) Opinion poll on a representative population sample of Serbia, age 15 and over; f) Web survey g) Social media consultations h) Face-to-face consultations Opinion poll of a representa ve sample of the popula on in Serbia

Objec ves The opinion poll represents the core research component of the consultation process. The main objectives of the opinion poll are: • To obtain insights into important value orientations (general and along 6 thematic areas) of the population in Serbia; • To gain knowledge of peoples’ perceptions related to which values cotribute to development; • To obtain insights into significant cultural practices that take place in the lives of the general population and specific groups; • To shed light on peoples’ perception of social relations between various groups; • Perception of the position of Serbia in global processes and politics; • To learn about peoples’ perception and valuation of various culture and development related policies; • To collect peoples’ opinions (in the general population and across groups) about modes and means of change. Sample This survey was conducted on a representative sample of the population of Serbia age 15 and older. We have chosen a representative sample in order to make generalizations about this particular population as a whole, for the territory of Serbia. The sample included 1,400 individuals. This is a multistage sample, stratified on the basis of 4 statistical regions in Serbia: Belgrade, Vojvodina, Šumadija and Western Serbia, Eastern and Southern

19 Serbia. This sample design and size allows for desegregations according to type of settlement (urban/rural), gender, age, education, employment status, etc. Data was collected in 38 cities/municipalities in Serbia. The distribution of municipalities provided adequate territorial representation and also allowed for disaggregation according to the level of the impact of recent floods. Basic distributions show that the sample is representative with regard to type of settlement (urban/rural), sex, age, level of education and activity status. This distribution, together with the list of municipalities, can be found in Annex 1.

Web survey

Objec ves The main objective of the web survey was to allow those who responded to provide wider opinions on key questions (that were also included in the opinion poll) through a more open tool which allows respondents to more freely qualify and formulate their positions. Sample The web survey conducted during the second phase of the Post 2015 consultations revealed that participants in this kind of survey are mostly younger, urban based, and at a somewhat higher educational level than the general population. The web questionnaire was placed on the UN web portal dedicated to Post-1015 consultations (http://www.srbijakakvuzelim.rs/). Social media consulta ons

Objec ves The main objective of social media consultations was to reach the broader population and to allow for a very open and flexible dialogue on previously defined issues. Consultations on social media were conducted through weekly discussions encouraged by the research team’s posts on Facebook and Twitter and moderated by a social media coordinator. As in the previous phase of Post-2015 consultations, various research findings and news were used as the main inputs for discussions. Topics were defined in accordance with the six thematic areas. Sample As in the case of the web survey, this form of consulta on included a mainly younger, urban popula on -- social media users. Eﬀ ec ve outreach was provided by SeConS and UNCT in accordance with an internal plan of promo on and outreach for Post-2015 consulta ons.

Face to face consulta ons

Two types of face-to-face consultations were conducted: 1) Group consultations 2) In-depth interviews with representatives of various groups Group consulta ons The purpose of group consultations was to generate more structured discussion with specific stakeholder groups. Following the conceptualization of culture and development and the structured debates around predefined thematic areas, the following group consultations were planned:

20 1) Three workshops: a. with experts from various fields relevant to culture and development issues, b. with trade unions, employers associations and government representatives on cul ture of social dialogue, c. with government representatives, NGOs, UN agencies during UNDAF strategic planning. 2) Three FGDs: a. with youth on the topic of life skills education/education for life (including sexuality education, emotional maturation, etc.), b. with adults who attended adult education programs, c. with women CSOs on gender equality and empowerment of women. 3) Four ‘World Café’ sessions3 in 3 cities (Belgrade, Novi Sad and Nis) on the following topics: a. culture and gender equality, b. culture and sustainable cities and urbanization, c. culture and environment and climate changes and d. culture and inclusion/reconciliation. In-depth interviews with individuals

The purpose of in-depth interviews with individuals was to obtain life stories and narratives on various aspects of culture and development from the perspective of representatives of certain bench- marking categories. Interviews were planned with: a. Women – entrepreneurs b. Roma entrepreneurs c. A young farmer d. A representative of a cultural institution e. Artists

Matrix cross-referencing types of consulta ons with priority themes

Culture & Culture & Culture Culture & Type of Culture & Culture & Culture & development poverty & gender sustainable consulta on educa on environment inclusion in general reduc on equality ci es Survey (opinion poll) On line survey Social networks Focus group discussion Workshop

World Cafe In depth interview Legend: Coloured cells represent topics covered through particular types of consultation

3 These sessions gathered 3-4 relevant groups composed of 4-5 members each. First there was a 15 minute presentation of the consultation process together with a short introduction on the relevant topic, followed by discussions on selected topics for 20 minutes in each group. After that, each group presented brief conclusions in 15 minutes. Once the presentations were completed, participants changed groups and continued the discussions in new groups for an additional 20 minutes. The last 10 minutes were used to formulate a set of conclusions and recommendations.

21 CHRONOLOGY OF THE PROCESS The consultations were conducted through two general forms: 1. Wide scope consulta ons

These were directed towards a general audience, without pre-defined target groups. Two major tools were used: a large scale survey conducted on a nationally representative sample of 1,377 individuals and a web platform (http://www.srbijakakvuzelim.rs) that places information and gathers inputs through a web questionnaire and social media (Facebook and Twitter). 2. Targeted consulta ons

Targeted consultations are pre-defined in the sense of a priori defined target groups, places of consultations, methods of consultations and the main questions. These consultations included various stakeholder groups such as academia, youth, elderly, CSOs, experts in culture, etc. The tools implemented here included focus group discussions, workshops, world cafés, public debates and in-depth interviews. The following consultation activities were completed from August to the end of October: 1) In August and September 18 posts were posted on Facebook and Twi er during a period of 7 weeks. These posts were seen by 295,000 people, liked by 1,350 and shared by 115. The likes were issued mostly by men, 67% compared to 33% women, and generally by people between 18 and 24 years of age. Over 95% of those who liked posts were between 13 and 44 years old, whereas women were on average younger than men. During the first week, posts related to the topic of culture in general, while posts shared in the following 6 weeks were related to the 6 sub-themes: culture and poverty, culture and education, culture and gender equality, culture and sustainable cities, culture, environment and climate changes and culture, inclusion and reconciliation. The most visited posts were those on culture, environment and climate changes, culture and education and culture and poverty.

22 2) In September a general survey of the 15+ popula on was conducted. The sample size was 1,377 respondents, representing a realistic structure of the target population, meaning that a realistic proportion of men and women, young, middle aged and elderly, rural and urban population, better and less educated was represented in the sample. 3) The on-line survey posted on www.srbijakakvuzelim.com was launched and remained open throughout the process. In total, 100 participants have completed the questionnaire so far, mostly young people, with 52% of them male, hence providing a relatively equal gender balance. 4) From the end of August to the beginning of October, 5 focus group discussions (FGD) were held, Focus group discussions included 40 people in total. FGDs were held with: • The unemployed attending adult training programs (mid-aged men and women) • Youth on life skills education (half boys and half girls, 16-18 years old) • Public health practitioners on health risks during mass cultural events • Youth in a multi-cultural city on cultural needs and practices (half boys, half girls, 18-26 years old) • NGOs dealing with gender and inclusion issues 5) From mid September to the end of October, 7 workshops were conducted: • Preparatory workshop with representatives of the Ministry of Culture and Information and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Serbia focused on cooperation with the Government of the Republic of Serbia • Preparatory workshop with UN RO and BFPE related to workshops with CSO sector • 3 thematic workshops with CSOs in Belgrade, Novi Sad and Nis • Workshop with experts in culture • Workshop with Trade Union representatives

6) In October, 5 World Café sessions were organized. World Café sessions were organized with one on each of the following topics: • Culture and development in general (participants: representatives of government and public institutions) • Culture and gender equality (participants: women politicians, government representatives, business sector, CSOs)

23 • Culture and sustainable cities and urbanization (participants: doctors, architects, cultural workers, planners) • Culture and environment and climate changes (participants: local planners, local officials, young people) • Culture and inclusion/reconciliation (participants: the Roma population, unemployed, elderly people) 7) From the end of August to the end of October, 17 in-depth interviews were conducted: • 4 women – entrepreneurs (agency for accountancy, bookkeeping, audit activities and tax consultancy; a foreign language school; a company that deals with servicing electronic ap- pliances; an international transportation company) • 4 Roma entrepreneurs (Roma women entrepreneurs – companies engaged in the purchase and selling of livestock, recycling, photo service, and the production of paper products) • 2 young farmers • 1 representative of a cultural institution • 3 young artists • 3 service providers in rural tourism All these consultations provided crucial input for the understanding of culture and development in Serbia. The following section will present key aspects of this topic in Serbia, providing important input for contextualizing further research and consultation results.

24 3. CULTURE AND DEVELOPMENT IN SERBIA

THE RELEVANCE OF CULTURE FOR DEVELOPMENT IN SERBIA

he unique developmental path of Serbia marked by its historical and territorial position at the crossroad of large civilizations (Western and Eastern), and development tendencies (open and modernizing vs. autarchic and centralizing), molds Serbia’s culture in a contro- Tversial way. It is extremely creative and progressive while at the same time being potential- ly destructive and retrograde. Furthermore, Serbia is characterized by ethnic and cultural diversity with almost 18% of its population belonging to ethnic minorities (Hungarian, Bosnjak and Roma being the largest three) and with migration flows that are very intensive (internally displaced persons from Kosovo*, Serbian refugees from Croatia and BiH, immigrants from Asia and Africa). For this reason, identity formation in Serbia is complex and often contradictory. Understanding these identities, and consequently the practices framed by them, is inherently linked to the understanding of cultural heritage, normative frameworks and value orientations. For these reasons research in this field should take into account different attitudes, cultural practices, perceptions of ‘the other’, prejudices and discrimination, and the processes of cultural creation. Today, Serbia is a country with an institutionalized 4.7% cultural policy and diversified cultural production. 3.4% In 145 towns and municipalities in Serbia, there are approximately 550 public cultural institutions. However, the cultural network organization is national more important than the sheer number of institu- institutions tions. In Serbia, every single urban settlement has at least one cultural institution. One of the funda- provincial mental characteristics of the Serbian cultural net- institutions work is the financial decentralization. The struc- city/municipal ture according to funding level shows that the 91.9% institutions largest number of institutions is funded from the local budgets of towns and municipalities. Graph 3.1. Overview of the public cultural network according to funding source

25 However, the relation between culture and (sustainable) development has not yet been widely recognized and institutionalized. As stated in the National report on implementation of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions in Serbia, the integration of cultural development into the socioeconomic and political long-term development of a democratic society and incitement of the sustainable development of culture as an integral part of the living environment are found among the principles of cultural development defined by the Law on Culture (Article 3, item 5 and Article 3, item 10, respectively). According to the database of the Standing conference of towns and municipalities of Serbia, 85 out of 145 local self-governments have strategies of local sustainable development, but culture in these documents is not represented in a viable way. On the other hand, the current Law on Culture (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia 72/2009) foresees the adoption of the National Culture Strategy, and the local self-governments have the obligation to enact their own local plans for development of culture in line with this Strategy (Ar- ticle 7 of the Law on Culture says: With the aim to meet the cultural needs of citizens living on its territory, a local self-government unit shall enact the plan for development of culture consistent with the Law and the Strategy, and the funds for financing the plan shall be allocated from the budget of the local self-government unit…). Surveys of the Institute for Cultural Development Study4 have shown that, in practice, there are more and more towns and municipalities that come up with their own initiatives, work on creating the local plan for development of culture, or are already in the implementation process (Pančevo, Valjevo, Niš, Zrenjanin, Pirot, Novi Sad, Vranje, Sombor, Kragujevac, Šabac). However, there is often a lack of continuity in working on strategic plans, and this task frequently gets neglected in its first development phases. Only the City of Pančevo has completed the implementation of its first five-year strategic plan, and currently the City works on preparing the second. At the state level, the Strategy is currently in the document drafting phase. However, strategic planning is necessary to define development at the level of cultural institutions as well. The lack of long-term plans at all levels has a direct impact on the sustainable development of culture. CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS AND CULTURAL POLICIES

Culture is very important for Serbian citizens for several reasons. Serbia, like the whole Balkan region, is at the crossroad of different cultures and civilizations. This provides an enormous richness in cultural heritage and diverse and inspiring cultural production. This has also been recognized by decision makers in Serbia through its policies and programs. In 2008, the Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Serbia published its priorities for the period from 2008 to 2011. Among other things, these priorities are based on the following principles: freedom of cultural and artistic creation; respect of the right on culture; equality of all cultures on the territory of Serbia; preservation of cultural identities, and protection and promotion of cultural diversity; establishing of a modern, efficient, rational and creative cultural management system; transparency. The strategies selected for the cultural policy are based on a group of codependent goals, such as, primarily, the promotion of cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue, and the promotion of culture as a vital element of the society. The priorities of the Ministry of Culture and Information added by Minister Ivan Tasovac in 2013 are a follow up to National Librarary of Serbia. Photo: Blic.rs

4 Lazarević Aleksandar, 2012. Cultural Resources at the Level of Serbian Districts, Institute for Cultural Development Study, Belgrade; Lazarević Aleksandar, 2011. Cultural Resources of Serbian Cities, Institute for Cultural Develop- ment Study, Belgrade

26 the above stated priorities: professionalization, capacity building of national cultural institutions, and transparency in work and decision-making. The Government’s Program (from April 7th 2014) also sets the following goals as a priority for the Ministry of Culture in 2015: to establish a predictable and consistent culture policy, to protect and preserve the cultural heritage, to digitalize the cultural heritage, to support cultural production and creation, to develop international cultural cooperation, to strengthen the freedom and profession- alism of the media, and to protect the freedom of speech. An important step in advancing culture was the ratification of the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (UNESCO 2005) (Official Gazette of the Re- public of Serbia), which was deliberated by the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia on May 29th 2009, while its official implementation started with the Law on Convention Ratification from June 6th of the same year. The Convention is dedicated to fostering, encouraging and creation of social circumstances that allow different creative and artistic expression. The particular goal of the Convention is to support the cooperation and exchange between countries with different cultural and social contexts, as well as to encourage the development of the economic aspects of art and creation, which will finally result in culture advancement. The ratification of this Convention in the Parliament has created the conditions for implementation of the first international instrument reg- ulating the issues of preservation and development of cultural diversity, which substantially supports the citizens’ enjoyment of fundamental freedoms and rights, as guaranteed by the national legislation in the Law on Culture (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia 72/2009), the Law on Public Information (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia 84/2014), the Law on Protection of Rights and Freedoms of National Minorities Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia 1/2003 – Con- stitutional Charter and Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia 72/2009 – state law and 97/2013 – decision of the Constitutional Court). By ratifying the Convention, the legislative system of the Republic of Serbia acquired a powerful legal instrument which influenced legal, political and social reforms in the field of culture. It’s the legal and political framework of this Convention that gave the crucial push to enact the new Law on Culture (September 2009, came into force in March 2010). The Article 3 foresees the principles of cultural development, while Item 4 states the principle of diversity of cultural expressions. The Convention’s content is also incorporated in Article 6, Item 10 which is on encouraging of international cultural cooperation. Along with its Sector for International Cooperation, and in line with Articles 9 and 28 of the Con- vention, the Ministry has appointed the Institute for Cultural Development Study as the focal point. The Institute cooperates with all the relevant institutions and individuals, and it collects, provides and exchanges information on protection and advancement of diversity of cultural expressions. Support to the diversity of cultural expressions is also secured by the regular annual Open Calls of the Ministry of Culture and Information for co-funding of projects in the sphere of culture and media. Various cultural and media projects and programs were also funded within the framework of the contract on cooperation between the cultural institutions/organizations and authorities at different government levels. In addition, in 2011 the Working Group for Development of Crea- tive Industries was established in the Ministry of Culture and Information. Projects with long-term impact enjoyed priority over short-term projects. In this period, cultural institutions of national importance were reconstructed, such as the National Library of Serbia, the Yugoslav Cinematheque and partly the National Museum, while the cinema network was partly digitalized through private initiative, which improved the already developed public cultural infrastructure. Other laws in the sphere of culture are supported by the Convention. In Article 2, the Law on Librarianship and Information (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, 52/2011) relies on the Convention’s principles related to free access to information, knowledge and ideas, securing the personal and intellectual freedom to all citizens. The Law on Cinematography (Official Gazette of

27 the Republic of Serbia 99/2011, 2/2012 – correction and 46/2014 – decision of the Constitutional Court) emphasizes cultural diversity as a general interest in the sphere of cinematography (Article 19, Item 12) and encourages cooperation and inclusion of Serbian cinematography into the Eu- ropean film production and global development flows (Article 11). (Source: Four-years Report of the Republic of Serbia on activities related to the Convention). https://en.unesco.org/creativity/sites/creativity/files/periodic_report/Serbia_Report_Eform_ EN_2013_0.pdf). An important segment of cultural exchange and the mobility of artists and art collections is taking place through international cooperation. In 2014, after the Culture 2007-2013 program in which Serbia was one of the participants, the Ministry of Culture and Information signed the Agreement for Serbia to join the Creative Europe program, which allowed the funding of projects aiming to advance culture, artistic creation and the media. The Republic of Serbia was the first non-EU member state to sign the Agreement to participate in this European Union program. It also established the implementation body at the national level – the Creative Europe Serbia Desk within the Ministry of Culture, and the Desk’s branches within the European Affairs Fund of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. The Desk supports all organizations and institutions when they apply for funding from international funds. In late 2014, the Ministry of Culture and In- formation opened the Open Call for co-funding of projects in the field of arts and culture, sup- 6% ported from the international funds. The aim of this Open Call was to become a new measure Average culture to support the international cooperation and budget at the mobility of artists. the level of a city In its surveys on cultural policy5, The Institute for Cultural Development Study states that the main problem of funding can be analyzed at several levels: Lack of diversified funding methods – both the institutions and the civil society actors too often rely solely on the budgets of towns/municipalities on the territory where they are located. On average, a local self-government allocates around 6% of the local budget for all cultural institutions in its town/municipality, and in the majority of places, those are the only finances that will be available to culture. This amount of money is usually low, and in around 60% of Serbian cities, it stands at up to 8 euros per capita. However, a step forward from this practice is the fact that many cultural institutions nowadays more and more often apply for funding of cultural projects from numerous European and national funds for financing of culture, which resulted in an increase of cultural budget per capita. The prooffor this are larger cities, where this practice becomes more and more common.

30,5% Allocations per capita in Serbia’s 29,8% 18,3% 13,7% largest cities 9,2% 6,9% 1,5% Novi Sad – 35.7 Euros, Niš – 20 E uros, Belgrade – 19.5 Euros, less than 5-7,99 E 8-10,99 E 11-13,99 14-18,99 19-24,99 more Kragujevac – 17.5 Euros 5 E E E E than 25 E Graph 3.2. Percentage of Serbian ci es according to the share of culture in their local budgets

5 Lazarević Aleksandar, 2012. Cultural Resources at the Level of Serbian Districts, Institute for Cultural Development Study, Belgrade; Lazarević Aleksandar, 2011. Cultural Resources of Serbian Cities, Institute for Cultural Develop- ment Study, Belgrade

28 Graph 3.3. Share of ci es in Serbia per share of culture in local budgets

• The lowest amount of money is allocated for the programs – in institutions, the largest part of 7.5% 5.3% the budget is spent on employees’ salaries and fa- 10.5% share of culture more than 10% cility maintenance costs, while the smallest part is share of culture 8-10% reserved for programs and projects made for the 24.1% share of culture 6-8% audience. According to the culture budget struc- 20.3% share of culture 4-6% share of culture 2-4% ture, the only two cities that largely deviate from share of culture up to 2% 32.3% the average are Belgrade, the capital, and Novi Sad, the second largest city.

Graph 3.4. Average structure of culture budget in Serbian ci es

19.9% 34.1% 39.8% 41.4% 45.7% 57.8% 22.3%

26.1% 12.6%

Salaries Maintenance costs Programs Serbia without the capitol Belgrade, the capitol Novi Sad, 2nd largest city • Lack of an established plan and priorities for investments – by and large, a city’s culture budget is spent on employees’ salaries, followed by facility maintenance costs, and only then for programs. Often, there are no funds for large investments, which is why it is necessary to create and regularly update a priority list for infrastructure investments both at the local and at the national levels. This is already happening in some Serbian cities where the priorities are established through an agreement between the local authorities and the representatives of cultural institutions. • Minimal share of own funds – along with the lack of alternative sources of funding, another problem in the work of the cultural network and in its offer is the fact that the smallest part of the cultural institutions’ budget comes from their earnings, i.e. from their own revenue – on average, 5 to 10%. Thanks to interesting contents – such as theater plays, movie screenings or concerts – theaters and multipurpose cultural centers do manage to make slightly more money than other institutions. The reason behind such low revenues is twofold: on one hand, the cultural institutions are not sufficiently oriented towards market economy, and on the other, they do not study the citizens’ needs and habits enough. Still, market-related aspects of culture are more and more covered by educational trainings for employees, and they’re often turned to practice through cooperation with business entities (such as sponsors and donors). Also, nowadays there are more surveys on cultural practices and the citizens’ needs, which become the empiric basis of cultural offer and policy. • Underdeveloped mechanisms for Open Calls for cultural projects – only one quarter of cities have Open Calls for cultural projects. This practice should be widespread in all cities. Every year more and more local self-governments decide to grant funds to cultural

29 projects in a transparent manner, in order to avoid subjective and arbitrary granting of funds. The developed mechanisms for Open Calls for cultural projects are those at the national level (organized by the Ministry of Culture and other ministries), which have a large number of applicants from all over Serbia.

Cultural development and contemporary cultural production are based on a network of cultural institutions, and they also largely rely on civil society organizations. The biggest support to contemporary cultural production comes from cultural centers, theaters, galleries and cinemas. The most frequent type of cultural institutions are cultural centers which foster diverse forms of cultural expression. Graph 3.5. Types of public institutions in culture network

other 5.2%

theaters 4.8%

instututes for ... 2.3%

archives 5.7%

galleries 3.4%

museums 11.6%

libraries 32.7%

cultural centers 34.3%

It should be emphasized that in Serbia there are around 2000 civil society organizations that contribute to the advancement of culture and contemporary cultural production.

Table 3.1 - Number of Cultural ins tu ons in Serbia ﬁ nanced by public authori es, by domain Domain Cultural ins tu ons (subdomains) Number (Year) Cultural heritage Cultural heritage sites (recognized) 3093 (2010) Museums (organiza ons) 97 (2010) Archives (of public authori es) 40 (2010) Visual arts Public art galleries/exhibi on halls 200 (2010) Art academies (or universi es) 24 (2010) Performing arts Symphonic orchestras 4 (2010) Music schools 76 (2010) Music/theatre academies (or universi es) 6 (2010) Drama c theatre 41 (2010) Music theatres/opera houses 5 (2010) Dance and ballet companies 5 (2010) Books and libraries Libraries 160 (2010) Audiovisual Broadcas ng organiza ons 442 (2010) Interdisciplinary Socio-cultural centers/cultural houses 196 (2010) Source: Council of Europe/ERICarts (2014) Further promotion of creativity and cultural expressions was given through the improvement of the social and economic status of artists. This implies the decrease of income taxes for artists and

30 cultural creators. Tax deductions for investments in culture were also introduced. During the last four years, five professional associations from the field of visual arts gained the status of representative cultural associations at the national level. The outcome of state support to networking and cooperation (CSOs, SMEs, etc) is evident on several collaborative platforms and clusters of cultural industries. Apart from the number of bilateral Programs and Protocols on cultural cooperation signed with various countries, activities at the regional and multilateral level also resulted in jointly signing the Declaration within Southeast Europe, further emphasizing cultural diversity. A new channel for international cooperation and strengthening of traditional cooperation was also ensured by incorpo- rating culture and arts into documents concerning economic and scientific-technical cooperation. Likewise, the presentation of Serbian culture abroad was high on the country’s agenda, linked with international relations. One important event is the accession of Serbia to the North-South Centre of the Council of Europe in 2009. The Center for Study in Cultural Development conducted several national surveys addressing cultural policy with a focus on cultural resources of cities and municipalities. The final results are to be used as a basis for future cultural planning, while at the same time, ensuring insight into the overall cultural system of Serbia. Following this direction, unique local cultural potentials would become a vector for economic development of Serbian regions, as declared in the Law of Culture in force.

31 4. CONSULTATION RESULTS

he results presented in this chapter comprise data derived from various types of consultations from August to the end of October 2014. Some of the data allows for gen- eralization on the whole 15+ population of Serbia, while other inputs provide deeper Tinsights into the relations between culture and development. Based on this, we can form conclusions related to: • what people in Serbia think about culture and development in general and from 6 proposed aspects (poverty reduction, education, gender equality, sustainable urbanization, environment protection and social inclusion); • how certain important actors (government officials, CSOs, artists, managers in culture, etc.) perceive the role of culture in development and ways to improve this role (MoI) and make it more visible. From the beginning it should be stressed that current cultural patterns in Serbia, as in many other countries, are being formed in the context of severe economic crisis and the struggle of citizens to make ends meet. The survey data approximates the official data about the poverty rate which shows that 24.6% of citizens of Serbia are at risk of poverty (The Second National Report on Social Inclusion and Poverty Reduction in the Republic of Serbia). According to the survey, a quarter of citizens barely make ends meet and have problems covering the basic expenses of the household, while 50% more can provide only for basic expenses. Consequently, half of survey respondents think that unemployment is major problem in the country, followed by corruption and poverty, which parallels the previous wave of consultations when unemployment and poverty were stressed as key obstacles to development in Serbia.

32 Graph 4.1 Key problems in Serbia perceived by ci zens, in %

9 49

Further on several aspects of the general cultural framework favourable for development are discussed. According to the definition applied in this process of consultations, culture creates the thread that keeps society together and gives people the tools to find their way into that society. Culture is important as a field of creation and for the maintenance of values of mutual trust, solidarity, respect of law, and democracy. These sets of values provide motivation for people to work, communicate, create, and respect others. This is the foundation for the development of society and individuals. In this section we present data from the survey and group discussions that il- lustrate the acceptance of the values mentioned above. Survey data are presented comparatively for Serbia and 29 countries that participated in the European Social Survey6, so that one can see where Serbia stands in the European framework. A low level of trust in the society is an important obstacle for development as it reduces social in- teractions and exchange. It is considered a precondition for a market economy, but it is important in every social transaction. Survey data indicate low levels of trust in Serbia on all 3 applied indicators – trust, fairness, and helpfulness. As the tables below show, when compared with ESS countries, Serbia has much lower average trust values on the scales: 4.27 on a scale of 0-10, compared to 9.1 for trusting other people, 4.53 compared to 9.1 for believing that other people are fair and 4.1 compared to 9.1 for believing that people are usually helpful.

6 Countries included in the European Social Survey: Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Switzerland, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Ger- many, Denmark, Estonia, Spain, Finland, France, the United Kingdom, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Iceland, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Russian Federation, Sweden, Slovenia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Kosovo*.

33 Table 4.1 - Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted, or that you can’t be too careful in dealing with people? You Most can’t people In % be too can be careful trusted Average 0 123456789 10

Serbia 11.1 12.1 6.4 11.7 9.1 17.4 8.5 9.6 6.4 2.8 4.9 4.27

ESS countries 6.6 4.6 7.1 10.6 9.7 19.2 11.2 14.9 11.3 3.0 1.8 9.1 Source for ESS: http://nesstar.ess.nsd.uib.no/webview/index.jsp?v=2&submode=abstract&study=http%3A% 2F%2F129.177.90.83%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FESS6e02.0&mode=documentation&top=yes

Table 4.2 - Do you think that most people would try to take advantage of you if they got the chance, or would they try to be fair?

Most people Most would try people to take In % would advantage try to Average of me be fair

0 1 2345 6 7 89 10 Serbia 10.5 10.9 7.3 8.7 8.4 19.4 7.3 9.7 7.4 4.4 5.9 4.53 ESS 3.6 2.9 5.2 8.3 8.9 20.5 11.8 17.2 14.5 4.3 2.8 9.1 countries7 Source for ESS: http://nesstar.ess.nsd.uib.no/webview/index.jsp?v=2&submode=abstract&study=http%3A% 2F%2F129.177.90.83%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FESS6e02.0&mode=documentation&top=yes

Table 4.3 - Would you say that most of the me people try to be helpful or that they are mostly looking out for themselves? People In % People Average mostly look mostly out for try themselves to be helpful 0 12345678910 Serbia 13,4 12,4 8,4 9,4 8,7 17,2 8,0 7,9 6,3 3,9 4,5 4,1

ESS countries8 5,3 4,4 7,9 11,2 11,1 20,4 12,2 13,5 9,5 2,8 1,8 9,1 Source for ESS: http://nesstar.ess.nsd.uib.no/webview/index.jsp?v=2&submode=abstract&study=http%3A%2F%2F129.177. 90.83%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FESS6e02.0&mode=documentation&top=yes

7 Countries included in the European Social Survey: Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Switzerland, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Spain, Finland, France, the United Kingdom, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Iceland, Italy, Lithua- nia, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Russian Federation, Sweden, Slovenia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Kosovo*. 8 Countries included in the European Social Survey: Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Switzerland, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Spain, Finland, France, the United Kingdom, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Iceland, Italy, Lithua- nia, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Russian Federation, Sweden, Slovenia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Kosovo*.

34 During the workshop with Trade Union representatives it was stressed that the transition to the capitalist system has brought new values, even transformed personalities. People are not perceived as a value and a resource any more, but as numbers, so that the needs and problems of workers are omitted from discussion. The new Law on Employment was especially emphasized as problem- atic, for two reasons: on the one hand, in their opinion, the law was produced without any form of public discussion; on the other, it is inadequate. The participants of the workshop emphasized that decision-makers were irresponsible towards their citizens, especially workers (the employed), thinking that a single law could solve the problem.

“We really have to deal with essence. It is not questionable that we, as a society, have to increase productivity, neither is questionable that we have to complete our tasks, or that an enterprise has to be successful in the market. None of these is questionable. But let’s see which are the mechanisms that can initiate something nice, positive, and not to practice this social Darwinism in life” (Participant of workshop with Trade Unions) If the level of trust is low, the rule of law becomes crucial for the increase of general trust and cohesion in a society. Concerning this issue, survey respondents showed a degree of ambiguity by not supporting the breaking of the law, but many of them believing that the law is not on their side, nor representing their interests. Almost half of the respondents expressed the opinion that laws are not in their best interest. Still, a majority complies with the law. Less than a quarter of respondents think that it is unnecessary to comply with the law if it is unfair, while a bit more thinks that it is acceptable to avoid laws when they do not provide a good basis for solving problems. Less than 10% of respondents think that it is acceptable to break the law.

Graph 4.2 - Level of agreement with the rule of law statements

Culture of democracy

Democratic culture enables participative and proactive behaviour, a necessary precondition for overall development. Under the circumstances of low generalized trust and slow transition to the ‘rule of law’ in Serbia, it is promising that support for democracy is developing in Serbia. Even though the pro-democratic orientation score is somewhat lower in Serbia than in other ESS par-

35 ticipating countries (7.1 on the scale 0-10, as compared to 9.1 in ESS participating countries - the result to be viewed in the context of relatively recent authoritarian legacy), it is important to note that a majority of people consider democratic governance an important way to govern the country.

Table 4.4 - How important is it for you to live in a democra cally governed country?

Not at Extremely all Average important important

0 123456789 10 Serbia 7.6 3.9 2.5 2.6 3.0 11.7 4.2 7.3 9.3 8.6 39.2 7.1 ESS 1.2 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 6.3 4.7 8.1 14.6 13.6 47.5 9.1 countries9 Source for ESS: http://nesstar.ess.nsd.uib.no/webview/index.jsp?v=2&submode=abstract&study=http%3A%2F%2F129.177. 90.83%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FESS4e04.2&mode=documentation&top=yes The perception of the level of development of democracy in Serbia shows a lower score than for ESS countries, but this is still a positive finding because, when coupled with the former statement, it reveals the high aspirations of respondents towards democracy and a request for higher democratic standards in the country.

Table 4.5 - How democra c is your country in general?

Not at Completely all Average democra c democra c

012345678910 Serbia 10.5 10.5 8.0 12.5 9.5 20.7 8.0 7.5 5.0 2.3 5.5 4.2 European 3.7 2.0 3.9 6.1 6.4 14.8 11.4 15.6 17.1 8.8 7.0 7.1 countries10 Source for ESS: h p://nesstar.ess.nsd.uib.no/webview/index.jsp?v=2&submode=abstract&study=h p%3A%2F%2F129.177. 90.83%3A80%2Fobj%2FfStudy%2FESS4e04.2&mode=documenta on&top=yes Free media are of vital importance to strengthen participative and democratic culture and to promote trust and solidarity in a society. A vast majority of survey respondents recognizes the importance of independent media for the advancement of the culture of democracy. However, they see a lot of room for improvement of the media in terms of of promoting and supporting the development of democracy and providing a stronger positive influence on the shap-

9 Countries included in the European Social Survey: Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Switzerland, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Spain, Finland, France, the United Kingdom, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Iceland, Italy, Lithua- nia, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Russian Federation, Sweden, Slovenia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Kosovo*. 10 Countries included in the European Social Survey: Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Switzerland, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Spain, Finland, France, the United Kingdom, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Iceland, Italy, Lithua- nia, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Russian Federation, Sweden, Slovenia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Kosovo*.

36 ing of a pro-development culture. In the next graph, the percentage of respondents who partly or completely agree with the listed statements is presented. Graph 4.3 – Percep on of media, % of ‘agree’ answers

Majority of media in Serbia pay 27.3 enough attention to culture. Majority of media in Serbia has a positive impact on cultural patterns 28.6 (attitudes, believes)

Majority of media in Serbia 67.1 develop primitive behaviour.

Independent media are important 72.3 for the development of democracy

Majority of media in Serbia 51.7 support a submissive culture

0 1020304050607080

Policies of cultural development

In this section we shift from presenting value orientations important for the stability of a development oriented culture to the more concrete sphere of policies that provide conditions for the reproduction of such a role of culture. Survey respondents perceive the importance of cultural policies at both levels of planning and stimulating development – central and local. When assess- ing cultural policies, most people think that authorities in Serbia are working in the field of preservation of cultural heritage and in the field of development of culture, but only to some extent. Around one third thinks the authorities work enough in these areas.

Graph 4.4 - Do authori es in Serbia work Graph 4.5 - Do authori es in Serbia work enough in enough in the ﬁ eld of development of culture? the ﬁ eld of preserva on of cultural heritage?

Not at all Not at all 11 9 2 4 38 Yes, to some 33 Yes, to some extent extent Yes, completely Yes, completely 49 54 Don't know Don't know

This picture of the general cultural framework points to the recognition of cultural determinants as highly significance for the development of Serbia. In a country with a turbulent past and low generalized trust on one side, and with high cultural diversity and preserved cultural heritage on the other, it is extremely important to emphasize culture as a mean of cohesion and basis for progress. With this in mind, the people of Serbia suggested that media and public institutions should play a key role. More efforts should be initiated in the sphere of media, since this important tool of cultural reproduction is perceived as primitive, submissive and having a negative impact on cultural patterns. Another important influx of cultural patterns should come from public institutions. Their practice of normative propositions is crucial for (re)building trust in the society.

37 “Culture is the foundation, the foundation of all foundations. National public TV should have one of the key roles. Education should be reorganized as a sound foundation of knowledge, ethics, morality and esthetics. Strict laws should be implemented that would support construction of culture to perfection, if possible. Commercial TV should be restrict- ed in spreading subcultures (of primitivism). That's just to start with.“ (User of Facebook, male)

Mr. Ivan Tasovac, Minister of Culture and Media and Irena Vojackova – Sollorano, the UN Resident Coordinator in Serbia giving opening speeches at consultations with government representatives, photo by Vukasin Veljic Representatives from cultural institutions and other citizens share a similar view on the role of culture in development. Participants of the World Cafe session organized with government representatives and other public institutions concluded that culture influences development primarily by building positive values and the cultural habits of citizens. In this respect, strategies for the development of culture are of crucial importance. However more emphasis should be put on the development of local strategies in addition to the national strategy. Furthermore, the system of education and media have an important role in shaping the values and habits mentioned above. In order to achieve this, sectors that develop positive values should be supported in their process of cultural creation without restrictions. Hence, the creative sector should be supported by the state through tax exemptions, basic financing and provision of connections with potential investors.

“We believe that culture should be a crosscutting topic in all global development goals.” (First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs to the Republic of Serbia at the UN Day celebration)

38 “Cultural shift means that our institutions are becoming more transparent by trying to become more involved with citizens and that the mind-set and that those institutions that are hierarchical and very closed to citizens are slowly changing. Citizens are now taking it upon themselves to hold all our institutions accountable, including their own local assembly. This cultural shift is a process that includes everybody. First there is a need to build trust in this kind of change and that isn’t something that can be done ad hoc. That is something that needs to be persistent through the following period. In this way, citizens are getting more and more acquainted with their role as the ones that are and need to be on the other side of the scale and keep it in balance.” (Speaker in Pancevo Assembly at UN Day celebration)

“I believe that the key problem is with the values. If we agree on which values we want to promote and how to do it efficiently, we will solve several problems at once. The other problem is, I would say, lack of readiness for cooperation between sectors…” (FGD participant)

“Answer to the question: when is it going to be better for us? When we become better. Does everyone stop for anyone who is hitchhiking; does everyone choose to help when he/she can? (FGD participant) Experts in culture are thinking along similar lines. They stress that cultural production is a unique developmental resource of Serbia, but that support is needed to change the perception of cultural production and its role in development. Considering that the policies of cultural development are inconsistent and a basic framework is still missing, they emphasize the need to finalize and implement the national strategy for cultural development. Moreover, participants expressed the even greater importance of encouraging public-private partnerships and local cultural policies.

“We are missing non-institutionalized cultural centers, and the public ones are in poor shape.

For example, there is a public cultural center in Krusevac, which has the largest budget in Serbia of all local cultural centers and the smallest number of programs. That's because they have the largest number of employees.“ (Expert in culture and representative of an NGO in the cultural sphere)

SUBTHEME 1: CULTURE AND POVERTY REDUCTION

There are at least three major ways in which culture can contribute to poverty reduction: a) By supporting cultural and creative industries through which people in risk of poverty could be economically empowered, to gain more pro-active economic participation and provide more sustainable incomes and livelihoods. b) By supporting the creativity of people who could improve their position by using their own creative assets within creative industries, and through a diversity of cultural and artistic expressions. c) Culturally-sensitive approaches to development programmes can increase the effective- ness of poverty alleviation programmes by effectively addressing its human, social and economic dimensions.

39 According to international organizations such as UNESCO and the General Agreement on Tar- iffs and Trade (GATT), cultural industries combine the creation, production, and distribution of goods and services that are cultural in nature and usually protected by intellectual property rights.11 In this section we will present consultation results related to the role of culture in poverty reduction, perceptions of key policies, instruments and the actors important for this goal. About the problem (WHAT)

People pointed to four key problems related to this theme: 1. Low employment opportunities 2. Discrimination related to employment 3. Poor quality of employment 4. Unsustainable, vulnerable employment These problems contribute to the increase of poverty and the growth of social inequalities. Moreo- ver, these problems are closely related to the vision of desirable society among the people, to their expectation of what development should look like and which type of welfare state should emerge or be promoted through the development processes. Consultation results indicate that values of equality and social justice are an important part of the culture in Serbia. The majority of people in Serbia are not willing to accept the development models that introduce too high a level of social inequalities. According to their opinions, a fair society is a society where differences in standards of living are relatively small. If we consider the attitudes of Serbia’s citizens towards this concept and the different attributes related to social justice, we can see that people do not blame individuals for their unemployment, that they believe that people with very low income are not benefiting from social protection in an appropriate way, but that the social protection system is at risk of inefficiency since many people who are not entitled to benefits try to take advantage of the system.

Graph 4.6 – Attitudes related to social justice

For a society to be fair, differences in people’s standard of 62.4 living should be small Large differences in people’s incomes are acceptable to 31.5 properly reward differences in Employees often pretend they are sick in order 42.6 to stay at home Many people attempt to obtain benefits and services to which 63.8 they are not entitled Many people with very low incomes get less benefit than 62.1 they are legally entitled to Most unemployed people do not really try to 37.1 find a job. 0 10203040506070

As stated earlier, 25% of survey respondents are struggling to make the ends meet (often unable to cover the basic needs) and about 50% state that their incomes are sufficient to cover the basic needs but not much beyond that. In such an environment a majority of respondents (61.5%) assess pov-

11 "Exploring The Cultural and Creative Industries Debate". Culture Action Europe. Retrieved 2014-09-07.

40 erty reduction and social inclusion policies as not sufficiently effective. According to the poll results, people consider culture an important aspect of poverty reduction efforts in two ways: by fostering the development of local communities which will attract new employment opportunities to them and increase their living standard, and more specifically, through employment in cultural industries. However, presently cultural industries have a modest economic impact defined in terms of employment shares and share in gross value added. Our survey confirmed the official statistical evidence that just over 3% of respondents are employed in the cultural industries. In addition, one should have in mind that the literature shows that a secondary impact of cultural industries on labor market trends doubles this figure to over 7% (Mikich, 2011). Nevertheless, it is encouraging that participants in the consultation process showed interest in the development of cultural industries. 11% of survey respondents are willing to start businesses in cultural industries as individual entrepreneurs, while an additional 17% would rather engage in this area through some form of cooperative or social enterprise. The main fields respondents are interested in starting their business include: fields of arts (23%), traditional handicrafts (21%), tourism (20%), entertainment and recreation (15%), marketing, media (10%). The current situation with the creative industries in Serbia and their further development were in the focus of the Creative Serbia project, implemented by the Creative Economy Group, an academic expert group dealing with analysis of the relevant economic, legal and political aspects of creative economy development in Serbia and around the world. The studies of this Group show the economic aspects of culture and its potentials in Serbia today.12 The creative industries in Serbia are developing according to the mixed economic model, within which the public and the private sectors share responsibility for development of creative goods and services. The publishing industry, printed media, the movie industry, cinemas, marketing, design, fashion, and other spheres are being developed through private initiatives and the market, while the state budget and subsidies are the source of support for museums, archives, libraries, heritage, performing arts. According to data from 2012, the total impact of creative industries (direct and indirect) stood at 8.85% of total employment, and between 6 and 9.8% of total gross added value. In addition, according to data from the same year, there were 10,423 active business entities in the key creative industries, out of which there were 4,850 companies, 5,850 entrepreneurs, and 527 public institutions and organizations.

Graph 4.7. The structure of creative sector actors according to their legal status

5% 0%

47% Companies Entrepreneurs 48% Public institutions

The total number of (permanent) employees stood at 79,189 or 4.59% of the total number of employees. It’s important to emphasize that the total employment rate in the creative sector is much higher, because the activities are mostly project –based, so the need for permanent employment is low. When it comes to the size of active actors, the creative sector mostly consists of small companies (49%) or entrepreneurs (48%). The structure of activity areas in the main cultural industries shows that, both according to the number of business actors and to the share of total number of employees in cultural industries, the most active area is design and creative services, with 2,491 business actors and 23.3% employees.

12 Gojko Rikalović PhD Creative Serbia: New Direction of Development, Anonimus said, 2011 ,Belgrade and Hristina Mikić, Mr. Sci. Creative industries Serbia, Creative Economy Group, 2014, Belgrade. Webpage: www.kreativnaekonomija.com, studies available at http://www.kreativnaekonomija.com/studije

41 Graph 4.8. Number of legal en es according to cultural industries sphere, 2012

6000 5046 5000

4000

3000 2491

2000 1203 1363 1000 443 327 Number of legal entities 197 according to cultural industries 0 sphere, 2012

Entrepreneurs

Visual arts and crafts Publishing and printing

Design and creative services ManifestationsCultural and and festivals natural heritage Audiovisual and interactiv media

Graph 4.9. Share of cultural industries in the total number of employees, 2012

Manifestations and festivals 4.73

Visual arts and crafts 5.69

Publishing and print 17.51

Audiovisual and interactive media 20.23

23.18 Design and creative services

Education (arts and culture relate... 17.58

Entrepreneurs (with annual incom... 5.6

Out of the total number of employees in the main creative industries, 45% are creative professionals, relatively young (between 22 and 44 years of age) and mostly employed in the private sector (85%), while 15% work in the public sector. The creative industries include 6,530 highly educated freelance experts and artists, but also 9,800 freelance engineers, IT professionals, copyrighters and others whose work supports the creative industries.13 One of the most developed cultural industries in Serbia is cinematography, which receives substantial support from the state. Namely, in the field of cinema, Serbia has adopted the Law on Cinematography (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No 99/2011, 2/2012, 46/2014). In addition, the Serbian Film Center, which is a national institution, coordinates the work of the national film foundation and the allocation of funds for movie production. The Serbian Film Center also

13 All data taken from: Hristina Mikić, Mr. Sci. Creative industries Serbia, Creative Economy Group, 2014, Belgrade

42 plays an important role in mediating between artists and international Open Calls and education programs, in this way supporting creativity in the world of film. The Center is also an important stakeholder in collecting data on cinemas, cinematography and movie production in Serbia. An- other instance of support to the Serbian movie production was the ratification of the European Convention on Cinematographic Coproduction in 2004, as well as membership in the Eurimages Program, the International Film Fund of the Council of Europe, starting from 2005 (http://www. coe.int/t/dg4/eurimages/default_en.asp). Eurimages brings progress and cooperation in the areas of movie production, presentation and promotion, with the aim to celebrate European film and cinematography. Membership in Eurimages resulted in a large number of coproduction projects which supported the Serbian cinematography – from 2005 on, 25 movies received support from the Eurimages Fund, amounting at more than 5 million Euros. On the other hand, some cultural industries have their own market path, which does not depend on support from the state. For instance, in the past decade, the so-called design incubators have emerged, seriously contributing to the creative expression of young artists, architects, designers and other stakeholders. In a similar manner, the music industry operates through self-organization. Still, the music industry is supported by a set of laws in the areas of property and intellectual rights, and by a large number of ratified international documents (domestic laws – Law on Copyright and Similar Rights (Offi- cial Gazette of the Republic of Serbia 52/2011); Law on Patents (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia 99/2011); Law on Watermarks (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia 104/2009 and 10/2013)). The state support to music is not institutionalized: the development and preservation of musical creation is handled by specialized organizations and professional associations (Serbian Union of Discographers, Phonogram Producers Association of Serbia, SOKOJ – Association of Music Composers of Serbia, Rights of Performers). The publishing industry is very active in Serbia (some 16,500 new titles are published every year). From a legal standpoint, the publishing industry is properly covered by a few laws: the Law on Librarianship and Information (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, 52/2011), the Law on Mandatory Copy of Publications (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, 52/2011), the Law on Publishing (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia 37/91, 53/93-st.law, 67/93-st.law, 48/94-st. law, 135/04 and 101/05-st.law). When it comes to publishers, in Serbia there are several associations, out of which one is representative – the Association of Publishers and Booksellers of Serbia, which is also member of the European Federation of Publishers. This Association has 115 members, among which there are the most active publishing companies in Serbia. The Ministry of Culture and Information is the main body that defines policies, strategies and legal frameworks for development of creative industries, but there are other stakeholders that take part in this process. Thus, the Ministry of Economy has supported the establishing of 5 clusters: the Film Cluster, the Cluster of Creative Industries of Vojvodina, the Cluster for Old Crafts Revival - RE:Crafts, the Artistic Cluster Crafts (Sombor), the Designers and Printers Cluster (Niš). Data shows that in Serbia, the most prevalent clusters are the small ones, with up to 25 members.14 Clusters are one of the possible models for adapting to the modern market, and they can bring progress in the field of creative industries. There is a lot of potential for poverty reduction in all creative industries, because they offer the possibilities for (self)employment and increase of standard of life. When the role of culture in local development is at stake, respondents indicated various local cultural resources that can be used for sustainable development and improvement of their livelihoods: human resources, natural beauty, festivals, history and tradition, monuments, etc.

14 Hristina Mikić, Mr. Sci. Creative industries Serbia, Creative Economy Group, 2014, Belgrade

43 When asked what people perceive as distinctive features, which resources of their community are recognized by the wider area, respondents interestingly pointed to people (41.4%) as the main value, followed by festivals (35.4%), food (31.3.%) and natural resources (29.8%).

Graph 4.10 – Perception of important local resources

History, tradition 26.4

The beauties of nature 29.8

Good food 31.3

People (kind, humorous, hospitable) 41.4

Architecture of valuable buildings 13 Festivals (theatre, music, dance, fairs, historical 35.4 dates) Monuments 21.9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

As could be expected, there was a slight difference between urban and rural population with regard to the choices above: the importance of monuments, festivals and architecture was a bit more stressed by urban inhabitants, while rural respondents put more stress on the beauties of nature, food and people.

Graph 4.11 – Perception of important local resources, by type of settlement, in%

20 History, tradition 30 36 The beauties of nature 27 36 Good food 29

People (kind, humorous, hospitable) 46 39 Rural 7 Urban Architecture of valuable buildings 16 Festivals (theatre, music, dance, fairs, 27 historical dates) 40 17 Monuments 25

0 1020304050 About the stakeholders (WHO)

A majority of people thinks that the development of culture is not the responsibility of the authorities alone, but that various groups, including experts in culture and artists (64.5%) and all citizens (74%), should get involved and contribute to this development.

44 In order to draw in the audience, the creative powers of individuals and organizations are join- ing forces. This becomes even more important if we take into consideration the fact that in Serbia there are more than 2,000 associations that actively take part in development of the cultural offer, thus participating in building of local and regional identities. In addition, there are more than 900 manifestations organized annually. When it to comes to presentation of cultural identities and traditions, there are around 100 museums and museum collections, and around 2,500 cultural goods, out of which 5 are protected by UNESCO. All the above stated potentials offer opportunities to raise the quality of life and reduce poverty, because the creative economy will develop by taking part in the promotion of local values. For 42.6% of respondents it is important that their community is recognized for its culture and cultural heritage. Therefore, the branding of their city or other aspects of their community is important for them. The need for an active role by local government in supporting cultural events and protecting cultural heritage in their local communities was recognized by 41.5% of respondents. In more particular terms, the consultation workshop organized with Trade Unions indicated that there is a need to develop a culture of activism which goes beyond the strict borders of different groups. Participants argued that for Trade Unions to be more effective, as well as for the larger society to have more impact on changes in the country, activism needs to have a more prominent role in Serbian social organization and culture. Participants also felt the Trade Unions themselves need to be more active in including cooperatives, NGOs, academia, youth, media, and the international community in their efforts for change, and in this way create networks of solidarity and activism. Although participants were rather positive towards the following outcome, they were also rather concerned about the possibility of involving the media which they assessed as submissive and closely tied with government interests. Social networks were perceived as a good alternative. About the ways to improve (HOW & MOI)

Although various ways for development of culture as a factor in increasing employment and reducing poverty were recognized and noted in the survey, it can be concluded that people see financial instruments as most important.

Table 4.6 - Means of implementa on % of answers Investments in culture 28.5 Improved supply of cultural products, more diversity in supply 10.5 Improved organiza on, coordina on 7.1 Promo on and marke ng 5.6 More ac ve involvement of local government 3.8 Increased awareness of the cultural needs of popula on 3.0 More ar sts engaged 2.9 Other 28.7 Don’t know 9.9 Total 100

When it comes to culture as an engine for local development, survey respondents recognize different measures that could be taken by local authorities in promoting local culture. This time financial means are less prioritized than improvement of the cultural industry sector which can be developed more through more diverse events/products and the engagement of more people.

45 Table 4.7 - What should be the responsibility of the local government to promote culture in your community (city, municipality, and village)?

% of answers To expand the cultural industry sector by diversifying events/products, 28,3 by engaging more people To increase local budget expenditure on culture 18.3 To renovate, restore cultural objects 8.3 To promote culture through media 3.6 To improve the qualiﬁ ca ons of people who lead cultural ins tu ons 3.2 To educate people 3.3 To protect tradi on and heritage 1.4 To improve infrastructure 1.3 Other 19.3 Don’t know 13.0 Total 100

Other forms of consultations brought additional, more specific ideas about using culture in the processes of employment promotion and poverty reduction. During the workshop, representatives of Trade Unions frequently emphasized how important a culture of solidarity and activism are and provided several ideas about ways to improve them: • to promote wider social dialogue on the rights and security of employees that would include media, academic community, NGOs, etc. • to improve cooperation between Trade Unions, but also with other social actors (CSOs, academia, cooperatives, etc.) • to build the capacities of Trade Unions to use social networks for promotion and to improve visibility in media • to educate workers about their rights and to motivate them to be proactive • to improve international cooperation.

KEY MESSAGE: The importance of cultural industries in Serbia is growing. People in Serbia are prone to engage in cultural industries and this could be used as a generator of income, an engine of development and a tool for the eradication of poverty. Coordinated policies of support to the growth of cultural industries are needed.

Testimonials “Number one is really taking responsibility, taking initiative. We need to stop waiting for an abstract and paternalistic state to somehow solve our problems. This is particularly felt at the local level and in particular when it comes to cultural initiatives. Initiatives that can even be productive, income generating activities. To go forward, people have to come together and be accepting, take initiative, be open to each other, and let the process of creation come from the bottom-up and realise the energy that is today.... Of course we, as well as the state, need to do more. It is our priority to make sure that we support priorities, that what we invest in is also conducive to realise that energy. But it has to be work that is done by both sides.“ (Deputy Prime Minister and the Minister of Public Administration and Local Self-Government at the UN Day celebration)

“But, looking back these two years, all those actions, all those impossible actions that we were capable of organizing, they didn’t have an impact because there was no solidarity

46 with other groups. And all of this is, in my opinion, linked to the consciousness of our people. I believe that it’s hard to change anything if we don’t teach people how to stand up for their own rights.” (Par cipant in workshop with Trade Unions)

BEST PRACTICE EXAMPLE From tradi onal culture to economic proﬁ t

Cultural heritage is an essential part of the creative industry. It is on the basis of this heritage that different products are adjusted for market production and on the basis of which it is possible to generate revenue. One example of how this cultural heritage and tradition can be used for economic profit and, in turn, a way out of poverty, is the Bunjevke women. These women from Vojvodina have developed traditional painting and the creation of various artefacts out of straw, to great success, which has considerably improved their lives since previously they’d had difficulty finding sources of income. Today, for many of these women, the production of these items presents not only an additional income, but is often their only and primary source of income. Indeed, they have managed to create a market and sell products such as greeting cards, miniatures out of straw, large pictures from straw, a variety of boxes, household items, key chains, jewellery, and so on. Hence, their work presents a unique example of how women can be empowered and have a real impact on rural development. Moreover, their persistent effort in the promotion of their craft ‘slamarstvo’ (straw marquetry) and its recognition by the international community, has also resulted in the organization of the World Congress in Straw Marquetry in Tavankut in Vojvodina in 2014. One of the associations gathering women producers of straw marquetry is ‘Bunjevacko kolo’ from Subotica.

BEST PRACTICE EXAMPLE Crea ve industry for economic growth

If someone asked you to leave your job at one of the world largest IT companies and move from Copenhagen to Belgrade to start your own business, you would probably say no. But that is not case with Branko, Ivan and Milan. The three of them left the Microsoft Development center in Copenhagen and came back to Belgrade to start a company that makes social network games (games that are played on social platforms such as Facebook). In 2010 they founded “Nordeus” a company that specializes in developing mobile and browser-based games that work across multiple platforms. Now, four years later, the company is one of Europe’s fastest-growing companies in the field of computer games, employs more than 120 engineers, game and graphic designers and 3D specialists and has offices in Belgrade, Skopje, Dublin and San Francisco. During these four years they have received some of the most significant awards in their field including “The best gaming startup” and “The best Facebook application” in 2011 and “Best employer in Serbia and the region” in 2012.

47 A few of things make this company unique when compared to other companies. Firstly, the founders of the company came back from abroad and left their well-paid jobs and positions to start their own business. They did not go to a country where the game industry was already developed, but came back to Serbia where the game industry either did not exist or was lim- ited to just a few small companies. Secondly, they employed young engineers and game devel- opers from Serbia and paid them the same amount of money that they would have received if they worked for Google, Facebook or Microsoft. And thirdly even though the company was founded just after the economic crisis, it never stopped growing and does not have losses. Nordeus’s example shows how creative industries and culture can help development by providing new highly paid jobs. Those jobs not only reduce unemployment among highly educated and qualified people who make up the largest percentage of emigrants from Serbia, but also raise state revenue by paying taxes which in turn helps the country’s economic development. The game industry, like most other creative industries, is not very developed in Ser- bia, but the example of Nordeus, a young company which in just four years managed to become one of the leaders in the computer game industry in Europe, shows that investment in culture and creative industries can significantly boost a state’s economy and resolve problems normally connected with low living conditions and poverty.

BEST PRACTICE EXAMPLE Networking in crea ve industry

Nova Iskra The design incubator Nova Iskra is a type of a rent-a-desk business incubator aiming to create the conditions for joint work and promotion of young designers. The incubator started working in December 2012. The incubator has 100 members – young architects, designers, costume makers, photographers, etc. Design.rs Design.rs is a virtual platform for young designers and visual artists. The aim of the platform creators was to establish better communication between the community and the designers, in order to open up a space for exchange of ideas and information in the field of design, as well as to increase their visibility. The platform has around 4,000 registered members on the portal, and 11,000 members on the Facebook page. Mixer Mixer is a multidisciplinary platform for affirmation of cultural industries of the Balkans, and it organizes the biggest regional creative arts festival – the Mixer Festival. Mixer assembles professionals and enthusiasts who, through their various projects, support the development of national and regional creative economy, facilitating the dialogue between the local, regional and global modern trends and practices. The platform allows interaction between designers, architects, artists, companies, independent organizations, public institutions and the media.

48 SUBTHEME 2: CULTURE AND EDUCATION

The survey results of the Institute for Cultural Development Study show that the share of culture in school curricula boils down to occasional visits to cultural institutions, thus showing that culture is not sufficiently present in schools. As for the type of cultural program that children are most frequently taken to by their schools, it is mostly exhibitions and theater shows, while the age of children is from 5 to 10 years. As they grow older, these visits become less frequent, or they cease overall. Still, development of cultural habits requires stronger participation between the cultural and the educational institutions, in order to encourage creative expression and cultural participation among the children and youth. The surveys of cultural habits of high school and university students, implemented in 2010-201115, have shown that activities in the sphere of cultural life are not the favorite way to pass the free time for Serbian youth – only 0.2% of high school students and 3.5% of university students visit a cultural institution in their free time. In addition, no more than 80% of members of both interviewed groups engage in cultural production and creative expression. This brings to conclusion that the school should play a more active role in the cultural activism of youth, who seldom opt for cultural contents and artistic expression on their own. The Strategy of Development of Education in Serbia until 2020 also emphasizes the necessity to establish a better connection between culture and education (Law on the Government – Of- ficial Gazette of the Republic of Serbia 55/05, 71/05 correction, 101/07, 65/08, 16/11, 68/12 – УС and 72/12). The Strategy says the following: The educational institutions should be the first step when it comes to the adoption of cultural values. This includes the following: to improve the cognitive and creative potentials, to introduce more cultural contents in schools (to organize recitals, theater plays, painting workshops and exhibitions, literature readings and musical shows), to organize regular visits to theaters, museums, art exhibitions, monuments of culture, literature readings, fairs, etc. Multidisciplinary approach is very important in this, as it con- nects creative expression with other school subjects: in elementary schools, during art lessons, the children draw or sculpt what they learned in history or in biology; later, movies are used to complement the lectures, with a high interactivity level (Strategy’s chapter Expected Changes in Labor Market Demands and Other Sectors in the Republic of Serbia – healthcare, education, culture, public administration, etc.) In the above listed trends of artistic education and expression, it is extremely important to involve the cultural institutions and cultural workers. There are at least two main ways to link culture and education: a) Education strategies that are most responsive to local cultures, contexts and needs are the most likely to be effective in fostering more cohesive societies; the UN Decade of Educa- tion for Sustainable Development has proven that integrating cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue perspectives in learning and education systems enables talent development, encourages critical and creative thinking and impact on values and behavioral patterns. b) Education systems and programmes can, on the other hand, promote values that are supportive of sustainable and inclusive development. In this section we will present findings about what the major problems are related to the relationship between culture and education, who the major actors are to improve the role of culture in education, and how this can be done and by which means.

15 Mrđa, Slobodan, 2011, Cultural Life and Needs of High School Students in Serbia, Institute for Cultural Develop- ment Study, Belgrade and Mrđa, Slobodan, 2011, Cultural Life and Needs of University Students in Serbia, Institute for Cultural Development Study, Belgrade

49 About the problem (WHAT)

The role of the educational system in maintaining social cohesion in a multi-ethnic and multi- confessional Serbia is crucial. Schools are the place at which multiculturalism should be taught and practiced regularly and constitutional rights respected to the highest degree. Most Ser- bian citizens taking part in post-2015 consultations believe that the values of respect for various traditions, respect of minority rights and solidarity are being cultivated in Serbian schools (50%, 53% and 59%, respectively). However, another cultural pattern that is extremely important for sustainability and development is entrepreneurial spirit and individual achievement, which is neglected according to the participants (recognized as present in the schools by only 27%). This position has also been supported by many other studies.

Graph 4.12 - Attitudes towards cultural domains being developed in schools in Serbia, % of 'partly agree' and 'strongly agree’

Culture of protection of cultural monuments and 41.2 development of cultural products in local Culture of creativity and appreciation of arts is 45.2 being developed in schools in Serbia Culture of respect for tradition and cultural 49.5 heritage of all ethnic groups is being developed in Culture of solidarity and charity is being developed 58.6 in schools in Serbia Culture of environmental protection is being 52.8 developed in schools in Serbia Culture of rule of law is being developed in schools 48.9 in Serbia Culture of respect for minority rights is being 53.4 developed in schools in Serbia Culture of gender equality is being developed in 50.1 schools in Serbia Culture of entrepreneurship and individual 26.9 achievements is being developed in schools in Culture of tolerance and non-discrimination is 34.4 being developed in schools in Serbia

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The results of this survey show that respondents younger than 30 years old are less supportive of the presence of minority rights issue in school programs – around 50% as compared to around 60% among those older than 30. The education level of respondents impact almost all measured attitudes. Respondents with higher levels of education have a more critical attitude towards the presence of cultural issues in schools. The same division is evident according to the type of settlement of respondents, which is to be expected since those who are highly educated live mostly in cities. Hence, citizens from the capital

50 of Belgrade express a somewhat more critical attitude than citizens from the other 3 regions (Vo- jvodina, Western Serbia and Sumadia, Eastern and Southern Serbia). A major problem for nurturing a culture of tolerance and solidarity in Serbian schools is connected to the low awareness of people and the educational system. Survey respondents (38% of them) believe that people should be educated about tolerance and solidarity and their awareness raised. However, when it comes to entrepreneurial values, survey respondents think that it is most important to start with entrepreneurial courses at an early age (25%) and should include hands-on training (19%). Raising the awareness of pupils and their teachers, improvement of curricula and more classes that emphasize the practice of relevant skills (hands-on training), are the three most often proposed MoI for better education in environmental protection. Data are presented in the following tables.

Table 4.9 - What should be done in order to include more content on the culture of tolerance and solidarity in the educa on system? % of answers Educate people and raise awareness 38.0 Change the educa on system 18.7 Educate educators 6.5 Improve the child’s upbringing at home 4.2 Other 32.6 Total 100

Table 4.10 - What should be done in order to include more content on the culture of entrepreneurship in the educa on system? % of answers Start from the early grades 24.9 Introduce more hands-on training classes 19.3 Develop the science on entrepreneurship 10.6 Educate educators 5.1 Create networks among entrepreneurs 4.7 Other 35.4 Total 100

Table 4.11 - What should be done in order to include more content on the culture of environmental protec on in the educa on system? % of answers Educate people and educators, raise awareness 38.1 Improve curricula, introduce new subjects 28.8 Introduce hands-on training classes, cleaning of environment 7.9 Other 25.2 Total 100

During the consultations we paid special attention to the issue of life skills education for young generations. For this purpose, a FGD was organized at which issues of emotional maturing, sexual habits and risks, as well as healthy life styles were discussed. The conclusion was that young people are not well informed about issues related to sexual activity, a healthy life style and entering emotional relationships. Although they should get this information from parents and school staff,

51 they mostly obtain information from peers and on the internet. FGD participants recognize the importance of discussion on the given topics and think that it should take place at school. In addition to theoretical lectures, different seminars and workshops should be organized so that teachers can develop skills which can later help them bring these topics closer to pupils and in a more interactive way. Also, the importance of the school psychologist was stressed – he/she should be available to all students and advise them on the different problems they face while growing up.

“I believe that they, in this class should tell us what we should and shouldn’t expect, what it’s really like... I don’t think it would have an effect to talk about it in theory, but as we speak now, with examples, that’s what would affect someone. To speak about emotional maturing through definitions has no point at all.” (Participant in FGD with high-school students)

Another FGD responded to the topic of lifelong learning. Attendees of retraining programs of the National Employment Service gathered to discuss the issue of improving knowledge and skills according to the demands of the labor market. Most participants assessed the programs of retraining as having low impact. They are mostly directed towards foreign languages and computers skills, which do not considerably improve their chances for employment. They did however point out that they improve self-confidence and social skills. What would be useful are trainings tailored to the needs of employers (and designed with the participation of employers). The only course they recognized as useful in this regard is that for a chef (or cook).

“It is clear to everyone where the problem is. The situation in the country is such that there are no jobs, no industry, just some trade, everyone is trading, meddling…” (Participant in FGD on life-long learning) About the stakeholders (WHO)

Further affirmation of the values of solidarity, entrepreneurship and environmental protection could be achieved and sustained only if all the actors involved in education and the upbringing of children demonstrate these values in their daily practices. Suggestions and incentives for improvement may come from many directions; however, the responsibility of the curriculum designers of the education system is crucial. This was recognized by the citizens of Serbia. The question about which main stakeholders should be recognized as bearers of change in the educational system revealed a rather uniform perception among the respondents. ‘The education system’ and the ‘government’ are seen as holding the responsibility in more than three quarters of responses in the case of the culture of tolerance and the culture of entrepreneurship and in over two thirds in the case of creating an environmentally friendly culture. The family is also recognized as an important stakeholder in all 3 cases, whereas media shows up only in the case of values related to environmental protection, as presented in the following 3 tables.

Table 4.12 - Who should do this? – Tolerance and solidarity

% of answers Educa onal system 46.1 Government 29.5 Family (parents) 10.0 Society (everyone) 7.6 Other 6.8 Total 100

52 Table 4.13 - Who should do this? – Entrepreneurship % of answers Educa onal system 49.8 Government 34.8 Individual experts 3.5 Family (parents) 2.4 Society (everyone) 2.4 Other 7.1 Total 100

Table 4.14 - Who should do this? – Environmental protec on % of answers Educa onal system 42.3 Government 23.1 Society (everyone) 12.0 Family 9.7 Media 4.6 Experts 3.1 Other 5.2 Total 100

About the ways to improve (HOW & MOI)

Today education does not occur in schools alone. It is recognized that lifelong learning also occurs in less formal environments and programs and in more interactive ways. This was recognized by survey respondents when proposing MoI for a higher presence of the values of tolerance, entrepreneurship and environmental protection in Serbia. They also think in differentiated terms, and don’t simply suggest the same MoI for all three types of values. With good reason, they propose more hands-on training courses with regard to entrepreneurship and more classes about nature with regard to environmental protection. Respondents see that promotion of the values of tolerance, entrepreneurship and environmental protection can be achieved in various ways. As in the case of the stakeholders, a majority of respondents are clustered around a few proposed solutions. In all 3 cases, the main proposal is to organize trainings, followed by suggestions to change school programs. However, in the case of building entrepreneurial and environmentalist values it is also important to emphasize that respondents highlighted the need for practical experience in the form of internships, visits to different companies, and overall more insight into the everyday work of entrepreneurs.

Table 4.15 - How this can be done, by which means? – Tolerance and solidarity

% of answers Trainings 27.0 School program 12.8 Discussions, socializing 7.9 Change in educa on system 6.5 Children’s upbringing at home 5.7 Laws 5.0 Media 4.4 Other 30.7 Total 100

53 Table 4.16 - How this can be done, by which means? – Entrepreneurship

% of answers Trainings 19.9 School program 14.7 Hands-on experience 13.6 Change in educa on system 11.7 Coopera on between schools and employers 6.6 Investment in development 5.9 Other 27.6 Total 100

Table 4.17 - How this can be done, by which means? – Environmental protec on % of answers Trainings 29.5 School program 16.5 Excursions and volunteering work in nature 15.8 Penal es 4.8 Other 33.4 Total 100

KEY MESSAGE: The еducation system in Serbia develops values of tolerance and solidarity. The education system in Serbia is a crucial institutional framework for development of a culture of entrepreneurship and individual achievements. A systematic approach to development of education in entrepreneurship should be developed.

Testimonials

‘In Serbia there is a constant emphasis on the lack of investments which is related to the lack of entrepreneurs. We can’t expect that entrepreneurial spirit will show up out of noth- ing. More should be done to bring this into the educational system. Kids should learn practical educational skills already at middle school.’ (Participant in experts’ workshop) “Culture belongs right there, in that methods part. If culture is to have an effect and shape real consequences, it is through inclusion in upbringing and educational processes, because culture and art develop critical thinking. Contrary to other subjects, for instance, programmatic units and approaches, if you work through the arts, you develop critical thinking attitudes, you develop sensibility and work on a completely different level.” (Participant of FGD)

“Having an upbringing that teaches you to put family first, that you can gain knowledge through learning that nobody can take from you, to not be ashamed of any type of work, to spend time walking with friends, never to lie to your parents and hide things from them…” (From the online survey) Children painting in the National Museum, Serbia, photo by V.Danilov, Novosti

54 BEST PRACTICE EXAMPLE Empowering tolerance in schools

“Schools Without Violence” is a unique example of how, through continuous effort, a culture of tolerance is promoted in schools. Research shows that peer-to-peer violence in schools is a major problem across Serbia. Not only is violence prominent, but a culture of violence, where violence is accepted, seems to have become normalized, or in the worst cases even glorified. In order to struggle against the normalization of a culture of violence among our youth, this initiative was launched by UNICEF and implemented in cooperation with schools in Serbia since 2006. The main aim of this project is to create a secure environment for children in schools, where they are encouraged to learn, work and develop, and which is free of discrimination and violence. Through research, training of teachers and students, peer learning, and strengthening the cooperation between the family, school and local communities, UNICEF and its partners are actively trying to achieve this goal.

BEST PRACTICE EXAMPLE Providing inclusive educa on to children from minority groups

The Roma Teacher Assistants support to Roma children and other children with special educational needs, is a good example of inclusive education in Serbia. The formal title of the position is Teaching Assistant for Children from Vulnerable Groups requiring Additional Support (most of which are Roma children) and gives kindergartens and schools the chance to em- ploy a person who will provide additional support to children in accordance with their needs. Furthermore, this type of support is also highly beneficial to teachers, tutors and expert as- sociates in order to improve their work with this group, and to parents by supporting their children and getting involved in their education. As of 2012 this position has been transferred from an OSCE funded program to the national budget. As a result, this position has become standardized throughout Serbia as a Governmental service. A recent study on Teaching As- sistants’ performances showed that they have tremendous impact on Roma school achievements. Children go to school regularly and finish their homework with more success. This indicates to all that Roma children are not less capable of attending regular classes, but simply have had difficulties completing tasks in the Serbian language. In addition, Roma children and their parents are now more encouraged to declare themselves as Roma.

SUBTHEME 3: CULTURE, GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT

The relation between culture and gender equality is manifold, but for the purpose of post-2015 consultations, two key aspects were put in focus: a) Culture-related projects contribute to the empowerment of women, and their more proactive participation in cultural and creative industries empowers them economically, but also socially, meaning they gain more social power. b) Promoting a culture of diversity, tolerance and respect of human rights contributes to the improvement of gender equality and to gradually restructuring gender regimes that are presently marked by a power imbalance between genders in Serbia.

55 About the problem (WHAT)

Gender inequalities exist in Serbia in almost all aspects of public life, as well as in private and in- timate relations, as numerous research studies show. According to a post-2015 survey, a majority of people in Serbia are aware of gender inequities in the society, as 52% of respondents claim that men and women are not equal. However, perceptions are significantly different between men and women. Women are aware of these inequalities much more than men.

Graphs 4.13 and 4.14 - Are women and men equal in Serbia?

Women Men

12 11.3 28.9 Yes Yes No 43.2 No Don't know Don't know 59.1 45.4

These perceptions are grounded in reality, in everyday life practices that are marked by prominent inequalities. The survey included questions about the division of household responsibilities and family care, and respondents’ answers present a picture of the prominent inequalities in family life. Namely, the duties related to household maintenance and family care are mostly carried by female household members as the results presented in the following graph show.

Graph 4.15 - Who in your household usually performs the following tasks? Female household members Male household members Jointly female and male Paid person/other

Caring for elderly/sick family members 53.5 7.5 22.4 16.6

Caring for children's school work 63.3 2.5 24.7 9.5

Caring for small children 55 0.9 33 11

Cleaning 84.6 1.310.2 3.9

Ironing 92.2 1.33.92.6

Laundry 93.7 0.63.82

Washing dishes 89.7 1.4 6 2.9

Cooking, preparing meals 90.9 1.1 5.42.6

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56 At the foundation of these perceptions on inequalities and everyday life practices are cultural patterns which are based on values related to gender roles. Opinion poll results indicate differences in values related to gender roles between men and women and between generations. The two following graphs show that young women carry values which can be defined as the most liberal and gender equal values. Gender differences in value orientations are prominent in all generations. Men are more traditional than women in general. What is additionally worrying is that younger generations are more traditional than older generations in many aspects – in the perception of women as political leaders, attitudes towards abortion, education of boys and girls, and power relationships in marriage. Younger generations show more sensibility to gender equality only in relation to division of work in the household and family care. Based on the attitudes presented below, the impression is that young men are the most traditional and conservative, while older women are the most liberal, the agents of emancipator values.

Graph 4.16 - Gender role attitudes – % of ‘disagree’ answers, younger generations (15-30)

men 15-30 women 15-30

Men are by rule, better political leaders than 71.9 women 33.2 Abortion should be allowed only when it is 47.4 justified by medical reasons 41.2 A woman’s inappropriate behavior is usually 84 the main reason for sexual harassment 64.1 70.2 Girls and boys should be raised differently 58.6

It is good that women and men are equal in 73.1 marriage, but as a rule, it is better if the man 42.1 The majority of housework naturally suits 54.4 women better 40.8 If only one spouse works, it is more natural that 55.6 it is the man 31.8

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Graph 4.17 - Gender role attitudes – % of ‘disagree’ answers, ‘older’ generations (31-64) men 31-64 women 31-64

Men are by rule, better political leaders than 74 women 48.9 Abortion should be allowed only when it is 57.3 justified by medical reasons 38.6 A woman’s inappropriate behavior is usually 86 main reason for sexual harassment 64.4 82.5 Girls and boys should be raised differently 66.7

It is good that women and men are equal in 75 marriage, but as a rule, it is better if the man 44.9 The majority of housework by its naturally suits 47 women better 36.6 If only one spouse works, it is more natural that 47.1 it is the man 35.3

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57 The commitment of the Government to gender equality is perceived as insufficient by 39% of respondents, while 36% positively evaluate and 26% cannot assess government efforts in this area. The role of media and cultural industries is considered important in promoting gender equality. Accordingly, opinion poll results showed that people think that there is still room to improve the contribution of media, movies, music, and literature towards a gender equal culture.

Graph 4.18 – Perception of the role of media and cultural industries in promoting gender equality

Is gender equality supported in Yes various areas of cultural industries in 48 28 24 Serbia, such as movies, music, No literature? Don't know

Does media in Serbia support gender 45.7 34.4 19.9 equality?

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 During the FGD on gender equality, a contradictory role of culture in the empowerment of women was stressed. While a female participant said that “the creative industry provides the possibility for employment of women”, a male participant stressed the possibility of the negative influence it might have on culture. “Consumer, commercial culture presents woman as an object”, he said. The latter matches the statement from the World Café discussion on gender equality where it was stressed that the media reproduce stereotypes about women by presenting them as celebrities and underestimating their creativity and/or real life problems. Novi Pazar, Serbia, About the stakeholders (WHO) photo by Djordje Novakovic Although respondents consider state authorities as key stakeholders in promoting a culture of gender equality, they also indicated a wide scope of actors who should take responsibility in this effort. Moreover, they indicated that a culture of gender equality should be promoted by all people, every individual in Serbia. Table 4.18 - Who should promote a gender equality culture? % of answers State authori es 52.8 Private sector 3.9 Ci zens, people 13.8 Civil society organiza ons 1.1 Media 3.3 Schools 3.8 Family, parents 5.4 Women 2.8 Men 0.4 Other 3.4 Don’t know 9.3 Total 100

58 During World Café discussions about gender equality, the role of the education system, teachers, parents and media was particularly stressed. These actors are the most responsible in the processes of socialization that is strongly gendered in Serbia, and therefore, during the event it was concluded that they should take more responsibility and be more responsible regarding this issue. About the ways to improve (HOW & MOI)

Respondents see two major factors that should be carefully designed in order to improve gender equality: law and education. According to the opinions expressed, laws should systematically introduce equal rights and opportunities for both genders in all areas. Many indicate that, in developing a legal framework, we should copy good practices from countries with high gender equality achievements. They give special importance to the implementation of laws as a key precondition for gender equality and some advocate for stronger punitive measures against those who do not respect those laws. The role of education in this regard is predominantly perceived in the form of formal education, but also as the broadest possible raising of awareness, influencing families and changing patterns of behavior.

Table 4.19 - What should be done in Serbia in order to promote gender equality?

% of answers To improve and implement the legal framework for gender equality 38.9 To raise awareness on gender equality, to educate people to change 20.4 pa erns of behavior To bring more coopera on between stakeholders, par cularly 1.6 government and media To implement posi ve discrimina on prac ces in employment, 4.6 poli cal par cipa on and other areas Other 19.0 Don’t know 15.5 Total 100

Respondents see various ways in which the promotion of a culture of gender equality in Serbia is possible. Most frequently they indicate that it is important to implement laws which are reformed in order to promote equal opportunities. The second most frequent way is through education, which is recognized as a very important channel for the socialization of younger generations who should adopt new values, norms, and behaviors. Media are also seen as an important tool to advance gender equality.

Table 4.20 – Percep on of ways to promote a culture of gender equality % of answers Awareness raising 5.1 Educa on 12.6 Through implementa on of laws 29.2 Through media 5.7 Through be er employment opportuni es for women 2.9 Through quota systems, equality mechanisms 6.7 Through ac vism of women 2.6 Other 20.1 Don’t know 15.1 Total 100

59 Many interesting proposals were defined at the World Café discussion on culture and empowering women. Participants proposed that, first of all, children should be gender sensitized at an early age, both by their parents and by teachers. Another important step is to support the use of gender sensitive language, as it is the first instance in which inequality is manifested. Next, it would be useful to promote gender sensitive employment as a socially responsible business in the cases of full implementation of legal provisions. It’s important to note that in cultural institutions, the balance leans towards women, meaning that women are the majority of employees, as shown by the surveys of the Center for Study in Cultural Development.16 Graph 4.19 Stucture of employees in culture (without Belgrade and Novi Sad)

42.5 57.5 % % Women Мen

Graph 4.20 Stucture of employees in culture in Novi Sad

33.3 %

66.7 Women % Мen

Graph 4.21 Stucture of employees in culture in Belgrade (68% institutions)

37.6 %

62.4 Women % Мen

This structure of employees in culture could be used to encourage the development of gender sensitive cultural contents, as well as programs that inspire activism in the field of gender issues. Lastly, another MoI is the improvement of the offer of cultural manifestations that promote gender equality and women’s rights.

16 Lazarević Aleksandar, 2012. Cultural Resources at the Level of Serbian Districts, Center for Study in Cultural Devel- opment, Belgrade; and Lazarević Aleksandar, 2012. Cultural Resources of the City of Belgrade as part of Cultural Policies of Serbian Cities, Center for Study in Cultural Development, Belgrade. and Lazarević Aleksandar, 2012. Cultural Resources of the City of Novi Sad as part of Cultural Policies of Serbian Cities, Center for Study in Cultural Development. Data analyzed covers the period from 2001 to 2010.

60 KEY MESSAGE: Cultural production is the best promoter of gender equality in Serbia. However, gender equality is not fully achieved yet. Supporting cultural industries in the promotion of gender equality should be of utmost importance.

Testimonials

‘If we want to improve the position of women in Serbia, there should be more women in managerial positions and more men doing house work’. (A young woman’s citation from online survey)

“To emancipate women from consumer culture, from the so-called ‘culture’, from women as sexual object, from beauty and the like. Unfortunately, this is mainstream culture, commercial culture, it doesn’t work in a healthy way at all, it works poorly. A woman is set as an object and I believe that real culture should destroy this stereotype.” (Participant of FGD)

“Culture, art as a tool to bring the issue of women and discrimination to the public. More precisely, not in a utilitarian sense, what benefit could that bring, but as a tool that speaks about women in a more attractive, intensive and emotional way.” (Participant of FGD)

“I can say, from the perspective of a boy’s parent who wanted to buy a baby trolley for her son, he loves that very much, and then other mummies in the playground told me: ‘No, a trolley for a male child?’, like why would a boy have a trolley? He will learn his role through games. That’s how society sends a message that a male child shouldn’t be a parent, shouldn’t take care of others, about that live being in the trolley…” (Participant of FGD)

61 BEST PRACTICE EXAMPLE Women’s entrepreneurship

A culture of entrepreneurship has been rising among women during the last decade. The increase of the number of women entrepreneurs and the development of entrepreneurial in- clinations and spirit among women is supported by several important initiatives. The most prominent among them is the establishment of the Network of Mentors for Women Entrepre- neurs, the engagement of Ambassadors of Women Entrepreneurship and the reward “Flower of Success for the Dragon Lady”, as well as the annual reward for the best export women entrepreneur. The manifestation “Flower of Success for the Dragon Lady” has been held since 2009, organized within the Global Entrepreneurship Week. So far, more than 70 women in Serbia, have received this reward. The manifestation is organized by the Association of Business Women in Serbia. In 2014 the reward was awarded to 16 women entrepreneurs in two categories: the Most European Women’s Company and the Female Com- YouTube screenshot pany for The Best Model of Employment.

BEST PRACTICE EXAMPLE Virtual Safe house

The safe house web-site is a portal which provides useful information in one place about violence against women. The portal contributes to increased awareness about different forms of violence, provides information about various programmes and services available to victims of violence with links and contacts, presents programmes for perpetrators, information about capacity building seminars for NGOs, service providers, and for journalists and other stakeholders. This ‘virtual safe house’ was created through the project ‘Integrated Response to Violence Against Women in Serbia’ implemented by UNDP, UN Women and UNICEF in partner- ship with Fund B92 and with financial support from the UN Trust fund. Print screen from “Sigurna kuca” web page

62 BEST PRACTICE EXAMPLE Grlica, the associa on for fostering and preserva on of old arts and cra s

Grlica (Dove) was established in 2005, when a group of women formed an association with the aim to preserve the traditional method of weaving the Pirot carpet (which, since 2002, has the Protected Geographical Origin label as the Pirot Carpet with 95 possible patterns), and other techniques of handwork. Within its activities, the association has initiated the project of Cooperative for Making of Pirot Carpets and Souvenirs, which resulted in the establishing of the cooperative Damsko Srce (Ladies’ Heart) in 2009. The project was supported by the Municipality of Pirot, the Ministry of Economy and Regional Development of the Republic of Serbia, and USAID. The women from Grlica have equipped the premises, bought looms and designed a training program, and today the cooperative employs more than 10 carpet weavers with the support of the local self-government. In addition to carpets, the cooperative nowadays produces souvenirs as well, and it is a visible stakeholder in the development of tourism and the protection of cultural heritage in Pirot. Grlica and Damsko Srce are an important example of, firstly, activism of individuals and participation in the creative economy in order to preserve the cultural heritage, secondly of creating the identity of a city, and finally of economic empowerment of women through the sphere of culture and entrepreneurship.

SUBTHEME 4: CULTURE, SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND URBANIZATION

A vibrant cultural life and the quality of urban historic environments are key to sustainable cities. Local governments are challenged to preserve and enhance these environments in harmony with their natural settings. Within the UNDG concept note on Culture and Development there are several aspects of key importance within this sub-theme: a) Culturally-aware policies in cities should promote respect for diversity, the transmission and continuity of values, and inclusiveness by enhancing the participation of individuals and communities in public life and improving the conditions of the most disadvantaged groups. b) Cultural infrastructure and facilities can be used as civic spaces for dialogue and social inclusion, helping to reduce violence and foster cohesion. c) Culture-led redevelopment of urban areas, and public spaces in particular, should be promoted to preserve the social fabric, improve economic returns, increase competitiveness, address social and environmental determinants of health and give impetus to cultural diversity as well as creative expressions. At the same time, cultural heritage is being lost at an alarming rate as a result of urbanization, development pressures, globalization and phenomena associated with climate change. d) Promoting sustainable tourism activities within cities as the driver for economic development, as well as the support for nature conservation, preservation of historical cultural sites, and the quality of life of urban population,

63 About the problem (WHAT)

The question of sustainable urbanization and more generally, sustainable local development is of particular importance in any country with high regional disparities, such as Serbia. The depopula- tion of rural areas in the regions of East and South Serbia, excessive migrations towards Belgrade and a few other cities have placed high pressure on the sustainable urban development of these cities, but also on the local communities from which people are leaving. Therefore, developing stronger bonds to where people live, recognizing local resources and potentials is recognized as important for sustainable cities and villages. A vast majority of respondents in this survey think that the feeling of belonging to a place of residence is an important precondition for the development of the city and local community. They also think that the preservation of culture and tradition is beneficial for the economic development of the city or village. Only a minority of respondents think that taking care of the specific features of a particular place (whether city or village) is needed due to the globalization processes. Less than half believes that the development of a city or village depends more on external factors than on local potentials.

Graph 4.22 - Perception of factors related to the development of cities and villages

Level of development of a place (city/village) depends more on external factors than on local 45.2 potentials

Preservation of culture and tradition is beneficial for the economic development of a place 76.7 (city/village)

In the globalization era, there is less and less reason to care for the unique features of a place 21.7 (city/village) that sets it apart

The local population should be bonded to the place (city/village) they live in, because this is an 82.1 important precondition for its development

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During consultations, it was frequently emphasized that culture is a way of life, and that cultural life in the cities contributes significantly to the quality of life. One of the tasks of the survey was to capture the cultural practices of people across Serbia, in major cities, small towns and even in rural areas. The results showed that people are quite passive in their involvement in cultural events: more than half (54%) of respondents had not attended any cultural events in the 3 months prior to the research. Even when they had attended such events, these were predominantly large-scale events such as concerts or festivals (the survey was conducted during Post-2015 consultations).

64 Graph 4.23 Types of cultural events visited in last 3 months

Folk music concert 2.9 Classical music 6 Literature events, book promotions 6.2 Sport matches, events 6.9 Cinema, film festivals 13.3 Museums, galeries, painting, sculpture.. 23.2 Ethno festivals, national holiday.. 25.3 Theatre, drama festivals 34.4 Pop, rock, jazz concerts, festivals.... 48.4

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The major reason for passive cultural behavior is, as respondents themselves stated, underdeveloped needs. However, for more than quarter of respondents who did not attend any cultural event within the referent period, the lack of money was quoted as the main reason, while for 15% the reason was the distance.

Graph 4.24 - The reasons NOT to attend any cultural event during last 3 months:

10.8 Couldn't afford it 27.3

15.6 Not important, not needed Cultural events and sites are too far away Due to weak health 15 Other 31.3

In addition to cultural participation, the people who took part in consultations saw many other links between culture and cities. Culture was perceived as values and norms that enable people to share the same space for living, to interact and provide a favourable environment, to act responsibly in relation to urban resources and to preserve urban and natural environments. Although they were aware of the interconnectedness between the economic, social, cultural and environmental aspects of city life, they were not familiar with the term ‘sustainable city’ in the majority of cases (64.2%). However, a majority thinks that preservation of cultural heritage should have an important place in the development of a city or municipality. Urban planning is also recognized by a majority of respondents (69%) as a precondition for development of the city. According to 74% of respondents, illegal construction should be sanctioned in order to enforce the implementation of law and enable planned development of urban settlements.

65 Almost half of the respondents (48%) think that it is possible to reconcile market demands and the preservation of cultural heritage and diversity in the cities of Serbia. However, more than half of the respondents (51.4%) estimate that authorities do not show enough commitment toward the preservation of cultural heritage in the cities around Serbia.

Respondents recognized the need to increase the importance given to culture for the development of cities and municipalities. They identified that the cultural life of cities should be a valuable component for providing a good quality of life to inhabitants, as well as bringing significant revenue to the city or municipality. The main challenges are reflected in the need to ensure the rapid improvement of road and tourism infrastructure, inadequate accommodation capacities, poor communication facilities and low competence of staff.

The survey of the Institute for Cultural Development Study shows that the employees in cultural and touristic institutions agree with this attitude17. As the main problem in our cities, they list the condition of hotels (and their categorization), and inadequate accommodation capacities, i.e. the impossibility to accommodate larger groups of tourists. Even though in the past few years the accommodation capacities are growing in the private sector, usually these are not hotels with a larger number of beds, but smaller bed and breakfast types, or rural households.

In addition to accommodation, a large problem is the lack of proper tourist guidance in towns and municipalities. Namely, a tourist is often left to tend to himself and explore the culture of the place he’s visiting on his own. Tourist guides are not easily available, promotional material does not fully meet the visitors’ curiosity, and tourist info centers do not even exist in some municipalities. The reason for this is usually the insufficient cooperation between the cultural and the touristic institutions, which could, if they worked together, increase the appeal of guides, programs, promotion and presentation of cultural and touristic contents.

Citizens believe that the state is not doing enough to preserve the cultural heritage in cities/ municipalities. They recognized the need to preserve cultural heritage and to address the cultural needs of the population to increase their capacities for participation, both culturally and economically.

A very important factor in the modern perception of culture is the manner in which the content is presented, or the so-called storytelling, which is decisive for the appeal of places or cultural goods, local heritage or modern production. It’s exactly in this segment that the individuals who know well their local environment can partake, by “culturally” presenting their place and becoming tourist animators. The role of animators becomes more and more important, because a modern tourist does not want to only “look” at culture, but also to experience it to the largest possible extent. It’s exactly in this way that individuals (the local population) can lend their skills to become an important part in creative economy presentation and development in their cities.

17 Subašić Bojana, Milanskov Marijana, Graf Manuela, 2012, Cultural Riches of South and East Serbia Regions, Insti- tute for Cultural Development Study, Belgrade. Data processing for the regions of Vojvodina, Šumadija and West Serbia is ongoing at the moment.

66 “It is an urban culture that we are talking about here, that is, knowing how to live in a city and to use its potentials, use open spaces, use institutions and everything that a city offers, but in a way not jeopardizing other people. Knowing how to live in a city.” (Participant of World Café discussion on culture and sustainable cities)

A street of an open heart, Belgrade, Serbia, photo by Djordje Rusic About the stakeholders (WHO)

According to the respondents, the most important stakeholder who should bring culture to the core of development of the city or municipality is the state, whether at the central or local level. Other agents are identified including private companies, civil society organizations, media, schools, cultural institutions, as well as the general public. Most citizens in Serbia still rely on the state rather than on other actors, which is an approach lacking self-engagement in problem solving.

Table 4.21 - Who should bring more importance to culture in the development of the city/municipality?

% of answers State authori es 36.8 Local governments 27.4 Private sector 1.2 Ci zens, people 10.8 Civil society organiza ons 1.6 Media 4.5 Schools 2.9 Cultural ins tu ons, cultural experts 4.0 Other 8.4 Don’t know 2.4 Total 100

During consultations with NGOs and cultural and urbanization experts, it was strongly emphasized that sustainable cities can only develop with the active participation of their citizens. Citizens should be the ultimate actors whose needs should be met during the development processes of cities. Citizens should be the ones who should shape and monitor urban development policies and projects and also the ones who directly participate in activities related to the preservation, conservation, and cleaning of city spaces.

67 From the perspective of sustainable cultural development of cities, it is necessary to listen to the needs of the local population through regular surveys of citizens’ habits, attitudes and needs, both concerning the active spectators and the potential audiences. However, this is a rare practice among the cultural stakeholders, and it is rarely supported by the local self- governments. Not only that the civil sector in culture is relatively large, but it also offers specific products to meet the cultural needs of the local population and audiences. A large number of cultural artistic societies can give a unique experience of the local cultural heritage, because these societies express the local values through song, dance, costume, old crafts and local customs. On the other hand, many young NGOs dealing with culture initiate the organization of festivals of modern cultural production. Festivals and manifestations are a very important element of both the cultural heritage and the modern cultural production. Also, it should be taken into consideration that modern festivals often adhere to the contemporary principles of event organization, so they meet the visitors’ needs on interactivity, better presentation that includes IT methods, use of open and closed spaces, and enjoyment in natural beauties. In addition, the cooperation between the public, the civil and the private sectors in content presentation can result in innovative creative energy and change the outdated way the institutions organize events. Still, during the interviews, the civil society stakeholders have emphasized that the biggest problem for this is the fact that cultural institutions are closed for cooperation. This practice should be changed.

About the ways to improve (HOW & MOI)

Respondents recognized several ways culture can be integrated into development processes at the local level: investments in culture, media promotions, education and awareness raising, through increased diversity and quality of cultural events, better cooperation between stakeholders and through a legal framework.

Table 4.22 - How can culture become a more important factor in the development of ci es and municipali es?

% of answers Through ﬁ nancial support 30.0 Media promo on 16.0 Educa on and awareness raising 4.7 Through cultural events 8.5 Be er coopera on of various actors 5.6 Through laws 2.6 Other 17.2 Don’t know 12.2 Total 100

Although a majority of respondents recognized the importance of cultural heritage for the development of cities and rural settlements/areas, there are still respondents (7.9%) who hold that the preservation of cultural heritage should be less prioritized and that financial support should be redirected towards ‘more important’ areas of development. The rest of the sample recognizes the importance of financial support for the preservation of cultural heritage in local development and a majority thinks that support should come from local budgets.

68 Table 4.23 - Is it important to divert funds for the preserva on of cultural heritage of the city/village? % of answers Yes, from the local budget 56.2 Yes, from the central budget 21.0 Yes, from dona ons 9.1 No, there are more important things 7.9 Other 0.4 Don’t know 5.4 Total 100

The survey of the Institute for Cultural Development Study shows that, in order to promote and preserve the heritage in a better way, and to develop culture as such, it is necessary to establish cooperation at several levels: Cross-domain cooperation – almost all representatives of institutions have emphasized that for further development of culture it is necessary to cooperate with educational institutions, which would help in acquiring cultural habits and shaping the future audiences for the programs of cultural institutions. This would also develop positive values and awareness of our cultural riches at the local and the national levels, resulting in greater care for our cultural heritage. It is also necessary to establish connections with the tourism sector in order to better promote cultural production and heritage, but also with the stakeholders from the environmental protection sphere given that natural and cultural heritage cannot be separated from each other. The media play a very important role not only in development of culture, habits and needs, but also in promotion, preservation and protection of elements of culture. Through their activities, the media can improve the general picture and level of concern for the culture of a city, a nation, a state. Still, all the Institute’s surveys on cultural policy and cultural participation (2009-2014) show that the role of media in culture is not visible enough as it boils down to mere reporting, while it’s necessary to highlight their educational and promotional role more. Cross-sectoral cooperation – civil society actors in culture often cannot find space for their work and artistic expression. Public cultural institutions can be the place where creative industries are developed, by establishing connections with creative individuals and organizations. In addition, cooperation with the private sector would provide a good foundation for improving the program activities in culture. One of the systemic measures is to stimulate corporate social responsibility. The Urban Incubator Belgrade project in Savamala is a good example of cooperation between private, public, civil and international actors which, a few years ago, started implementing the idea to establish a creative district in the very city center, using abandoned buildings. The project was initiated by the Goethe Institute in Belgrade, and supported by the City of Belgrade and the City Munici- pality Savski Venac. The main idea behind the project was to create a network of creative individuals and organizations, in order to create space for artistic expressions and development of creative industries. Today, Savamala, a part of the Belgrade city center right next to the Sava river, is famous for its numerous creative workshops, actions, contents, projects, cultural spaces, studios, amazing bars and restaurants that combine creativity and food, and it is the epicenter of creative economy.

“For me, the first association is a culture of health. This is a culture that means that you know how to take care of your health. This is what other sectors should understand: health is not a burden of the health sector alone... It is important to empower people to take care of their health and this is what other sectors should apply in their philosophies too.“ (Participant in World Cafe discussion on culture and sustainable cities)

69 During the “World Café” discussion on the relationship between culture and urban development, the need to adopt a multi-sectoral approach was emphasized. The discussion had participants of various professions (environmental protection experts, urban development planners, artists and medical doctors), who have suggested several practical solutions for urban development improvement, including organizing theater plays in the settlements where theater halls cannot be built, and constructing a trim path in the entire city. Availability of culture was assessed as most important, with prices acceptable for all citizens, whether they lived in the city center or a remote sub- urb, and the possibility to choose from a varied cultural offer. At the debate with NGO representatives, more stress was put on awareness raising. They proposed the following MoI: • Participation (of citizens in decision making) is key for sustainable development, both with regard to urbanization and environmental protection • The NGO sector has to be very active in order to mobilize the wider public • International communities and institutions should be used as a means of support • Building awareness and education are key for change, especially in the long run • Pressure should be put on media to take more responsibility for issues important for citizens “Culture is urbanization per se and it can be learned. The space in which it has been learnt is in the adoption of a value system. That is why, when we speak about urbanization, the question of public space, we speak about culture and the question of education. In this tri- angle we can speak of culture that can lead to sustainable cities.” (Representative of a NGO

KEY MESSAGE: Cultural heritage in Serbia is rich, cities have plenty of opportunities to develop tourism, but the strategic planning and management should be improved.

An ar s c view on urbanism, photo by Aleksandar Mijailović Testimonials

“A city, a people, a state that does not have such cultural events, it might have anything else, but it will be poor.” (In-depth interview with a member of local administration responsible for the organization of a local youth theater festival)

70 “When the museum was opened, it marked a major change in the village. At the time, 100 houses cooperated with it. Programs were aimed at reviving traditional values and we were always working with local residents. Everything from the reconstruction of buildings and traditional crafts to food. Open-air museums should show an image of a specific time and a way of life in a particular region that differs completely from other regions. We wanted to show the oldest type of residence, a house with an open fireplace, dating from the 19th century, which reflects the type of housing that existed for centuries. Each of these open-air museums preserves what is local, what is history, what is authentic, true, and right. That is our task as well. For us to become a part of the global community, we need to preserve our own identity.” (former Director, now consultant to an open space museum in Sirogojno, Serbia)

“I believe that the most important thing for every city is to develop a cultural policy, to educate its citizens and its audience and its children. I think that’s what is most important, because those children, if we guide them through such activities, will become important and dear citizens of this country.”

(In-depth interview with a young artist)

BEST PRACTICE EXAMPLE Open air museum ‘Old village Sirogojno’

The museum covers 5 hectares with authentic historical houses from the area with the features of ordinary life from the 19th century. Well linked with a nearby commercial modern tourist site, it brought not only important income to the Sirogojno and neighboring villages, employment for the local population, a market for traditional products which are sold inside and around museum, but also important cultural life, with various events such as exhibitions, concerts, and shows. As the curator of the museum explained during consultations: the museum ‘enables us to preserve traditional knowledge but also our identity. In order to be included in the processes of modernization, in the broader region, the EU and globally, we have to know who we were and who we are.’

As curator of the museum explained during consultations: the museum ‘enables us to preserve traditional knowledge but also our identity. In order to be included in the processes of modernization, in the broader region, the EU and globally, we have to know who we were and who we are.’

71 BEST PRACTICE EXAMPLE Ethno village ‘Latkovac’

The ethno village ‘Latkovac’ is a family run business in rural tourism in Central Serbia near the city of Krusevac. The ethno village is built from reconstructed houses and farm buildings belonging to the Knezevic family. Besides its rich history, the village is unique for its beautiful environment and untouched nature. Clean mountain water, natural medical sources and forest herbs, fresh mountain air, healthy local food and the charms of domestic beverages will make this unique place stay deep in the memory of every visitor. The ethno Village is located in the northwestern part of Aleksandrovac municipality. The village is situated 220 km from Belgrade, at the foot of the mountains Kopaonik, Goc and Željin at an altitude of 430 meters. In the last 20 years the village has grown into a recognized tourist and cultural center. During summer months it hosts artist colonies and camps. Two years ago they started growing organic food for their business. The business is managed by a young woman entrepreneur Sanja Knezevic.

Ethno village Latkovac, Serbia, photo by PrimArt school of arts

SUBTHEME 5: CULTURE, ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE

Values and norms related to the preservation of the environment and to harmonic relations between people and their natural environment are at the core of sustainable development. Within this sub-theme, the following aspects were tackled through the consultations: a) Values that are critical to more responsible consumption and enhancement of environmental sustainability; these values and practices related to participants in synergy with other scientific knowledge, in order to enhance the resilience of communities to environmental threats including natural disasters and extreme weather events due to climate change, and tackling environmental determinants of health. b) Preservation and revitalization of the cultural and natural heritage that prevents the loss of biodiversity and of outstanding cultural and natural sites and landscapes; c) The conservation of existing historic cities and districts as opposed to their replacement by

new buildings as instrument of environmental sustainability including reducing CO2 emis- sions.

72 During the monitoring of the process of accession of Serbia to EU, progress in adjustment to EU rules in the sphere of environmental protection was assessed as the least successful. Air pollution, dirty technologies, low share of renewable sources of energy and poor waste management are some of indicators that show that Serbia is lagging behind Europe. Outdated legislation and inefficient institutions in the area of environmental protection practices produce such a poor score that there is an unfavorable basis for the culture of environmental protection. On the other hand, many households in Serbia experienced or witnessed real risks from natural disasters caused by environmental irresponsibility which has raised their awareness of the need to treat the natural environment with high responsibility. Such values as a part of the culture of sustainability might represent a motivator for change and progress in this sphere and point in the best possible way to the importance of culture for sustainable development.

About the problem (WHAT)

According to the survey results, most citizens of Serbia have consistently positive attitudes towards environmental protection. Three quarters believe that peoples’ interference in nature usually brings catastrophic consequences. Most (82%) do not believe that nature can withstand the impact of humans and keep its natural balance. In effect, almost ¾ of respondents would also be ready to give part of their income to the prevention of environmental pollution.

Graph 4.25 - Level of agreement with environmentalist values

Humankind is meant to rule nature 24.3

The balance of nature is strong enough to cope 17.5 with the impact of modern industrial countries

Interference of people in natural laws most often 75.5 brings catastrophic consequences

We are approaching the limit of the population 39.1 this planet Earth is capable to support I would give part of my income if I would be certain that this money would be used for 72.9 prevention of environmental pollution

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Almost all measured attitudes are affected by the level of education, material status and region of residence of the respondents. Although most citizens show high levels of environmental consciousness, better educated and economically affluent citizens show even higher awareness of the importance of environmental protection. This fact points to the critical role that education plays in awareness raising. Surprisingly, respondents from urban settlements are more aware of environmental protection than those from rural settlements, citizens of Belgrade most of all. However, not many of them have the opportunity or habit to practice environmentally friendly behavior at primary level. Only 22% of citizens of Serbia dispose of and recycle waste regularly.

73 Graph 4.26 - How often do you dispose glass, cans, plastic or newspapers for recycling? 10.8 Couldn't afford it 27.3

15.6 Not important, not needed Cultural events and sites are too far away Due to weak health 15 Other 31.3 Floods in Serbia and awareness of natural risks

Not surprisingly, after the recent catastrophic floods that affected large parts of Serbia in spring 2014, citizens are well aware of natural risks brought by global climate change – 86% of survey respondents believe that global climate change is coming and 92% notice climate change in their region. Graph 4.28 - Do you no ce climate change in your Graph 4.27 - Do you believe that global climate region (i.e. more frequent droughts and ﬂ oods, change is coming? milder winters, greater temperature extremes, etc.)

7 5 3 7 I believe I notice I don't believe I don't notice Not sure Not sure

86 92

There is a statistically significant relation between education and region of residence on the one hand and the level of information about natural risks and environment protection on the other, meaning that better educated citizens, especially in Belgrade, are better informed about natural risks and environmental protection than people from other areas. At the same time, they are also more critical towards Serbia’s response to natural risks, as well as towards the Government’s reac- tion in the latest floods in Serbia (May 2014). Graph 4.30 - In your opinion, does Serbia do Graph 4.29 - How much do you think you are informed enough to confront climate change? about climate change and possible consequences?

10 13 23 35 Sufficiently Yes

Insufficiently No Not at all Not sure 55 64

74 Respondents also had the opportunity to assess what they thought was the level of awareness about the possible risk of natural disasters among different stakeholder before the floods took place. As a result, they stated that they thought that only the citizens of Serbia had considerable awareness regarding these risks, 51 %, while representatives on local and national levels were far less aware of these risks, 29 and 35 % respectively.

Graph 4.31 – Citizens’ opinion about high level of awareness of the risks from natural disasters before floods, demonstrated by different actors

Yes No Don't know

Citizens of Serbia 51 37 12

Government of 35 48 17 Serbia

Local authorities in your 29 54 17 city/municipality

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Church under ﬂ ood threat, Valjevo, Serbia, photo by Voja Radovan

Around 11% of households in our sample were affected by the recent floods in Serbia. Respond- ents from these households did not consider themselves more informed about climate change and its consequences than the rest of the sample, or Serbian citizens in general. However, they were more critical towards the risk awareness demonstrated by different actors before the floods than those without flood experience: 72% of them thought that local authorities did not show high awareness of risks from natural disasters before the floods, while this figure for the Government

75 of Serbia was 61% and for the citizens of Serbia 41%. Respective figures among the citizens who were not directly affected by floods were 51%, 47% and 37%. Yet, results related to perception of the problem and its tentative solution did not different significantly between the flood affected respondents and the rest of the population surveyed. A higher level of awareness among people, more responsibility and action from institutions and wider punitive measures are the preconditions needed for improvement in the field of environmental protection and natural risks prevention. This was confirmed by survey respondents as presented in the following two tables.

Table 4.24 - What should be done in Serbia in order to subvert the risks coming from climate change? % of answers To educate people and raise awareness 35.5 To improve the system of early warning and natural risks management 31.0 To provide more ﬁ nancial means 6.5 To engage experts and ins tu ons in charge 4.1 Other 22.9 Total 100

Table 4.25 - What should be done to develop a more environment friendly culture in Serbia? % of answers To educate, inform and build awareness 43.1 To change the law and punish more o en 23.8 To improve waste management and recycling 9.7 Other 23.4 Total 100

About the stakeholders (WHO)

Concerning the scope of the problem with environment protection and the risks of natural disasters, it follows that the major responsibility rests with those who control major resources (financial, human, and political). The Government and other public institutions are recognized by survey respondents as the key actors for developing and implementing policies related to environmental protection and natural risks prevention. However, respondents also correctly stress the responsibility of all citizens in this regard.

Table 4.26 - Who should do this? – Risks of climate changes % of answers Government, state, ins tu ons 56.0 Society, everyone 21.1 Media 7.7 Local authori es 6.9 Other 8.3 Total 100

76 Pupils of a school of arts in an organic garden in ethno village Latkovac, Serbia, photo by PrimArt school of arts

Table 4.27 - Who should do this? – Environment % of answers Government, ins tu ons 43.7 Everyone (state and ci zens) 11.7 Society, ci zens 9.6 Media 8.7 Schools 7.6 Other 18.7 Total 100

About the ways to improve (HOW & MOI)

Wide discussions about the problem of climate change and the risk management related to it during and after the floods have increased the level of knowledge and awareness in Serbia in general. Consequently, survey respondents emphasize awareness raising through media campaigns and other public events as the main means to implement environmental protection and natural risks prevention policies, but also stress the need for more investment in these areas and improvement of infrastructure for risk prevention.

Table 4.28 - How this can be done, by which means? – risks of climate change % of answers Promo onal campaign in media 19.5 Awareness raising (trainings, public debates, discussions) 16.2 More ﬁ nancial investments 14.0 Preven on, people taking be er care of nature 8.7 Build and maintain adequate infrastructure 7.6 Other 38.7 Total 100

77 Table 4.29 - How this can be done, by which means? – Environment % of answers Change law, monitor implementa on and punish more frequently 26.1 Public campaigns, awareness raising 20.7 Financial investments 18.3 Through media 11.3 Other 23.6 Total 100

Findings from the survey were confirmed during the World Café discussion on culture and environmental protection. Participants of the discussion stress the importance of environmental protection and the negative consequences of pollution. They believe that the key to solving this problem is in awareness raising, education in schools and through upbringing, but also in sanctions on those who break the rules. Furthermore, participants mentioned that local administrations and NGOs ne ed to cooperate in order to build infrastructure for waste recycling. Additionally, more cultural events should be organized to promote environmental protection.

KEY MESSAGE: 1. Culture provides efficient tools for raising environmental awareness. There is a vast space for artistic creativity in appealing for improved environmental protection. 2. Awareness of climate change risks in Serbia has increased; citizens behave more responsibly in this regard than central and especially local institutions. More should be done to raise central and local administrations’ capacities in natural disaster risk reduction an

Testimonials

“The width of culture allows us to find our own way for solving our own problem. It is of utmost importance to motivate people through different actions to deal with the environment, and culture provides us with the practical tools for this.” (Participant in World Café discussion on culture and environment)

SUBTHEME 6: CULTURE, INCLUSION AND RECONCILIATION

In the context of globalization and other dynamic social changes, there are many tensions that can challenge peoples’ identities and cultural diversity. Intercultural and interreligious dialogue is critical to forge more inclusive, stable and resilient societies. a) The rehabilitation of cultural heritage and cultural industries can help communities affected by conflict to regain a sense of dignity and normalcy. b) Guaranteeing cultural rights, access to cultural goods and services, free participation in cultural life, freedom of artistic expression, and non-discrimination in access to all developmental services, are critical to forging inclusive and equitable societies. Fostering cultural participation contributes to promoting active citizenship. As stated earlier, Serbia is a country of significant ethnic and religious variety. Almost 18% of the population belongs to ethnic minorities and all major confessions are present in the country. With

78 Mosque in Novi Roma social club in Pazar, Serbia, Photo Prokuplje, Serbia, by UNDP Serbia photo by SeConS regard to this, a culture of tolerance and inclusion are very important for the cohesion of this multi-ethnic community and for the provision of safety to all citizens. About the problem (WHAT)

From 2001 to 2005, the then federal government of Serbia and Montenegro signed 51 Conventions on Minorities. The Ministry of Culture and Information supported a number of cultural projects and programs of ethnic communities from all over Serbia. All these programs are created with the support of and facilitated by the National councils representing ethnic minorities. In addition, the festivals of ethnic cultures were supported by the Ministry of Culture and Information, as well as the Provincial Secretariat for Education and Culture of Vojvodina (as events with high levels of visibility). (Council of Europe/ERICarts (2014)). On the territory of Serbia, there are 19 National Councils of national minorities. The Law on the National Councils of the National Minorities was adopted in 2009 (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, 72/2009), and amended in 2014 (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia 20/2014). This Law significantly widened the space for adoption of cultural policies, as the national councils and their representatives have the possibility to include in their scope of work the cultural institutions such as libraries, galleries, museums, archives, monuments of culture and manifestations of national importance, all in the aim to preserve their national identity, and develop and spread their culture. According to the Law, the national councils may establish new institutions and associations aiming to meet the cultural needs of national minority members. In order to preserve and develop culture, the national councils have the duty to take care of cultural goods and to distribute cultural contents. All the afore listed possibilities and duties are also defined by the Law on Culture (Article 5) (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia 72/2009). In addition, according to Article 17 of the Law on National Councils of National Minorities, the national councils can participate in the management of cultural institutions founded by the Republic of Serbia, the Au- tonomous Province or local self-governments, for which the national councils deem that they are of particular importance for the preservation of identity of the national minority. In such cases, the national councils appoint one member of the steering committee, give their opinion on the proposed steering committee members, and give their opinion on the appointment of the director of the institution in question. Within the Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Serbia, the Sector for Protec- tion of Cultural Heritage and the Sector for Contemporary Production and Creative Industries are competent for dealing with the right of national minorities on cultural distinctiveness. In this way, the national councils of national minorities have become a partner of the Ministry of Culture and Information, and they actively participate in making the final decision on co-funding of projects/ programs in every Open Call process. In addition, since 2007 the Ministry of Culture and Informa- tion organizes the Open Call for Co-funding of Projects/Programs in the Area of Cultural Production of National Minorities and Ethnic Communities. The Law on Culture (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia 72/2009) foresees the establishing of the National Council for Culture, an expert and advisory body which shall provide constant profes-

79 sional support in preservation, development and spreading of culture. The Council members are selected among the respectable and highly regarded artists and culture experts for a term of 5 years (Articles 15 and 16). Among the 19 Council members, appointed by the National Assembly, there are two representatives of national minorities proposed by the national councils. In addition, the national councils of national minorities can propose their own representatives in the Council for Culture, who can participate in its work when issues of importance for culture of national minorities are discussed, but without the right to partake in decision-making. A large part of the work of the Ministry of Culture and Information is dedicated to development of intercultural dialogue. The Prijepolje Statement was written by the ministers of culture from Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2009, as an expression of joint commitment to protect and improve the cultural diversities of the signed states. This document is directly related to the principles of the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions18 and other relevant international documents. The goal of this Statement mostly concerns intercultural and interreligious dialogue, and a cultural message that promotes peace, understanding and tolerance. The White Book on Intercultural Dialogue deals with fostering of cultural diversity by accepting and fostering pluralism, tolerance and intercultural dialogue as the main tools for achieving a global social understanding. Along with the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, it is the instrument that guarantees the right on artistic expression to every individual. In 2007, when Serbia presided over the Council of Europe, the Ministry of Culture and Information participated in the activities related to the White Book on Intercultural Dialogue by, among other things, organizing the informal Regional Conference of Ministers of Culture in Bel- grade in 2007, of which the goal was to promote the White Book. In 2008, the year of intercultural dialogue, the Ministry of Culture and Information implemented a program on this topic, together with the Special Working Group for Promotion of Cultural Diversity and Intercultural Dialogue, which consists of well-known artists and experts in the field of intercultural dialogue. Institutions, organizations and individuals were invited to the working sessions of the group, to participate in mapping and promotion of projects and intercultural dialogue process in Serbia. In this way, the public was invited to draw attention to projects and activities in all cultural and artistic areas dealing with intercultural dialogue. The selected programs have confirmed the priorities of the Euro- pean cultural policies in Serbia’s cultural and artistic activities. Along with 14 European countries, the Republic of Serbia participates in the program for eradicating discrimination and encouraging the inclusion of the Roma population – the Roma decade 2005-2015. In the year of Serbian presidency over the Decade, the Ministry of Culture and Information initiated a program consisting of a series of activities, measures and projects. The Roma Decade is a program of utmost importance, not only as a social, economic and political process, but also as a cultural process that aims to increase the quality of living for the Roma. In line with its competences, the Ministry of Culture began the implementation of this program in December 2008, with the aim to improve the cultural and information capacities of the Roma community. Recognizing the importance of establishing a model for monitoring and spreading information on the Roma Decade, the Ministry of Culture supports the project to train the representatives of the Roma community in many cities all over Ser- bia. This long-term project is interactive and inclusive in its nature. However, in spite of the good will and inten ons, ethnically based conﬂ icts persist, especially during and a er sports events and certain poli cal decisions. This is reﬂ ected in the answers of survey respondents. A majority of them (47%) believe that human rights in Serbia are only party respected and 10.5% (which is more than a half of ethnic minori es) claim that their language creates an obstacle in certain situa ons. These sta s cs are presented in the following two graphs in more detail.

18 Subašić Bojana, Milanskov Marijana, Graf Manuela, 2012, Cultural Riches of South and East Serbia Regions, Insti- tute for Cultural Development Study, Belgrade. Data processing for the regions of Vojvodina, Šumadija and West Serbia is ongoing at the moment.

80 Graph 4.32 - In your opinion, how much are human rights respected in our country today?

4 13 9 Mainly respected Partly respected 27 Not very respected Not respected at all 47 Don't know

Graph 4.33 - Do you think that your language creates an obstacle in any situations, such as access to education or employment opportunities?

3.3 10.5

Yes No Don't know 86.2

Survey respondents also recognize that there are some social groups in Serbia living worse than the majority of population. The general perception of respondents is that they are worried about the well being of certain vulnerable groups in Serbia. The survey showed that citizens are the most worried about children (83%), the sick and powerless population (83%), the poor (82%) and the unemployed (78%).

Graph 4.34 - How much are you concerned about the living conditions of the following groups in Serbia?

Children 83

Poor 82

Sick and disabled 83 Group Immigrants 22

Unemployed 78

Elderly 63

0 20406080100

81 While being worried about some groups and recognizing discrimination in their surroundings, survey respondents, at the same time, express discriminatory attitudes towards some social groups, namely, drug addicts, alcoholics, homosexuals and Albanians.

Graph 4.35 - Which of the following persons would you not like to live in your neighborhood?

Croat 11

Drug addict 65

Poor person 3

Person with disability 3

Christian 4

Roma 12

Jew 9

Homosexual 31

Albanian 20

Person infected with AIDS 25

Immigrant/foreign worker 13

Muslim/Bosniak 11

Emotionally unstable person 29

Person with a large family 6

Extreme rightist 20

Alchoholic 51

Extreme leftist 17

Person of another race 9

Ex criminal 63

0 10203040506070

With regard to the culture of inclusion and anti-discrimination, special attention was given to the inclusion of youth and the elderly and to trans-generational solidarity. Findings from the online survey lead to the conclusion that both younger and older generations can contribute to development and that both generations encompass values that could generate increased development. Dynamism, mobility, readiness for change and political and civic activism among youth on one side, and trust in the spirit of togetherness and solidarity and work commitment among elderly on the other, can together contribute to development. Moreover, this is not considered a task for the state, or for a single ministry alone, but rather for the society as a whole. This is the only way to introduce values of development in society.

82 “What contributes to development is basic education, knowing languages, knowing specific skills, entrepreneurial spirit, empathy, criticism, and I would especially emphasize an esthetical sense that can distinguish between art and kitsch. Through new media and the internet, they (the youth) get information much more easily than older generations, so they can be much more operational in all spheres.” (online survey)

“If I understood it right, older generations did not look at the material side of things that much, they valued some good aspects of communism, if I may say so. Also, knowing history, they didn’t forget what happened in history and how solidarity was expressed.” (online survey) As with previous topics, here again, education and awareness raising are recognized as necessary preconditions to improve inclusion, together with the improvement of laws and punishment.

Table 4.30 - What should be done in the future in Serbia against discrimina on and for the protec on of the rights of all groups and individuals?

% of answers Educa on and awareness building 33.3 Improving laws and punishment 25.7 Other 41.0 Total 100

About the stakeholders (WHO)

When discussing who should participate in building a tolerant and inclusive community, a somewhat worrying finding from the survey was that people stressed the role and responsibility of the state, authorities, courts and politicians much more than the role of citizens or schools and families in combating discrimination and promoting inclusion, as the data presents in the following table.

Table 4.31 - Who should do this? – An -discrimina on % of answers State, authori es, courts, poli cians 53.2 Everyone 11.1 Schools 8.7 Society, people 8.6 Families (parents) 6.1 Media 6.0 Other 6.3 Total 100

Even though the citizens perceive the state and its authorities as the key stakeholders for the inclusion of vulnerable and sensitive groups, it is important to note that the Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Serbia is already implementing measures to encourage the fostering of cultural expressions of all individuals and groups on the territory of Serbia. One of these measures is the Open Call for Co-funding of Projects in the area of cultural activities of national minorities in the Republic of Serbia, and also for co-funding of projects in the area of cultural activities of persons with disabilities, which is being organized every year.

83 About the ways to improve (HOW & MOI)

The way to support multiculturalism and inclusion of minority groups is to strengthen humanistic values and to repress extremist and discriminatory practices. The latter also assumes a cultural determinant, and that is respect for the rule of law. This was recognized by survey respondents, as presented in the following table. Summarizing answers that recall law on one side and answers that emphasize information and education on the other shows that respondents have practically stressed the need for a balance between law enforcement, and education and awareness raising.

Table 4.32 - How this can be done, by which means? – An discrimina on % of answers Improving legisla ve 23.4 Providing informa on 11.5 Enforcing law 8.9 Educa on 8.5 Media campaigns 5.7 Other 42.0 Total 100

KEY MESSAGE: In Serbia there are mechanisms set for protection of cultural diversity and inclusion of minorities, but more could be done to improve practices of inclusion and decrease discrimination.

Testimonials

"Older generations were better, more coherent, friendlier, freer and above all honest. But now it’s just not the right environment, an environment where people are close, people with whom you can communicate and change some things... These days everyone is just watching how they can profit. They are starting to look like hyenas who just want their piece of meat. In the old days you could rely on people.” (from online survey) “If we want to raise tolerance and fight discrimination, citizens of Serbia should travel more, meet other people and learn about other cultures” (comment from the survey, male student) “To decrease discrimina on in the future, children should meet other cultures at an early age”

(comment from the survey, employed middle-aged women from Vojvodina) “I was really surprised. A er so many years of working on this topic, that ... at the faculty which educates teachers and educators, there is no subject, no teaching unit that would help people who will work with children tomorrow, to help them recognize violence and to react to it. Despite the fact that there are rules, procedures, a clear legal framework for such a things. " (Par cipant in FGD)

84 5. CONCLUSIONS

4 ational post-2015 consultations on culture and development in Serbia have been suc- cessfully completed. Over 300,000 people were consulted and a dialogue about the importance of culture for development was created. Moreover, culture, as an important Npillar of sustainable development was recognized for its potential to connect the spheres of the environment, society and the economy. Many respondents embraced the opportunity to express their opinions about the influence of culture on development and its relation with poverty reduction, education, urban development and other important topics. Due to the commitment and strong coordination of UN RCO in Serbia and with the cooperation of other UN agencies and under the supervision of the UNESCO office in Sarajevo and UNFPA, the consultation process was implemented with great success and induced many interesting insights into how culture interacts with other development issues. The consultations provided not only valuable knowledge about different aspects of the relationship between culture and development, but they also provided the opportunity for different actors to exchange experiences and learn about each other’s perceptions and roles in building and maintaining culture. One of the main observations of these proceeding is that there is a need for a cross-sectoral approach. Cultural institutions and cultural workers should be included and consulted in the development of policies in other sectors, including education, urban planning, employment, and similar areas. In particular, the connection between culture and education was stressed throughout the consultation process.

85 MAJOR CHALENGES

In order to increase the role of culture in development, Serbia needs a more consistent cultural policy and a highly visible institutional framework. The Law on culture is generally assessed as good, but hesitation to complete and enact the National strategy for the development of culture and poor strategic planning at the local level further hinders the affirmation of culture as an engine for development. Another general factor important for the improvement of the role of culture in sustainable development is of a financial nature: not only directly, through the protection of cultural heritage and grants for contemporary artists, but also indirectly, through the building and revitalizing of infrastructure relevant for the growth of cultural tourism. The common perception of the role of culture in development demonstrated by participants in the consultations is that of value formation and consensus building. However, actors more deeply involved in cultural practices, besides these ‘soft forms’ of culture, are well aware of the economic significance of cultural industries, both as an employer and as profit generator. The people of Serbia suggested that media should play a huge role in creating and spreading values that provide social cohesion. With this in mind, more efforts should be initiated in the media sphere, since this important tool of cultural reproduction is perceived by citizens of Serbia as primitive, submissive and having a negative impact on cultural patterns. Cultural development assumes the inclusion of the ideas, communication and creative activity of many individuals and actors: hence, the system supporting this creativity should be decentralized and open to various initiatives. In administrative terms, only Museum of Contemporary Art in Belgrade under reconstruc on, the basic framework of the system, the overarching law, the func- photo tioning of several basic cultural institutions and the provision of by Aleksandar Mijailovic basic financial incentives, should be set at the central level. Most of the activities and management should take place on the local level. Local administrations should therefore take a more proactive role in the whole process, especially in shaping the concrete offer and building the cultural habits of citizens. Concerning the relation between culture and poverty reduction, two major conclusions were derived from the consultation process. Survey respondents stressed, as in in 2013, that poverty and unemployment are the two key problems in Serbia and that most households have problems in making ends meet. In a time of growing economic inequalities and poverty, inherited egalitarian values are marked by a decrease of trust and solidarity and an underdeveloped culture of social dialogue, which leads to the isolation of people and the individualization of responsibility for their well-being. Still, improvement for economic prosperity is indicated in the field of cultural industries and cultural tourism. Cultural industries are growing, yet are an insufficiently recognized sector in Serbia. Citizens of Serbia express interest in engaging in cultural industries, which means that adequate promotion and support to this sector could make a positive change in terms of employment and income generation. According to the survey findings, citizens are unsure how to engage with industries or which cultural industry sector in Serbia can provide a solid basis for entrepreneurship. The same stands for cultural tourism, but here even more efforts should be made in building a proper infrastructure, maintaining cultural heritage and launching new efforts and projects, while setting accountable planning and management, all tasks primarily for local administrations.

86 As for the relation between culture and education, all of the consulted actors perceive the crucial role of education in forming and nurturing productive and creative culture. A majority of citizens believe that the education system in Serbia develops values of tolerance and solidarity, but yet, many still hold prejudices and discriminatory attitudes towards certain social groups (homosexuals, some ethnic groups, etc). More in-depth discussions reveal that tolerance and anti-discrimination are values that need constant attention and support within the education system. The problem is even greater regarding entrepreneurial values and skills – these are very poorly developed in Ser- bia. The educational system in Serbia is a crucial institutional framework for the development of a culture of entrepreneurship and individual achievements. Cooperation with educational institutions is necessary for the further development of culture, as this would help in acquiring cultural habits and shaping the future audiences for the programs of cultural institutions. At the moment, the cooperation between the cultural and the educational institutions exists only in a few cities at the local level, so it is necessary to systematically establish a connection between culture and education with clear cooperation models. A systematic approach to the development of education in entrepreneurship should be developed. When considering the relation between culture and women’s empowerment, the consultation process revealed that most citizens, representatives of institutions, members of NGOs and other actors are aware of the importance of gender equality. However, women are more aware than men that gender inequalities still persist and that more should be done to improve the position of women in Serbia. In this regard, culture is the key component for profiling the image of women in society. Here it is important to note that the media should play an important role in promoting this image. Another important role of culture in empowering women is that of cultural industries which can attract a lot of women and have a positive impact on their social and economic inclusion. Consultations about the relation between culture and sustainable cities showed that most actors were not familiar with the concept of ‘sustainable cities and urbanization’. Still, it should be mentioned that they are aware of the content of the concept and what it signifies. Most think that cities should be built and managed in a ‘citizen tailored’ manner, that the cultural heritage and cultural production should be preserved and maintained, that careful urban planning should preserve equal access to cultural events, access to open spaces and provide for healthy urban living. According to the respondents, this is predominantly the responsibility of local authorities, especially when it comes to investment in basic infrastructure and in improving the cultural offer. More should also be done in raising awareness of the city image and urban living. Also, one of the problems that hinder the concept of “sustainable cities and urban planning” is the lack of a larger number of local cultural development strategies and poor cross-sectoral cooperation. Regarding the relation between culture, environment and climate change, the main finding is that citizens and other actors show high awareness of the need for environmental protection, but low efforts in practice. On the one hand, they highlight that there is lack of basic infrastructure for waste recycling, and on the other, the feeling of individual responsibility for daily environmentally friendly practices is weak. Besides improved laws and more frequently applied punitive measures, culture can play an important role to provide efficient tools to raise the level of environmental awareness. There is considerable space for artistic creativity in advocating for improved environment protection. Not surprisingly, after the 2014 floods, the awareness of climate change and natural risks has increased in Serbia. However, citizens believe that the system for risk prevention did not function well and that local and central governments should take responsibility for its improvement. They know that citizens bear their share of responsibility as well and that some behaved wrongly and increased risk, but they believe that the major issue is investments in infrastructure for successful risk management. Awareness raising is also recognized as anequally important segment within this theme When it comes to the relation between culture and inclusion and reconciliation, most citizens believe that human rights are only partly respected in Serbia and they are worried about the living conditions of some social groups, most notably children, the sick and disabled, the poor and

87 the unemployed. In Serbia there are mechanisms set up for the protection of cultural diversity and inclusion of minorities, but more could be done to improve practices of inclusion and decrease discrimination, especially if we know that citizens themselves still hold discriminatory attitudes towards some social groups. One important strategy to improve tolerance and solidarity in society is building cross-generational understanding, cooperation and solidarity. Although both youth and elderly hold values important for development, these are somewhat distinct values (traditional vs. modern) and both groups could learn from each other. RECOMMENDATIONS

1. The first set of recommendations relates to providing an adequate policy framework for the affirmation of culture as an engine for development. Since the state has a relevant legislative framework and has ratified key international conventions that bring the cultural policy of Serbia into an international network, the most important step, also frequently stressed by the actors who were consulted, is to complete and adopt the National strategy for the development of culture. However, it is even more important for local administrations to design their own strategies and develop a respective administrative framework for the management of local cultural policy. 2. The next recommendation relates to the need for a cross-sectoral approach to culture and its role in development. On the one hand, the strategy for development of culture should tackle all major issues traditionally related to other sectors (health, employment, social care, environmental protection, etc.) that are important for the well-being of citizens and the cohesion of communities. On the other hand, it is even more important to insist that strategies in other sectors should include the issue of culture in their agenda, both when analyzing the situation in the country and when proposing policy measures. The awareness of the importance of culture for development in all spheres should be increased among policy makers to ensure mainstreaming of culture in all developmental strategies. Therefore, it is crucial to establish regular institutional cooperation between sectors. This should not only be done through regular government meetings but through more operational bodies such as working groups or even virtual task units. In particular, cooperation between the cultural and educational sectors should be especially strong and permanent solutions should be built, both at the national and the local level, such as permanent working groups and regular meetings of sector managers. 3. The next important step is financial support. Regardless of increased orientation towards market and income generation, culture will always need stable financing of major institutions and activities that form the backbone of the system. It is not possible to articulate and manage a sustainable cultural policy, even if decentralized, if the major tools for policy implementation lack basic financing and provision of incentives for the extended activities of other actors in the field. In times of global economic crisis, national and local institutions should explore other sources of financing besides the national budget. EU funds will have an increasing importance in this regard in the coming years, and national and local administrations’ capacities for using these funds should be strengthened. To that purpose, the cultural institutions should be encouraged to apply for international projects and thus find alternative sources of funding, either independently or though cooperation with the civil sector. Another option for financing of culture, that is underdeveloped in Serbia, is public-private partnerships (sponsorship and donations). Well-designed and cleverly targeted campaigns to empower such partnerships would be of great use. In addition, the possibilities for higher return of budget income generated through cultural industries into financing of culture should be explored, especially at the local level. In order to follow the modern global trends in culture (such as strategic planning, project funding, audience

88 surveys, digitalization, multimedia exhibitions, and other activities) it is necessary to introduce the practice of permanent professional training of employees in cultural institutions. 4. There are numerous possibilities for eradication of poverty and economic growth through the development of cultural industries and cultural tourism. These concepts should be promoted among different target groups. Firstly, this includes policy makers and decision makers who should gain more knowledge about a variety of activities in the sphere of cultural industries and about the economic value of cultural production. Secondly, professionals and activists in the field of culture should learn more about the economic aspects and possible market valorization of their work and engagement. And lastly, the wider public should learn about options for employment in the creative sector and this should start from an early age, in schools, which means that education of school teachers in this regard is especially important. A coordinated campaign to increase visibility and understanding of creative industries could be organized by CSOs active in this sector and supported by the Ministry of Culture and Information. CSOs active in cultural industries should be supported in approaching individual actors in the field and forming local networks of cultural industry. Finally, to launch these initiatives, the government and the international donor community should consider programs which would emphasize locally tailored cultural industries’ advantages and provide guidance for business creation in this field. 5. The educational system is crucial for early formation of values favorable for culturally sustainable development. Values related to all 3 pillars of sustainable development, that is tolerance, solidarity, anti-discrimination, environmental protection, healthy life styles, entrepreneurial inclination, individual achievement, critical attitudes, creativity, and so on, should be developed. Values necessary for strengthening entrepreneurship are particularly missing from regular school programs. For this reason, both a change in school curricula and the capacity building of teachers is needed. In addition, it is necessary to establish a connection between the cultural and the educational institutions, which will contribute to the shaping of both future audiences and future cultural creators. 6. Culture is of special value for the empowerment of women in society, both as a tool to foster gender equality and build an affirmative image of women on the one hand and as a field of employment opportunities on the other. For this reason it is very important to use cultural tools to further increase gender equality both on the level of awareness raising and in the creation of real life opportunities. Again, media plays a special role in this regard, by creating positive images of women and by applying gender sensitive language. 7. Culture is extremely important for sustainable cities, but the concepts of culture and urbanization/city overlap in many areas which in turn hinders the possibility for more efficient planning of the use of culture for the development of cities. It is necessary to clearly define what the cultural components of urban living are, what their role in the development of a city is, how they can be financed, and how they can be managed. Apart from the self-apparent (and usually underestimated) role of arts and cultural heritage in constructing the brand of a city, other important roles of culture should be distinguished and brought into urban planning: values of trust and tolerance, healthy life styles, cross- generational solidarity, multi-culturalism, different forms of artistic creativity etc. In addition to values, infrastructure and financial support should be provided, especially by local authorities for the sustainable development of urban space and urban communities. 8. The relationship between culture and environmental protection and natural risk management is bilateral: on the one hand, cultural heritage should be carefully protected from natural risks and used together with protected natural sites as a basis for environmentally sustainable development of the region, while on the other hand, artistic production offers interesting tools for raising awareness of environment protection and natural risk management at all levels, from citizens to decision makers. For these reasons protection and

89 promotion of natural sites as cultural heritage is of key importance. This requires not only promotional campaigns, but also investments in infrastructure and sound management of the sites. Cooperation between environmentalists, creative industry associations and individuals can also produce creative tools to raise the general public’s awareness of the importance of environmental issues for safe living and sustainable development. 9. In a similar way, culture should be used much more as a tool for promoting values of trust, solidarity and inclusion. The best way for children to build tolerance and avoid discrimination is to learn about other cultures. This could be accomplished through various artistic avenues, but also through traveling and meeting other cultures and their heritage. Strong democratic values can be developed the best at lessons of school subjects such as civic education, Serbian language and literature, musical arts, visual arts, history, sociol- ogy and geography. These lessons would not use the frontal method, but group work with workshops and discussions that would strengthen the democratic values among the students, who would have the freedom of expression and decision-making. In addition, in this way the students would develop awareness of their rights and obligations, and they would respect the differences among their friends, thus adopting the basic democratic values such as tolerance and respect of differences. On the other hand, the workshops held during these lessons would help to preserve tradition, because the students would get to know the identities of all nations and ethnic groups living in Serbia, and wider. These values and practices should be built into regular educational programs, but schools should also cooperate with creative industry organizations and individual artists to promote positive values among students. At the elementary school level, this innovation should be the responsibility of local administrations; hence, their capacity to understand the important role of culture in this regard should also be built. 10. Finally, the important role of media in the formation of cultural patterns should be mentioned yet again. Throughout the consultations the role of media was frequently stressed by consultation participants and in different contexts, usually wherever awareness raising was mentioned (gender equality, tolerance and anti-discrimination, urban living, environmental protection and natural risk prevention). Because the media were assessed in general as developing a primitive and submissive culture, an enormous effort should be made to change this practice. Workshops and trainings should be organized for journalists and editors where the role of culture in different aspects of development would be elabo- rated. In addition, projects could be designed to support the promotion of the culture of development. Finally, much of the promotional and awareness raising work should be channeled to social networks, where healthy competition to traditional media could be established.

90 ANNEX

ANNEX 1 Survey sample description

Sample by region and municipalities:

Nr. Region Municipality Nr. Region Municipality 1 Belgrade Novi Beograd 20 Šumadija and Western Serbia Čačak 2 Belgrade Savski Venac 21 Šumadija and Western Serbia Kragujevac 3 Belgrade Obrenovac 22 Šumadija and Western Serbia Batočina 4 Belgrade Lazarevac 23 Šumadija and Western Serbia Kruševac 5 Belgrade Zemun 24 Šumadija and Western Serbia Mionica 6 Belgrade Zvezdara 25 Šumadija and Western Serbia Novi Pazar 7 Belgrade Vračar 26 Šumadija and Western Serbia Raška 8 Vojvodina Ži šte 27 Southern and Eastern Serbia V.Gradište 9 Vojvodina Zrenjanin 28 Southern and Eastern Serbia Požarevac 10 Vojvodina Novi Sad 29 Southern and Eastern Serbia Velika Plana 11 Vojvodina Inđija 30 Southern and Eastern Serbia Zaječar 12 Vojvodina Kikinda 31 Southern and Eastern Serbia Surudulica 13 Vojvodina Subo ca 32 Southern and Eastern Serbia Bujanovac 14 Vojvodina Senta 33 Southern and Eastern Serbia Leskovac 15 Vojvodina Bela Crkva 34 Southern and Eastern Serbia Ćuprija 16 Vojvodina Ruma 35 Southern and Eastern Serbia Niš – Pantelej 17 Vojvodina Srbobran 36 Southern and Eastern Serbia Niš - Medijana Šumadija and 18 Western Serbia Šabac 37 Southern and Eastern Serbia Pirot Šumadija and 19 Western Serbia Boga ć 38 Southern and Eastern Serbia Babušnica Basic distributions show that the sample is representative of the population of Serbia.

91 Table A1.1 - Gender Gender % Female 53.3 Male 46.7 Total 100 Table A1.2 - Age Age % 15-18 3.0 19-24 10.7 25-29 10.1 30-34 10.4 35-39 7.7 40-44 6.9 45-49 8.3 50-54 7.9 55-59 9.6 60-64 9.7 65-69 6.2 70-74 3.9 75+ 5.5 Total 100 Table A1.3 - Educa on Educa on % No school 2.0 Primary school 14.6 Secondary school for workers (1-2 years) 2.0 Secondary school for qualiﬁ ed workers (3-5 years) 13.0 Secondary occupa onal school 30.0 Secondary general school 8.6 Secondary school for children with developmental problems 0.6 High school 9.3 University 18.3 Total 100 Table A1.4 - Ac vity Ac vity % Entrepreneur, registered self-employed 1.8 Formally employed 28.4 Informally (self)employed 5.2 Farmer 2.1 Helping members in family business 0.4 Unemployed 20.9 Re red persons 23.4 Students 10.5 Housewife/homemaker 6.3 Other inac ve 1.0 Total 100 In the sample there are also 5% forced migrants (IDPs or refugees), as well as 11% of households affected by the 2014 floods.

92 ANNEX 2 Visibility and visuals

During the second phase of the Post-2015 national consultations focusing on Culture and Develop- ment, a variety of promotional materials were developed and disseminated: one brochure, roll up banners, photographs and thematic photos from the consultations, testimonials and quotes, news posts for the web portal and social networks. The Brochure’s purpose was to promote the Serbia We Want – Culture and Development Initiative and to explain the consultation process itself. Roll up banners presented the visual identity of the "Serbia We Want – Culture and Development” initiative and it our backdrop at all public events and consultations. There were 2 roll up banners, one in Serbian and other in English. Video material from the consultations. During the consultations, a number of video recordings were made during the United Nations Day celebration and events with BFPE. These recordings are an important evidence base of how experts, decision-makers and people active in producing cultural outputs (artists and actors) see the role of culture in development. All videos are available at the following YouTube channels: United Nations day, RTV 2, KCN::1, Belle Amie. Photographs. The entire consultation process was recorded with photographs taken from the meetings, focus groups, discussions, workshops and other events in cities and villages around Ser- bia. There are more than 100 photographs, which were publicly shared via the web portal, social networks, and the media. Testimonials and quotes. The consultations opened up a great opportunity to once more collect lively testimonials and quotes from the Serbian people about their thoughts and opinions on how they see the role of culture in the development process and the interaction of culture with poverty, education, gender equality, sustainable cities and urbanization, environment protection and climate change and inclusion and reconciliation. The most interesting quotes are presented in this report. In addition to these, statements from consultations with experts, decision-makers and artists can also be found. Testimonials and quotes were also used as illustrations for the consultations findings and shared via social networks, the web portal, and reports. News posts for the web portal and social networks. More than 25 news posts were drafted during the consultation process - announcing events, sharing information, promoting the link for the online survey, offering follow up on consultation events/progress, or reporting on the executed event. The news posts were shared via the web portal and social networks, accompanied by photographs and relevant captions. Visuals

All visual materials from the “Serbia We Want” National consultations can be seen on the following Dropbox link19: https://www.dropbox.com/home/6-Culture%20and%20Development/Serbia The folder contains materials from the: 1. Consultations with the civil society representatives in Novi Sad • Materials include: 2 photos 2. Consultations with the Government representatives in the form of a “World Cafe” workshop in Belgrade • Materials include: 17 photos

19 Following this link provided by New York you can also find detailed information regarding the titles of the images, as well as their authors.

93 3. Consultations with the organizers of the music festival “Guca” and health workers during and after the festival • Materials include: 3 photos 4. Consultations with the organizers of the Youth Theater Festival and young actors in Novi Pazar • Materials include: 7 photos 5. Designs (branding and design elements) • Materials include: 3 Serbia We Want banners and 1 flyer 6. Info-graphics with the preliminary results • Materials include: 11 info-graphics 7. Roma minority projects • Materials include: 6 photos 8. Thematic photos from the consultations • Materials include: 17 photos (An artistic view on urbanism; Art brings us together; Ar tistic quarter, the Spanish House; Biking against climate change; Gender equality and family life; Green Architecture, smart building; Green market, organic food; Investing in Culture, restructuring the National Museum; Old Serbian Crafts; One bench - different experiences; Peace and friendship; Pride, Belgrade; Recycling as means against poverty; Recreation outside city limits; Strawberry tree; Traditional homemade products; Training in nature) 9. United Nations Day celebration in Serbia • Materials include: 10 videos from the UN Day celebration (Interview with Simonida Stankovic, ethnographer; Interview with the photographer Branko Starcevic; Interview with the Local Government Representatives; Miki Manojlovic - opening the UN Day celebration 2014 in Mikser House; Interview with Ms. Kori Udovicki; Interview with Mr. Ivica Dacic; Ban ki Moon video message; Ana Ivanovic, UNICEF National Ambassador for Serbia; UN Day Celebration 2014 - Official speeches; UN Day celebration in Serbia 2014 mural) 10. Videos • Materials include: 1 video (Primart za SrKZ)

94 The United Na ons Day celebra on

On October 24th The United Nations Country Team in Serbia celebrated the 69th anniversary of entry into force of the United Nations Charter in 1945 at Mikser House, in Belgrade. The UN also marked the beginning of the 70 year celebration of the UN, of which former Yugo- slavia was a founding member. The celebration was hosted by Mr. Ivica Dacic, First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs to the Repub- lic of Serbia, Irena Vojackova – Sollorano, the UN Resident Coordinator in Serbia and Mr. Peter N. Due, the Representa- tive of the Secretary-General and Head of UN Office in Bel- grade. The theme of this year's UN Day in Serbia was devoted to the promotion of the importance of culture for the development processes in the country.

“I think that a society, such as the Serbian society, cannot exist and cannot develop in a sustainable manner, unless there is tolerance, respect for diversity and differences, unless there is understanding of human rights, and unless there is dialogue. And of course, I think that culture is an essential part of the Global Millennium Goals and the Development Agenda. Cultural values should be the top priorities of a society, of a modern society. This is why a discussion on sustainable development should include the topic of culture.” said Mr. Dacic.

95 As part of the celebration, and in line with the focus on culture and development, a number of art works were presented, from Branko Starcevic’s photo exhibition “Random People” to street graffiti performers “C6H6 KIDS” from Pancevo, who created, on the spot, a mural themed “The Serbia We Want“, as well as Young Balkan Artists. The video clip, presenting the creation of the mural can be seen here.

YouTube screenshots from Branko Starcevic “Random People” exhibition at Mikser House A well-known Serbian actor and film producer Miki Manojlovic and UNICEF National Ambassador for Serbia Ana Ivanovic joined the celebration and delivered special messages on the occasion of the UN Day. The video message of Ana Ivanovic can be downloaded here. After the main part of the celebration was over, Mr. Ivica Dacic, local decision-makers, artists and experts, gave short interviews of their view on the relationship between culture and development. All interviews can be seen here. The entire event was broadcasted live via Web TV. A live Twitter wall was also created at the event, where guests could share their thoughts on the topics of the UN Day celebration and the UN in general as well as on culture and development.

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