Quentin Tarantino Och Kärleken Till Blaxploitation - En Jämförande Analys Av Representationen Av Svarta Kvinnor

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Quentin Tarantino Och Kärleken Till Blaxploitation - En Jämförande Analys Av Representationen Av Svarta Kvinnor Kandidatuppsats Quentin Tarantino och kärleken till blaxploitation - en jämförande analys av representationen av svarta kvinnor Författare: Rebecca Rosén Handledare: Tommy Gustafsson Examinator: Anna Sofia Rossholm Termin: VT16 Ämne: Filmvetenskap Nivå: Kandidat Kurskod: 2FV30E Abstract Följande uppsats kommer att fokusera på relationen mellan Quentin Tarantino och blaxploitation, och syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka huruvida Tarantino väljer att representera sina svarta kvinnliga huvudkaraktärer annorlunda i sina blaxploitation- influerade filmer Jackie Brown (1997) och Django Unchained (2012) i jämförelse med representationen av svarta kvinnliga huvudkaraktärer i två av de mest kända blaxploitationfilmerna från 1970-talet, Coffy (1973) och Foxy Brown (1974). Den grundläggande teorin för uppsatsen är den feministiska filmteorin, men andra texter som berör representationen av kvinnor och specifikt svarta kvinnor på film är lika väsentliga. Mitt tillvägagångssätt för att besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar är att genom närläsning av de utvalda filmerna samt deras respektive kvinnliga karaktärer, med understöd av relevant litteratur och teorier, göra en jämförande analys. Slutresultatet visar att Tarantino i och med filmen Jackie Brown lyckas utveckla den svarta och starka kvinnliga karaktären från blaxploitation dock utan att föra vidare undergenrens problematiska sexualisering av kvinnokroppen. Däremot lyckas han inte lika bra i samband med Django Unchained, där den kvinnliga, ofta hjälplösa, huvudkaraktären främst visas som antingen någonting vackert eller någon som plågas för andras njutning. Nyckelord Quentin Tarantino, Pam Grier, Blaxploitation, Django Unchained, Jackie Brown, Foxy Brown, Coffy, Gender representation, Black women in film, Genusrepresentation, Svarta kvinnor i film i Tack Jag vill inledningsvis rikta ett speciellt tack till min handledare Tommy Gustafsson som genom tips, råd och vägledning under hela skrivprocessen har hjälpt mig nå fram till mitt mål med denna uppsats. Även ett tack till alla andra vänliga människor som under denna tiden stått ut med att höra mig prata om uppsatsens ämne dygnet runt. ii Innehållförteckning Innehållförteckning ____________________________________________________________________ iii Inledning ________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Syfte och frågeställningar ________________________________________________ 2 Forskningsläge _________________________________________________________ 3 Teori _________________________________________________________________ 7 Metod och material ____________________________________________________ 10 Avgränsning __________________________________________________________ 11 Historien om blaxploitation _________________________________________________________ 11 Pam Grier – den första kvinnliga actionhjälten __________________________________ 15 Representationen av Grier i Coffy och Foxy Brown ___________________________ 15 Representationen av Grier i Jackie Brown __________________________________ 17 Skillnader mellan Jackie och Melanie ______________________________________ 20 Musikens roll i Jackie Brown _____________________________________________ 21 Tarantinos Django Unchained och representationen av Broomhilda _________ 23 Musikens roll i Django Unchained ________________________________________ 25 Skillnader mellan Pam Griers representation i Coffy och Foxy Brown med Jackie Brown ____________________________________________________________________________ 26 Skillnader mellan Jackie och Broomhilda _________________________________________ 28 Problematiska framställningar av svarta kvinnor, varför? _____________________ 29 ”The female action star” ______________________________________________________________ 29 Slutdiskussion _________________________________________________________________________ 31 Källförteckning __________________________________________________________________________ I iii Inledning Quentin Tarantino har under hela sin karriär som filmskapare lyckats med att både skapa lite mindre filmer samt stora kommersiella succéer, fått höra stora hyllningar för din djärvhet samt en hel del kritik för hans ofta kontroversiella stil. Som den cineast han är så kan man hitta många inslag av diverse filmer och genrer i hans filmer. Tarantino inspireras av det mesta och det är ingenting som han försöker dölja utan snarare tvärtom pratar väldigt öppet kring. En av alla de filmgenrer som inspirerat Tarantino mest, och som denna uppsats behandlar, är 1970-talets blaxploitationfilmer. Exploateringsfilmer är de filmer som försöker lyckas ekonomiskt genom att exploatera en aktuell trend, en nischad genre eller beröra kontroversiella områden. Man försöker genom olika medel (exempelvis genom att utlova mycket naket och sex) locka till sig en publik för att kunna tjäna pengar på sina filmer. Denna inriktning inom film har många olika underkategorier och filmer som faller inom exploateringsfilm kan hittas i nästan alla genrer men två av de vanligaste är action- och skräckfilmer. Blaxploitation (från engelskan, av black ”svart” och exploitation ”exploatering”) sägs ha startat med filmerna Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (Melvin Van Peebles, 1971) och Shaft (Gordon Parks, 1971), och i och med den amerikanska filmregissören Jack Hills filmer Coffy (1973) och Foxy Brown (1974) introducerades Pam Grier på riktigt för världen och kom snart att bli genrens hjältinna. Precis som flera av Tarantinos filmer anses ha uppnått mer eller mindre kultstatus, har flera filmer inom blaxploitation fått en liknande stämpel men samtidigt har de inte bara inspirerat filmhistorien och mängder av filmregissörer utan även väckt stora diskussioner bland annat gällande deras representation av kvinnor. Denna uppsats kommer att utforska och fokusera på relationen mellan Tarantino och blaxploitation, kring huruvida Tarantino väljer att representera sina kvinnor annorlunda i sina blaxploitation-influerade filmer jämförelse med blaxploitationfilmer från 1970-talet. 1 Syfte och frågeställningar Sedan filmhistoriens början fram till idag har vi lärt känna olika återkommande val av porträtteringar och representationer av kvinnor. Kvinnlighet, enligt definitionen i patriarkatet, förknippas ofta med att bland annat vara liten, tyst, passiv, vårdande, svaga och beroende av någon annan1, och precis så har vi sett många kvinnor representeras på filmduken. Många kvinnor har under åren begränsats till att vara tystare passiva karaktärer som hålls i bakgrunden och som främst finns till för visuell njutning och för att finnas till för någon annan. En annan sorts kvinna som vi ibland också kan få se på filmduken är de kvinnor som tar sitt öde i egna händer, som inte vill vara ett passivt offer och som istället (ofta på grund av detta) tar sig an mer traditionella maskulina drag men som ändå behåller sin femininitet (de behöver alltså inte vara det ena eller det andre – fast ofta är det svårt att balansera detta och ofta kan exempelvis kvinnans ”feminina” sida försvinna helt i kostnad mot de maskulina dragen). Detta är någonting som denna uppsats kommer att återkomma till senare. I och med olika exploateringsfilmer från 1970- och tidigt 1980-tal, exempelvis Foxy Brown och Switchblade Sisters (Jack Hill, 1974), tilläts kvinnor nu att aktivt styra berättelsen/handlingen och händelseförloppet i filmen. Till skillnad från tidigare filmer där kvinnor endast fick medverka då det handlade om att få en make eller moderlig befogenhet, fick kvinnor nu ta till ”manliga” egenskaper såsom att vara fysiskt starka och kunna överlista de manliga karaktärerna. Män var inte längre de viktigaste karaktärerna, de blev sekundära karaktärer som hade antingen ingen eller lite kontroll över vad som skedde i filmernas handlingar.2 Representationen av genus är någonting som länge diskuterats, och som alltid kommer att vara aktuellt för diskussion, och med tanke på utbudet av material kring genus och representation i film har jag inte haft några problem att hitta tidigare forskning. Syftet med min uppsats är att undersöka hur svarta kvinnor representeras i Tarantinos blaxploitation-influerade filmer Jackie Brown (1997) och Django Unchained (2012), 1 Harry M. Benshoff och Sean Griffin, America on film: representing race, class, gender, and sexuality 2 Jenny Platz, ”Return to the Grindhouse: Tarantino and the modernization of 1970s Exploitation Films”, Enthymema, No. 7 2002, s. 528 2 samt att se hur de står sig i jämförelse med två klassiska blaxploitationfilmer med en kvinnlig aktiv huvudkaraktär. Förutom att ge en bakgrund till blaxploitation kommer min uppsats att beröra ett par frågeställningar, nämligen följande: Hur framställs Pam Griers karaktär i Jackie Brown i jämförelse med hur hennes respektive karaktärer framställs i två av hennes mest kända blaxploitationfilmer från 1970-talet vid namn Coffy (1973) och Foxy Brown (1974)? Hur framställs Broomhilda i jämförelse med hur de svarta kvinnorna representerades i blaxploitationfilm? Vilken skillnad finns det mellan representationen av Jackie och Broomhilda? Och vad kan dessa eventuella skillnader på karaktärerna bero på? Har Tarantino bidragit med någonting nytt till denna undergenre av exploateringsfilm, och i så fall hur har han gjort detta? Forskningsläge I den tidigare forskningen framkommer det att de karaktärer och filmer som diskuterats mest inom detta ämnesområde är Uma Thurmans roll i Kill Bill Vol. I och II (2003, 2004) samt Mélanie Laurents roll i Inglourious Basterds (2009). Genom näranalyser
Recommended publications
  • Elmore Leonard, 1925-2013
    ELMORE LEONARD, 1925-2013 Elmore Leonard was born October 11, 1925 in New Orleans, Louisiana. Due to his father’s position working for General Motors, Leonard’s family moved numerous times during his childhood, before finally settling in Detroit, MI in 1934. Leonard went on to graduate high school in Detroit in 1943, and joined the Navy, serving in the legendary Seabees military construction unit in the Pacific theater of operations before returning home in 1946. Leonard then attended the University of Detroit, majoring in English and Philosophy. Plans to assist his father in running an auto dealership fell through on his father’s early death, and after graduating, Leonard took a job writing for an ad agency. He married (for the first of three times) in 1949. While working his day job in the advertising world, Leonard wrote constantly, submitting mainly western stories to the pulp and/or mens’ magazines, where he was establishing himself with a strong reputation. His stories also occasionally caught the eye of the entertainment industry and were often optioned for films or television adaptation. In 1961, Leonard attempted to concentrate on writing full-time, with only occasional free- lance ad work. With the western market drying up, Leonard broke into the mainstream suspense field with his first non-western novel, The Big Bounce in 1969. From that point on, his publishing success continued to increase – with both critical and fan response to his works helping his novels to appear on bestseller lists. His 1983 novel La Brava won the Edgar Award for best mystery novel of the year.
    [Show full text]
  • Django Unchained
    COLUMBIA PICTURES e WEINSTEIN COMPANY presentano un film di QUENTIN TARANTINO JAMIE FOXX CHRISTOPH WALTZ LEONARDO DiCAPRIO KERRY WASHINGTON e SAMUEL L. JACKSON Casting a cura di: Victoria Thomas Costumi di: Sharen Davis Montaggio di: Fred Raskin Scenografie di: J. Michael Riva Direttore della fotografia: Robert Richardson Executive Producers: Bob Weinstein, Harvey Weinstein, Michael Shamberg, Shannon McIntosh e James W. Skotchdopole Prodotto da: Stacey Sher, Reginald Hudlin e Pilar Savone Scritto e diretto da: Quentin Tarantino Distribuzione: Warner Bros. Pictures Italia Durata: 2 ore e 45 minuti Data d’uscita: 17 gennaio 2013 Materiali stampa: www.cristianacaimmi.com/materialidjango.zip 1 DJANGO UNCHAINED Sinossi Ambientato nel Sud degli Stati Uniti due anni prima dello scoppio della Guerra Civile, Django Unchained vede protagonista il premio Oscar® Jamie Foxx nel ruolo di Django, uno schiavo la cui brutale storia con il suo ex padrone, lo conduce faccia a faccia con il Dott. King Schultz (il premio Oscar® Christoph Waltz), il cacciatore di taglie di origine tedesca. Schultz è sulle tracce dei fratelli Brittle, noti assassini, e solo l’aiuto di Django lo porterà a riscuotere la taglia che pende sulle loro teste. Il poco ortodosso Schultz assolda Django con la promessa di donargli la libertà una volta catturati i Brittle – vivi o morti. Il successo dell’operazione induce Schultz a liberare Django, i due uomini scelgano di non separarsi, anzi Schultz sceglie di partire alla ricerca dei criminali più ricercati del Sud con Django al suo fianco. Affinando le vitali abilità di cacciatore, Django resta concentrato su un solo obiettivo: trovare e salvare Broomhilda (Kerry Washington), la moglie che aveva perso tempo prima, a causa della sua vendita come schiava.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinton Eschews Scandal
    NEWS SPORTS Elmore Leonard signs Spartans go Gator hunting, books in Spartan Bookstore, bag first win of the season speaks to students 5-2 against SFSU See page 4 See page 6 MIX Volume 110, No. 4 Serving San Jose State University Since 1934 January 28, 1997 Clinton eschews scandal; espouses Social Security WASHINGTON (AP) Shaken by scandal, is "cut the tax burdens on the American family." vigorously defended her husband against "right lowest unemployment and inflation in decades. He President Clinton sought to reassert his leader- In an expectant atmosphere, Clinton faced prob- wing opponents" she said were out to destroy him. urged Congress to raise the minimum wage now ship in a crucial State of the Union address ably the largest television audience of his life with Amid fresh tensions with Iraq, Clinton issued a $5.15 an hour but did not specify how much. Tuesday night, urging Congress to "save Social his speech before a joint session of Congress. Aides veiled threat of force: "You cannot defy the will of "We can afford to take one simple, sensible step to Security first" before cutting taxes or increasing said he would not address allegations that he had the world. You have used weapons of mass destruc- help mOlions of workers struggling to provide for spending. sex with a young intern, Monica Lewinsky, and tion before. We are determined to deny you the their families." With the end of big budget deficits, Clinton said urged her to lie about it. capacity to use them again." Social Security faces bankruptcy next century "every penny of any surplus" should be devoted to Democrats applauded Clinton warmly when he In a subtle reference to Clinton's personal trou- under a tidal wave of payoffs for the baby boom shoring up Social Security, which faces bankrupt- strode into the chamber.
    [Show full text]
  • NEO-NOIR / RETRO-NOIR FILMS (1966 Thru 2010) Page 1 of 7
    NEO-NOIR / RETRO-NOIR FILMS (1966 thru 2010) Page 1 of 7 H Absolute Power (1997) H Blondes Have More Guns (1995) H Across 110th Street (1972) H Blood and Wine (1996) H Addiction, The (1995) FS H Blood Simple (1985) h Adulthood (2008) H Blood Work (2002) H Affliction (1997) H Blow Out (1981) FS H After Dark, My Sweet (1990) h Blow-up (1967).Blowup H After Hours (1985) f H Blue Desert (1992) F H Against All Odds (1984) f H Blue Steel (1990) f H Alligator Eyes (1990) SCH Blue Velvet (1986) H All the President’s Men (1976) H Bodily Harm (1995) H Along Come a Spider (2001) H Body and Soul (1981) H Ambushed (1998) f H Body Chemistry (1990) H American Gangster (2007) H Body Double (1984) H American Gigolo (1980) f H Bodyguard, The (1992) H Anderson Tapes, The (1971) FSCH Body Heat (1981) S H Angel Heart (1987) H Body of Evidence (1992) f H Another 48 Hrs. (1990) H Body Snatchers (1993) F H At Close Range (1986) H Bone Collector, The (1999) f H Atlantic City (1980) H Bonnie & Clyde (1967) f H Bad Boys (1983) F H Border, The (1982) F H Bad Influence (1990) F H Bound (1996) F H Badlands (1973) H Bourne Identity, The (2002) F H Bad Lieutenant (1992) H Bourne Supremacy, The (2004) h Bank Job, The (2008) H Bourne Ultimatum, The (2007) F H Basic Instinct (1992) H Boyz n the Hood (1991) H Basic Instinct 2 (2006) H Break (2009) H Batman Begins (2005) H Breakdown (1997) F H Bedroom Window, The (1987) F H Breathless (1983) H Before the Devil Knows You’re Dead (2007) H Bright Angel (1991) H Best Laid Plans (1999) H Bringing Out the Dead (1999) F H Best
    [Show full text]
  • A Look Into the South According to Quentin Tarantino Justin Tyler Necaise University of Mississippi
    University of Mississippi eGrove Honors College (Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors Theses Honors College) 2018 The ineC matic South: A Look into the South According to Quentin Tarantino Justin Tyler Necaise University of Mississippi. Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis Part of the American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Necaise, Justin Tyler, "The ineC matic South: A Look into the South According to Quentin Tarantino" (2018). Honors Theses. 493. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis/493 This Undergraduate Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College (Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College) at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE CINEMATIC SOUTH: A LOOK INTO THE SOUTH ACCORDING TO QUENTIN TARANTINO by Justin Tyler Necaise A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of Mississippi in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College. Oxford May 2018 Approved by __________________________ Advisor: Dr. Andy Harper ___________________________ Reader: Dr. Kathryn McKee ____________________________ Reader: Dr. Debra Young © 2018 Justin Tyler Necaise ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii To Laney The most pure-hearted person I have ever met. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thank you to my family for being the most supportive group of people I could have ever asked for. Thank you to my father, Heath, who instilled my love for cinema and popular culture and for shaping the man I am today. Thank you to my mother, Angie, who taught me compassion and a knack for looking past the surface to see the truth that I will carry with me through life.
    [Show full text]
  • Quentin Tarantino Retro
    ISSUE 59 AFI SILVER THEATRE AND CULTURAL CENTER FEBRUARY 1– APRIL 18, 2013 ISSUE 60 Reel Estate: The American Home on Film Loretta Young Centennial Environmental Film Festival in the Nation's Capital New African Films Festival Korean Film Festival DC Mr. & Mrs. Hitchcock Screen Valentines: Great Movie Romances Howard Hawks, Part 1 QUENTIN TARANTINO RETRO The Roots of Django AFI.com/Silver Contents Howard Hawks, Part 1 Howard Hawks, Part 1 ..............................2 February 1—April 18 Screen Valentines: Great Movie Romances ...5 Howard Hawks was one of Hollywood’s most consistently entertaining directors, and one of Quentin Tarantino Retro .............................6 the most versatile, directing exemplary comedies, melodramas, war pictures, gangster films, The Roots of Django ...................................7 films noir, Westerns, sci-fi thrillers and musicals, with several being landmark films in their genre. Reel Estate: The American Home on Film .....8 Korean Film Festival DC ............................9 Hawks never won an Oscar—in fact, he was nominated only once, as Best Director for 1941’s SERGEANT YORK (both he and Orson Welles lost to John Ford that year)—but his Mr. and Mrs. Hitchcock ..........................10 critical stature grew over the 1960s and '70s, even as his career was winding down, and in 1975 the Academy awarded him an honorary Oscar, declaring Hawks “a giant of the Environmental Film Festival ....................11 American cinema whose pictures, taken as a whole, represent one of the most consistent, Loretta Young Centennial .......................12 vivid and varied bodies of work in world cinema.” Howard Hawks, Part 2 continues in April. Special Engagements ....................13, 14 Courtesy of Everett Collection Calendar ...............................................15 “I consider Howard Hawks to be the greatest American director.
    [Show full text]
  • WED 5 SEP Home Home Box Office Mcr
    THE DARK PAGESUN 5 AUG – WED 5 SEP home home box office mcr. 0161 200 1500 org The Killing, 1956 Elmore Leonard (1925 – 2013) The Killer Inside Me being undoubtedly the most Born in Dallas but relocating to Detroit early in his faithful. My favourite Thompson adaptation is Maggie A BRIEF NOTE ON THE GLOSSARY OF life and becoming synonymous with the city, Elmore Greenwald’s The Kill-Off, a film I tried desperately hard Leonard began writing after studying literature and to track down for this season. We include here instead FILM SELECTIONS FEATURED WRITERS leaving the navy. Initially working in the western genre Kubrick’s The Killing, a commissioned adaptation of in the 1950s (Valdez Is Coming, Hombre and Three- Lionel White’s Clean Break. The best way to think of this season is perhaps Here is a very brief snapshot of all the writers included Ten To Yuma were all filmed), Leonard switched to Raymond Chandler (1888 – 1959) in the manner of a music compilation that offers in the season. For further reading it is very much worth crime fiction and became one of the most prolific and a career overview with some hits, a couple of seeking out Into The Badlands by John Williams, a vital Chandler had an immense stylistic influence on acclaimed practitioners of the genre. Martin Amis and B-sides and a few lesser-known curiosities and mix of literary criticism, geography, politics and author American popular literature, and is considered by many Stephen King were both evangelical in their praise of his outtakes.
    [Show full text]
  • Ow Video Arrow Arrow Video Arrow Vi Arrow Video
    VIDEO VIDEO ARROW VIDEO ARROW VIDEO VIDEO ARROW VIDEO VIDEO ARROW VIDEO ARROW VIDEO ARROW VIDEO ARROW VIDEO ARROW VIDEO ARROW VIDEO ARROW ARROW VIDEO ARROW ARROW VIDEO 1 ARROW VIDEO ARROW ARROW VIDEO VIDEO ARROW VIDEO ARROW VIDEO VIDEO ARROW VIDEO VIDEO ARROW VIDEO ARROW VIDEO ARROW VIDEO ARROW VIDEO ARROW VIDEO ARROW VIDEO ARROW ARROW VIDEO ARROW ARROW VIDEO 2 ARROW VIDEO CONTENTS 4 7 Cast and Crew ARROW Pom Poms and Politics (2016) 20 by Cullen Gallagher About the Restoration ARROW 3 VIDEO VIDEO ARROW VIDEO ARROW VIDEO VIDEO ARROW VIDEO VIDEO ARROW VIDEO CAST AND CREW ARROW VIDEO ARROW VIDEO Ron HajekRainbeaux • Ric SmithCarrott • •Colleen Jason SommersCamp • Rosanne • Ian Sander Katon StarringA Jack Jo Johnston Hill Film ARROW ARROWalso starring VIDEO Jack Denton • John Quade • Bob Minor VIDEO with Mae Mercer And George Wallace director of photography ARROW Alfred Taylor, ARROW VIDEO edited by Mort Tubor William Castleman & Willam Loose A.R.P.S. music by Robinsonproduction Boyce designed& B.B. Neel by Jane Witherspoon & Betty Conkey ARROW VIDEOwritten by ARROW produced by John Prizer directed by Jack Hill ARROW VIDEO 4 ARROW VIDEO ARROW ARROW 5 VIDEO VIDEO ARROW VIDEO ARROW POM POMS AND POLITICS VIDEO by Cullen Gallagher Romancing – and romanticising – the modern girl has been a preoccupation with American cinema from its inception. The first two decades of cinema saw numerous butterfly and serpentine dancers wiggling across the screen (and often these short films were hand- coloured to accentuate their alluring, scintillating, and fantastic qualities). The 1910s saw ARROW hordes of bathing beauties invading the screen (thank you, Mack Sennett); the 1920s had VIDEO their flappersVIDEO and vamps, while the 1930s had chorus girls and gold diggers; Betty Grable and other pin-ups inspired troops during the 1940s; beat girls, bombshells and femme fatales were the ‘it’ girls of the 1950s; and the 1960s began with beach babes and ended with The Stewardesses (1969).
    [Show full text]
  • She's a Whole Lotta Woman. Pam Grier
    Lataya Lattany 6th Period April 24, 2017 She’s A Whole Lotta Woman. Pam Grier “I do a movie once every four years and they call it a comeback.” Synopsis Pamela Suzette Grier is an American actress. She was born on May 26, 1949 and she is currently 67 years old. She is known for being in movies such as The Big Bird Cage, Coffy, Foxy Brown, and Sheba Baby. Early Life Pam was born in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Her mom was a nurse and her dad was an Air Force mechanic. She also had three siblings. Due to her father being in the military, she moved around a lot. She eventually settled in Denver and went to East High School. She participated in stage productions and she entered beauty contests to earn money for college. After she graduated from high school, she went to Metropolitan State College. Movies In 1970, Pam was a character in Beyond the Valley of the Dolls after moving to Los Angeles to go to film school and being discovered by Jack Hill. This marked the start of her acting career. Over time, Pam starred in movies such as Jackie Brown, The Big Doll House, and Above the Law. She also was in movies such as Ghost in Mars and Bones in the early 2000s. Because of her roles in movies, she was nominated for and won many awards. She was mainly in blaxploitation movies which geared towards black audiences and showcased their stereotypes. Pam’s Global Impact Millions of people have watched Pam Grier movies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Problem of Female Antagonisms in Blaxploitation Cinema Melissa
    1 Who’s Got the “Reel” Power? The Problem of Female Antagonisms in Blaxploitation Cinema Melissa DeAnn Seifert, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Abstract: Between 1973 and 1975, films starring Pam Grier and Tamara Dobson such as Cleopatra Jones (Jack Starrett, 1973), Coffy (Jack Hill, 1973) and Foxy Brown (Hill, 1974) introduced leading black women into the predominantly male blaxploitation scene as aggressive action heroines. Within the cinematic spaces of blaxploitation films which featured women as active agents, a racial and sexual divide exists. These films positioned women either inside or outside of gender tolerability by utilising binary constructions of identity based on race, sex and elementary constructions of good and evil, black and white, straight and gay, and feminine and butch. Popular representations of lesbianism and sisterhood within blaxploitation cinema reflect a dominant social view of American lesbianism as white while straight women are consistently represented as black. However, these spaces also constricted black and white female identities by limiting sexuality and morality to racial boundaries. This article seeks to question the unique solitude of these female heroines and interrogate a patriarchal cinematic world where sisterhood is often prohibited and lesbianism demonised. I don’t believe in [women’s lib] for black people … we’re trying to free our black men … I like being a woman. I have been discriminated against, but not because I’m a woman. It’s because I am black … before [people] see me as being female, they see me as being black. The stigma that’s been placed on you because you’re black gives you enough kill to get you through the woman thing … it’s much tougher being black than being a woman.
    [Show full text]
  • Pertaining to Justin Chin's "Undetectable"
    Pertaining to Justin Chin's "Undetectable" PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Wed, 26 Aug 2009 16:14:57 UTC Contents Articles Viral load 1 Fantastic Voyage 3 B movie 10 Blight 39 References Article Sources and Contributors 40 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 41 Article Licenses License 42 Viral load 1 Viral load Viral load is a measure of the severity of a viral infection, and can be calculated by estimating the amount of virus in an involved body fluid. For example, it can be given in RNA copies per milliliter of blood plasma. Determination of viral load is part of the therapy monitoring during chronic viral infections, and in immunocompromised patients such as those recovering from bone marrow or solid organ transplantation. Currently, routine testing is available for HIV-1, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus. HIV viral load test Several different HIV viral load tests have been developed, and three are currently approved for use in the US: • Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor test (Hoffman-La Roche), better known as the PCR test • NucliSens HIV-1 QT, or NASBA (bioMerieux) • Versant/Quantiplex HIV-1 RNA, or bDNA (Chiron/Bayer) These tests have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States for use in monitoring the health of people with HIV, in conjunction with other markers. Higher numbers in the viral load tests indicate an increased risk of getting sick from opportunistic diseases. These tests are also approved for monitoring the effects of anti-HIV therapy, to track viral suppression and detect treatment failure.
    [Show full text]
  • The South According to Quentin Tarantino
    University of Mississippi eGrove Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2015 The South According To Quentin Tarantino Michael Henley University of Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Henley, Michael, "The South According To Quentin Tarantino" (2015). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 887. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/887 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE SOUTH ACCORDING TO QUENTIN TARANTINO A Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of the Center for the Study of Southern Culture The University of Mississippi by MICHAEL LEE HENLEY August 2015 Copyright Michael Lee Henley 2015 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT This thesis explores the filmmaker Quentin Tarantino’s portrayal of the South and southerners in his films Pulp Fiction (1994), Death Proof (2007), and Django Unchained (2012). In order to do so, it explores and explains Tarantino’s mixture of genres, influences, and filmmaking styles in which he places the South and its inhabitants into current trends in southern studies which aim to examine the South as a place that is defined by cultural reproductions, lacking authenticity, and cultural distinctiveness. Like Godard before him, Tarantino’s movies are commentaries on film history itself. In short, Tarantino’s films actively reimagine the South and southerners in a way that is not nostalgic for a “southern way of life,” nor meant to exploit lower class whites.
    [Show full text]