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THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, MARINE HABITATS, and CHARACTERISTICS... Download 846.8 KB Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement No. 59: 9-13 (2000). THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, MARINE HABITATS, AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MARINE FAUNA F.E. Wells and P.F. Berry Western Australian Museum, Francis Street, Perth, Western Australia 6000, Australia The Physical Environment In broad morphological terms, the Montebello The geography, physiography, climate and Islands and associated reefs resemble the shape of oceanography of the region have been summarised an arrowhead, comprising a central "chain" of by Deegan (1992). These are discussed below in islands with unusually irregular or convolu.ted relation to how they affect habitats and fauna. coastlines lying on a north-south axis. These islands The sea surface temperature range of 20-33°C are in close proximity to one another and are places the Montebellos within Ekman's (1976) separated by narrow channels, which generally run tropical zone, delineated from the subtropical zone east-west. The northernmost island in this chain by the 20°C minimum isotherm. In terms of (Northwest Island) forms the apex and from it an biogeographical provinces, determined principally almost unbroken barrier reef runs to the south-west by water temperature, the Montebellos fall within and a large elongate island (Trimouille Island) and the Dampierian or Northern Australian Tropical series of smaller islands runs to the south-east Province (Wilson and AlIen, 1987). (Figure 1). The quantity and quality of suspended particulate matter is an important environmental parameter for marine organisms. The waters of the Montebellos Marine Habitats are little influenced by terrigenous sediments from The geomorphology provides an unusually high the mainland or the islands themselves because diversity of habitat types, including protected there is insignificant freshwater runoff in the area. lagoons, embayments, mangroves, channels, rocky Most turbidity is the result of wave action due to and sandy shores and coral reefs. The total shoreline the shallowness of the area and the high tidal range; of infratidal land within the Montebellos is turbidity conditions of the Montebellos are typical approximately 210 km in length and is significantly of the mid-shelf and are unlike those of the atolls on longer if the margins of intertidal areas, particularly the outer shelf edge, such as the Rowley Shoals; the western barrier reef, are included. An extensive, which are typically oceanic. The semi-diurnal tidal shallow intertidal zone is therefore contained within regime, with a moderately high range at springs a relatively small total area, making it more (3.5 m), also contributes to turbidity at the vulnerable to cyclones or oil spillages than the Montebellos. intertidal zone on a straighter coastline, such as is An important physical environmental factor typical along much of the Pilbara coast. influencing the marine fauna in shallow water at The following major benthic physical the Montebellos is the frequency of occurrence of environmental units and dominant or conspicuous tropical cyclones. Examination of cyclone tracks biotas occur at the Montebellos: provided by the Bureau of Meteorology showed Exposed benthic habitat. The exposed benthic that in the 16 years between 1977/78 and 1991/92 a habitat near the Montebellos is a region of relatively total of 9 cyclones passed within approximately 1° high wave and current energy. The survey of the islands, an average of 0.6 per year. The concentrated on the area to the west of the islands. marine biota, particularly of shallow and intertidal In the shallows near the reef the bottom is areas, is therefore subject to frequent natural composed of extensive areas of exposed limestone perturbation. Communities are consequently likely pavement and reef, interspersed with smaller to be either resilient or transient. An example of the patches where a thin veneer of sand overlies the latter is the tabular Acropora on the western barrier pavement. The water is relatively clear, particularly reef flat, the distribution and percentage cover of compared with the lagoon and channels. The which appears to be particularly dynamic, possibly pavement is covered by dense macroalgal growth, as a result of cyclones. Probable recent cyclone especially of Sargassum, with scattered colonies of damage evident in shallow areas of the lagoons hard and soft corals, sponges and the ascidian during the survey, may have resulted from cyclones Polycarpa clavata. All of these taxa are adapted to "Ian" (Feb /March 1992), "llona" (December 1988) being able to adhere to the bottom during periods and/or "Orson" (April 1989). of high swell and wave action. Diversity is reduced 10 F.E. Wells, P.F. Berry in this region. An extensive area of coral bombies characterised by high turbidity and very high and high relief limestone outcrops with high coral current energy, resulting in coarse sand and rubble cover occur towards the south-east of the group. substrates in the intertidal zone with extensive Barrier reef. The barrier reef occurs along the exposures of limestone pavement when scouring western edge of the Montebellos, some 3 km from occurs. Scattered hard coral colonies are found on the islands in the north, increasing to 8 km in the all rocky-sided channels and in some, fringing coral south. The barrier reef extends approximately 12 reefs occur. Subtidally the substrate becomes a mud km from north to south and is characterised by very bottom. high wave energy. The outer reef slope is not steep Intertidal shorelines. Shorelines are rocky or and, where examined, was not dissected by spur sandy, depending on their degree of exposure to and groove formations, but became progressively wave and/or current energy. Rocky shores more broken with depth. The reef crest is indistinct; predominate at the Montebellos with typically a 2-4 in some places it has boulder accumulations, but m high intertidal cliff present. The cliff may he there is no rubble crest. A typical reef flat, largely heavily undercut. As is usual for rocky shores, composed of consolidated coral slabs interspersed diversity is lowest in the upper intertidal and with sand, drops off steeply in parts where patch increases down the shore. The rock oyster Saccostrea reefs occur. Several large breaks in the reef form cuccullata is particularly abundant and forms a deep channels. Tabular Acropora spp. reach their conspicuous zone in many areas. There may be a highest percentage cover on the edges of some of rich diversity of invertebrates utilising the habitat these channels and isolated patches of 100% cover created by the presence of the oysters. In the lower were recorded. Despite the high abundance of coral, intertidal the cliff gives way abruptly to a flat diversity of corals is low. The central region is platform. The platform surface is typically somewhat deeper than elsewhere. In this section of limestone, but may be overlain by a layer of fine the reef dense Sargassum covers hard substratum silt. Isolated rocks which have fallen off the cliff are with small Acropora colonies scattered throughout. present in many areas. Lagoon,. This is divided into two sections: (i) a Sandy beaches are not as common as rocky shallow western lagool1, bounded by .the western shores. The Montebello Islands are a major nesting barrier reef on the west and by the central island area for thegl'een turtl~, with over 100 individuals chain on the east and (ii) a deeper eastern lagoon having been sighted in a single afternoon on bounded by Trimouille Island and the series of Trimouille Island where one of the atomic tests was islets on the east and the central island chain on the conducted (Wells, pers. obs.). Hawksbill turtles also west. Both the western and eastern lagoons are breed on the islands (CALM, 1994). Apart from shallowest and most protected in the north and turtles, the marine fauna of the intertidal sand become progressively deeper and more exposed to beaches is impoverished. The ghost crab Ocypode the south. The lagoons, particularly in the north, are ceratophthalma is common on many of the sandy characterised by relatively high turbidity and low beaches. wave and current energy, resulting in extensive Intertidal environments in the protected bays are areas of sand substratum. subject mainly to tidal energy and are characterised Extensive monospecific stands of the brown by fine, soft sandy substrates of low organic macroalga Turbinaria and large isolated colonies of content. Some bays contain simple mangrove the coral Porites cylindrica characterise the northern communities, either consisting of narrow fringes of lagoon. Sandy substrates support sparse seagrass Avicennia marina or A. marina in association with cover (no dense monospecific stands were Bruguiera exaristata, Ceriops tagal and/or Rhizophora encountered) comprised of six species: Cymodocea stylosa (see below). Turbidity may be higher where angustata, Halophila ovalis, H. spinulosa, H. ova ta, mangroves are present. The bays are important Thalassia hemprickii and Syringodium isoetifolium. nursery areas in which juvenile fishes are Dominant algae on sand are sparse, spreading particularly abundant. Caulerpa spp and, in more exposed areas on rubble The fauna on the intertidal sandy substrates is and rock, dense stands of Sargassum spp. Small diverse and abundant. It is dominated by molluscs, colonies of hard corals and sponges are scattered crustaceans and polychaete worms (not surveyed). throughout the lagoon. The stalked ascidian Echinoderms may also be a major component of the . Polycarpa clavata is ubiquitous and conspicuous. The fauna in these areas. sandy substrates are inhabited by numerous species Mangroves. Mangroves are trees and shrubs which of bivalve molluscs and are rich in echinoderms. live in the mid to upper intertidal zones of Channels. Channels are one of the key habitats in protected tropical and subtropical bays and the centre of the island chain, and connect the estuaries. In Western Australia mangroves are most eastern and western lagoons. Stephenson Channel diverse (16 species) and occupy the greatest areas in is an exception in that it is a blind channel leading the Kimberley region.
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