Striking Power of the Fleet in 1980 Copley Press

The United States Navy: A Look Ahead to 1980 RIVERO-GRIFFIN-MORSE-McCAlN MILLER-BENSON & HElNL VOL. 7, NO. 11 NOVEMBER, 1964

The Civilian VOICE of the Navy

Official Publication of THE NAVY LEAGUE of the UNITED STATES The Civilian ARM of the Navy THE MAGAZINE OF SEA POWER

1 Features Advertisers The Fleet of 1980 Chrysler Corp...... C-2 By ADMIRALHORACIO RIVERO, JR., USN ...... 6 Striking Power of the Fleet in 1980 Copley Press ...... C-3 By ADMIRALCHARLES D. GRIFFIN,USN ...... -...... 12 Research and Future Fleet Operations Lyton Kistler ...... 50 By DR. ROBERTW. MORSE...... 16 McDonnell Aircraft ...... C-4 The Amphibious Force of 1980 By VICE ADMIRALJOHN S. MCCAIN,JR., USN ...... 20 United Aircraft Corp...... 11

Problems of National Strategy in the 1980's Vacuum Can Co...... 19 By REARADMIRAL GEORGE A. MILLER,USN ...... 23 'Rip Van Winkle Looks at Submarines-1980' Westinghouse Electric Corp...... 26-27 By REARADMIRAL ROY S. BENSON,USN 29 Unification and the Navy in 1980 By COLONELR. D. HEINL,JR., USMC (Ret.) 33 NAVY-The Magazine of Sea Power Eastern Sectional Meeting Set for San Juan ...... 40 Second-Class postage poid at Washington, D. C. Pub- Daspit Calls on his NRTC Skippers to lished monthly by the Navy Leogue of the United States, Support Naval Sea Cadet Program ...... 41 818 Eighteenth Street, N.W., Washington, D. C. This magazine is classified by the Library of Congress call Departments number: VA-49-N28. The President's Message ...... 2 @ Navy League of the United States, 1964 Mail Call-Letters to the Editor ...... 3 Reprinting by permission The. coop . & Scuttle ...... 4 Editorial ...... 5 Editorial, Subscription and Advertising Portrait-Rear Admiral John K. Leydon, USN ...... 37 Correspondence to Navy League of the A Report on the Sea Cadets ...... 43 US., 818 Eighteenth St., N.W., Washing- With the Marines ...... 45 ton, D. C., 20006, Telephone, 298-9282. The Detroit Women's Council ...... 48 News of Councils-Around the World ...... 49 Annual Membership includes one year's Membership ...... 52 subscription. NAVY LEAGUE OF THE UNITED STATES Founded 1902 Subscription $3.00 per year. 818 EIGHTEENTH STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON, D. C. 20006 National President ...... ROBERTH. BARNUM Single copies 25c. Special issues 50c. NATIONAL VICE PRESIDENTS JAMESS. COPLEY CHARLESF. DUCHEIN LEOI. PORETT The Navy League is an independent, civilian organiza- FRANCISB. CROCCO MORGANL. FITCH,JR. JOHNA. SUTRO tion. Statements contained herein have no official sanc- GORDONC. DEWEY SANFORDC. FLINT HAROLDE. WIRTH tion or opproval by the Novy Deportment. ASAE. PHILLIPS,JR. National Treasurer ...... GEORGE0. SCHWEINHAUT National Assistant Treasurer ...... JACK WILD Editor .. L. EDGARPRINA National Assistant Treasurer ...... PRESTONV. MERCER Advertising G Bus. Mgr. . R. A. HARRISON National judge Advocate ...... WILLIAMBLUM, JR. National Deputy judge Advocate ...... J. PAULLMARSHALL Art Director ...... THOMASB. MURPHY National Deputy Judge Advocate ...... WEAVERW. DUNNAN Executive Assistant to the National President (Executive Director) ...... RICHARDA. HARRISON National Advertising Representative Executive Secretary ...... EVELYNM. COLLINS THOMAS0. WOOLF,JR. Executive Assistant to the National President (NAVY) L. EDGARPRINA Director of Council Activities ...... DAVIDN. MOREY woolf/fils Inc. NATIONAL ADVISORY COUNCIL P. 0. Box 275 ROBERTCROWN (Chairman) Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877 E. ROBERTANDERSON F. KENNETHEASTER WILFREDJ. MCNEIL GEORGEW. ANDERSON,JR. W. M. FECHTELER ROBERTB. PIRIE Code 203 438-2696 ROBERTB. ANDERSON WILLIAMB. FRANKE JAMESM. ROSS JOHN J. BERCEN JOSEPHF. GRENFELL RUDOLPHA. SCHOENECKER CHAUNCEYB. BORLAND SHERLOCKD. HACKLEY IRVINGSEAMAN BARRYBRANNEN GEORGES. HALAS REGINALDSINCLAIRE NATIONAL PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE ARLEIGHA. BURKE FRANKA. HECHT WILLIAMR. SMEDBERG111 ROBERTB. CARNEY EDWARDC. HOLDEN.JR. C. HORTONSMITH Donald M. Mackie Joseph F. Callo, Jr. J. J. CLARK FRANKGARD JAMESON CARLG. STOCKHOLM SYDNEYS. CLARK PETERD. JOERS JOHN L. SULLIVAN Honorary Chairman Chairman WINIFREDQUICK COLLINS DAN A. KIMBALL W. PAULTHAYER JOHN B. CONNALLY FREDKORTH CHARLESS. THOMAS Harold Wirth Jay Scott JAMESP. CROWDER JOHN S. LEAHY,JR. ALEONSOVALDES Louls DXNTUD DONALD M. MACKIE HAROLDWATERWOR~ RORKRTL. D~NISON JOHN MARSHALL CHARLESWELLBORN. JR. Thomas Sprague W. Paul Thayer FEEDJ. DREW JACKR. MCKKNZIE GEORGEWINGFIELD, JR. Matkr printed henin doas not necessarily represent the opinion of the publishers. Laurence F. Farrell By ADM CHARLES D. GRIFFIN, USN Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Naval Forces, Europe ERHAPS the best way to In considering the entire tacti- Pgrasp the idea of how the cal picture of this hypothetical Navy of tomorrow will operate is problem the reader must bear in to take a hypothetical military mind that by 1980 many coun- problem and put it in a 1980 tries may have nuclear military setting. capability, much of which will be Let us assume it is 15 years seaborne. It is a reasonable as- hence, no major World War in- sumption the future will see most volving the wholesale exchange nations maintaining their nuclear of nuclear weapons has occurred, striking forces at sea to minimize and that a small nation, torn by the risk of destruction by asso- internal disorders, faces a threat- ciation with continental bases. ened take-over by a militant would- Thus, in executing his mission. be dictator. The incumbent gov- the task force commander is virtu- ernment has called on the United ally self-sufficient and, tactically, States for assistance and has asked must deploy his ships against an American forces to land to restore ever-present threat of a counter- order and preserve the status quo. member that 15 years from now strike by seaborne forces. there is a possibility that there The odds are that our hypotheti- Growing Nuclear Club will be no nearby overseas bases cal commander will be directing A naval task force, complete to "back up" such a landing. This operations from a nuclear-powered with striking and amphibious is indicated by the present world- carrier-a CVA(N). forces, steams at high speed to- wide growing nationalism and the Our tactician of 1980 will not wards the objective area. In reluctance of smaller nations to be- be pacing the bridge, peering envisioning this task force bar- come involved in the cold war through binoculars, or taking mes- relling-in, it is important to re- struggles of the major powers. sages in the flag plot, and anxi- ously scanning his deployment on plastic status boards. Instead his command post will look more like the control panel of a TV studio. and he will be sitting in front of an organ-like console which will house the switches of a battery of computers. As his task force slices along at better than 40 knots, the commander will know from his computer-operated Naval Tactical Data System all pertinent information on which to predicate decisions. With background information having previously been fed into the A slibstantial number of the Nav~l's NTDS, and with current data on ai~tisubmarinesurface ships ore libel!/ a steady in-put basis, the computer to be nuclear powered by the 1980s. will supply instant information Above, the coin~entionallz/ propelled destroyer escort USS BRONSTEIN, ranging from weather and unit armed with the ASROC missile and guns. dispositions to recommended weapons to be employed. Tied to JCS The information constantly coming up on the commander's Tac- tical Data System will be appearing concurrently on a similar console at the war room of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The JCS also will be feed- ing into the commander's NTDS information about matters outside of his immediate operating cogni- zance but pertinent to his strike. The odds are that this commander of the future will be able to talk to the captains of the other units afloat with something like Hydrofoils,as well as air cushior~vehicles, hold promise for naval applicntions. Abozle the HIGH a "scramble vision" device-a com- POINT. the Navy's first operational Itgdrofoil, iu munication system which does not shozun during ksts offthe Waslaiizgton State disclose a ship's position as signals coast. The 110-toil craft was built for the Bureau are bounced off the moon or a sat- of Ships hy the Boeing Company. It is designed ellite. He will also be in continous to exceed 50 miles an hour. communication with higher eche- By 1980 rocketry will be in such identified aircraft, surface ships. lons of command. an advanced stage of development submarines or missiles. By the same token all the units and with such a high degree of Some of the submarines will in the task force will continuously accuracy that aircraft will no carry their weapon packages ex- know their exact position by com- longer be the sole instrument for ternally, much as planes do today, puter "sightings" on navigation direct enemy strikes. Instead, many and they will come alongside re- satellites or atomic powered posi- of the aircraft, shorn of their plenishment ships to change their tion buoys on the floor of the heavy armament, will be faster, type of armament to conform with ocean. more far ranging, and will play the assigned task. The cruisers Greater Missile Accuracies the role of "eyes and ears" for the will have the capability of shoot- Other than minor refinements task force. The commander, with ing down satellites. this task force, externally, will not a flick of the switch, will be able When it comes time for the look much different from the to see on a myriad of TV screens landing, troops will be whizzed to newer ships that have been the electronic camera playback the beaches by hydrofoils, hover- launched within the last two years. from each of his airborne units. craft and helicopters. And it is There will, of course, be opera- Other aircraft will have the job a pretty safe guess that Marines tional and technique differences. of flashing early warning of un- will be going in with rocket packs affixed to their backs for individual terrain maneuvering. Frogmen will have preceded the landing troops, utilizing laser equipment for undetected signalling back to the ships. Does this sound a bit like Buck Rogers? Not at all. Nearly every- thing I have described about this 1980 task force is in various stages of experimental development in the Navy. Some are already operational and many more will be in the fleet within 15 years. A Matter of Evolution None of the things I have described for the Navy of the future is revolutionary. All are evolutionary. If proof of this point is required, a look at the Navy today should be convincing. Many ships still operating effectively were planned and constructed 20 or more years ago. It is a reasonable assumption that many units at sea today will still be operational in One of the most perplexing orderly building and research and 1980 and later. problems which confronts naval development programs with spe- As I look back over my own planners and decision makers is cific and local objectives designed career in the Navy, spanning more that of determining what the size to serve both short-term require- than 41 years, and stop to realize and character of our Navy should ments and long-term estimates. that the old biplane Boeing F4B be in the future. Decisions made It is, of course, a practical im- was the popular carrier fighter now with respect to allocation of possibility to look as far into the when I was training as a naval research funds, weapons systems future as 1980 and determine with aviator, and then compare it with development and current ship- complete confidence the size and the supersonic craft of today, it building programs will have a composition of fleets we will need gives one pause even to hazard profound influence on the striking then-or be able to have. guesses .about the future. Even so, power of our fleets in 1980. No one can forecast precisely I think the "family resemblance" the direction international political of the Navy of the future will be Better Than Ever events will take, the military much like its 1965 counterpart. Thus, the hypothetical task force threats we will face, economic Broadly, the same type of forces that I described is not blue sky trends, or the course and speed of will be required. However, as I thinking. These things are coming technological progress. There are. sought to point out via the illustra- into being. There are others as however, distinct overall trends tion of the hypothetical task force, well-developments which remain and developments which provide the changes in 1980 will range classified information. What it all good guidelines for our nation's from the subtle to the dramatic. adds up to is that the Navy will naval requirements of the future. When I refer to the "family re- grow steadily in sophistication and Let me attempt to forecast some semblance" I mean the broad func- deadliness to provide, in 1980, un- of the politico-military environ- tion. It is certainly true that the dreamed of naval striking power ment in which our fleets will oper- difference between the guided mis- which will be more flexible, more ate 15 years from now. sile cruiser USS ALBANY of today survivable and more devastating The Communist Factor and the USS CHESTER in which than heretofore. I served in the early 30's is, in To ensure that every dollar in- Of major influence in shaping many ways, like night and day. vested today will still pay divi- the 1980 environment will be the Yet the family resemblance-as a dends 15 years from now, the ever-present influence of interna- type of warship-remains. This is crystal ball used by naval planners tional communism. In spite of re- why I stress the evolutionary as- must be of unusually high clarity. current claims to the contrary and. pect when trying to forecast to- Today's decisions and budgetary indeed, intermittent "thaws" in the morrow's Navy. requests must be directed towards cold war, world domination re- Altkouglz n~tclearpropulsion for mains a fundamental objective of less, world instability. There will surface sltips will reduce the international communism. be a continuing requirement for replenislzment-at-sen uolt~meof There is no reason to expect this flcel. there still 7uill be a hig the United States (and its allies) need for no bile ldqistics irz the objective will have been abandoned to be able to move quickly into 1980's for food, supplies, spare by 1980, particularly since it has widely separated and remote parts parts, ammunition and weapons. been restated and re-emphasized of the globe. The 53.000-ton Fast Combat repeatedly by Communist leaders. Support Ship USS SACRAMENTO The Threat Will Be There (AOE-I), center, and the two We should heed their statements. partially automated cargo stores Concurrent with the pressure of The population explosion will ships USS MARS (AFS-I)and communism there will be the ever- undoubtedly intensify economic USS SYLVANIA (AFS-2) condltct increasing problen~of nationalism and social problems. It can be replenishmen t-at-sea trials off San Diego. in many nations of the world. This expected that established major is particularly true in Asia, Africa, Communist nations will exploit the Middle East and, to a growing these conditions to penetrate and extent, Latin America. subvert. It would seem likely. In their efforts to assert their therefore. that in 1980 there will new-found independence and find be continuing unrest, tension and solutions to their many problems, turmoil. these nations are reluctant to be- Not to be overlooked is the fact come involved in the cold war that superimposed on this world of struggles of the major powers, or tension and conflict will be a stra- to be subjected, over a long period tegic nuclear threat to the United The Navy of 1980 will featltrc States itself. Although some prog- manrl more nuclear-po7uerecl of time, to the predominant in- surface ships. Hcre is the fluences of any foreign power. ress has been made toward the Uilitctl States' first i~itclcar Thus they are becoming increas- casing of tension between this task force, co~nposedof thc ingly reluctant to host foreign country and the Soviet Union, AS missile cruiser USS L,ONC BEACH military bases. exemplified by the atmospheric (top), the aircraft carrier USS ENTERPRISE atld tlic missile Yet factors at work throughout friqnte USS BAlhrBRIDCE. the world portend greater, and not Continued on page 46 not be told without detailing the that the Corps has performed many And so today, in our Birthday development of special equipment functions and tasks-only one of month, the Marine Corps stands as and techniques, and space does not which is amphibious operations. It a bulkwark for Freedom, the na- permit this here. Suffice it to say recently fought as part of a land tion's "Force in Readiness". With 189 that the Marine Corps is still develop- army in Korea. It still has security years of experience behind us, we ing equipment and techniques that forces all over the world. Its air project our plans into the future, will keep the United States pre- elements are even now helping at with new weapons, new tactics, but eminent in the art and science of least one friendly nation defend it- with the same old-fashioned breed amphibious warfare. self against Communist insurgents. of trained Marines-ready now to From the foregoing thumbnail his- It is training the troops of allied guarantee the freedom of us all. tory of the Marine Corps it is obvious nations.

also retain readiness to counter Com- clear missile strength to sea in PO- munist thrusts with operations not laris submarines will continue. necessarily dependent for success on It is probable that by 1980 tech- nuclear weapons. Our national se- nology will permit both the United curity, accordingly, demands that, in States and the U.S.S.R. to acquire addition to adequate and secure nu- missiles with a high degree of ac- clear retaliatory power in the strategic curacy at any range at less cost sense, we possess forces which cAn than required to build the hardened Continued from page 15 be used with discrimination, restraint land-based missile sites necessary to and precision. survive attack by these accurate mis- test ban treaty, it would be foolhardy siles. If this is the case, an attempt Bigger Role for Navy in the extreme to assume the next to place major reliance on fixed land- 15 years will see the disappearance of Furthermore, our military posture based missile systems with assured a nuclear threat to our own shores. must be such that we can bring our survivability would put us in an Claims of peaceful coexistence, as forces to bear in any area of the economic race we could not win. On Communists define it, is highly de- world promptly and without major the other hand, we will still require ceptive. And by 1980 other nations reliance on an extensive overseas some fixed and protected installations will have developed nuclear weapons. base structure. With consideration to provide adequate diversification. What this means is that the Navy for the power of modern weapons, Also, by 1980, the population den- of the future will be operating in an it would appear that the bulk of sities and the complexities of highly environment in which the struggle United States Armed Forces should industrialized society will argue con- against communism undoubtedly will be composed of these so-called "con- vincingly for moving most strategic be continuing. ventional" forces. It goes without nuclear retaliatory forces from the Keeping up our guard means that saying that we must preserve the continental United States to sea to our strategic nuclear forces must be national will to use these forces when minimize the risk of destruction of maintained. improved and modern- situations so demand. cities and industrial facilities by ized regularly to deter the U.S.S.R. It becomes self-evident that the association. and any other nation from being Navy of 1980 will have an increas- Thus, the Polaris submarine . sys- tempted to launch nuclear attacks ingly large, part to play in achieving tem, favored by its unparalleled vir- against our homeland. the American military posture to face tues of mobility, concealment and In doing so we must avoid placing any and all threats. The impelling survivability, will continue to be of ourselves in the iron maiden of nu- strategic reasons which already have top strategic importance in 1980. clear inflexibility because we must resulted in moving some of our nu- Polaris missiles in surface ships, while not providing all the advantages of the submarine system, also will become important as nuclear deterrent/retaliatory forces. Such forces are feasible, relatively economical and necessary for modernization of the Free World's strategic nuclear deterrent forces. Importance of Marines A most important characteristic of our naval forces, and of the attack aircraft carrier and Marine amphibious forces in particular, which will become more valuable and more sought after in .the future, is their There will be, the Navy hopes, other n~iclear-poweredaircraft carriers to keep effectivity throughout the entire spec- the giant USS ENTERPRISE company by 1980-and perhaps a good deal trum of warfare possibilities-cold, earlier than that. Above, an F4H Phantom I1 catapults from the deck of limited and general. Additionally, ENTERPRISE. naval striking forces of the future, with inherent mobile logistic support, ship speed, load carrying capability in 1980 will have much higher speed will continue to enable us to project and techniques for rapidly putting capabilities, both in carrying out American military power virtually to assault troops ashore. More emphasis replenishments and transit time. all troubled areas of the world with- undoubtedly will be placed on the They will have lighter and more out regard to foreign bases. LPH-type ship with improved heli- efficient handling equipment. Some Attack aircraft carriers will con- copters to give increased capabilities undoubtedly will have today's dif- tinue to be the backbone of our flexi- for rapid airlift of Marines to "be- erent types combined into one hull. ble naval power. Exploding tech- yond-the-beach" areas. NIuch higher But whatever type of ship we dis- nology will increase the potency of speed landing craft. such as hydro- cuss, it becomcs quite evident that this system. In this connection it foil and hovercraft, will be developed. the Navy of 1980 will have a decided is important to note that, excluding family resemblance to its 1965 coun- Improved Submarines the Soviet Union, nearly 90 per cent terpart. It goes without saying our of the remaining area of the world Nuclear-powered submarines will Navy will kecp pace with advancing lies within 500 miles of the sea. continue to be an essential part of technologv as well as with world This is a geographic fact of life the 1980 Navy. Their unique capa- environmental trends. The Navy has which underscores the important role bilities are well known. And within done so in the past. There is no the Navy will continue to play in the next 15 years they will be capa- reason to believe that it will be other- 1980. ble of operating at substantially wise in the future. We should expect that by 1980 the greater depth, at higher underwater speeds and with less noise emission. flexibility, staying power and self- The Key: Officers and Men defense capability of our attack car- The Navy of the future cannot be rier forces will be greatly enhanced sketched without mention of our vital And even if we cannot forecast by the introduction into the fleets of anti-submarine forces. For both Navy precisely the direction of intenla- more nuclear-powered carriers. They and Merchant Marinc reasons, great tional political events in the next will be, in all probability. about the research and development effort will 15 yeah, Ihew are t\vo rliings nfc size of the FORRESTAL class, with be required in the future. We can can be crrtciirr of in 1980-first: that greatly improved aircraft handling also expect to reap much benefit as thc geography of the earth, three- and maintenance facilities, aviation a by-product of space exploration. fourths of which is watcr. will not fuel and ammunition capacities, elec- particularly in the field of super-sen- be substantially changed, and sec- tronics, tactical data handling equip- sitive instruments. Perhaps a major ond: that naval power will depend- ment and sea-keeping qualities. breakthrough in underwater detec- just as it does today-mainly on tion will come from this source per- the officers and men who serve in Faster Weapons for Planes mitting greatly improved detection the Navy. The material aspects of Speed of embarked aircraft will capabilities in aircraft. Even without our Navy surely will change-but keep pace with technology. Speed it, steady progress \\rill continue to be the spirit, the talent, the dedication however, for the sake of speed alone made in "locating" equipment. and high resolve of Navy men must will be rejected. It probably will be Our underway replenishment ships and will remain at a very high level. found, tactically as well as economi- cally, best to tailor airborne weapons to the requisite speed and target- seeking characteristics rather than COMMANDANT'S BIRTHDAY MESSAGE building maximum possible perform- 10 NOVEMBER 1964 ance in the delivery vehicle. Since 10 November 1775, Marines have served our country faithfully and well, In addition to interceptor air- in war and in peace. For nearly two centuries we have fought on far-flung craft and reconnaissance planes, spe- battlefields of the world in the cause of liberty. Today, in Southeast Asia, a cial mission aircraft for carrier-based new generation of Marines is helping a beleagured people defend their freedom electronic-countermeasures, airborne against aggression. early warning and counter-insur- It is fitting that amidst our celebrations we pause a moment to pay tribute gency tasks will be required, and to the memory of those Marines who have given their lives in steaming jungles, their roles in supporting strike on the cold waters, and in the vast reaches of the skies in the defense of warfare, anti-air warfare and anti- freedom throughout the years. Let each of us pledge, with deep and reverent resolution, to preserve and maintain those high ideals for which they fought submarine warfare will become in- and died. creasingly important. Today, as in the past, our Nation is most fortunate in having within the Destroyers and cruisers will show Marine Corps men and women who have the high order of personal ability that steady technological improvements. modern warfare requires, and the ability to percieve a national goal of such Point defense anti-air weapons will paramount importance that they voluntarily undertake duties in which the be favored as opposed to the more long hours, the family separations, the nsks, and the uncertainties far exceed expensive and complex area defense the material rewards, Throughout the years, Marines have fostered these tradi- systems. We should hope, also, that tions of courage, loyalty, honor and devotion to duty-qualities which have made uncommon valor a common virtue. 1980 will see many of these ships To all who bear the name Marine, and to all Marine families, I extend my propelled by nuclear power as smaller warmest congratulations and very best wishes on the 189th birthday of our propulsion plants become feasible. beloved Corps. Amphibious ships and their em- WALLACE M. GREENE, JR. barked Marines will continue to be General, U. S. Marine Corps required. Major advances in this area Commandant of the Marine Corps will take the form of increases in By DR. ROBERT W. MORSE Assistant Secretary of the Navy For Research and Development

MERICANS now in their for- A ties are watching the emer- gence of the third Navy within their lifetime. Oil, which replaced coal, is now being replaced by nuclear fuels. Missile armaments are making inroads on attack aircraft, just as the latter did two decades ago on naval gunnery. All this has occurred in as tightly scheduled a cycle as the engineering and economic lifetimes of ships permit. It is, therefore, only natural to expect that the Navy which we now know will evolve into quite a different one by the early 1980's. The many of us responsible for research and development in the Navy face a growing and substan- tial challenge. Not only must we direct a rapidly accelerating technology to fit this future Navy for the requirements which are already recognized, but in the longer view we must use new technology creatively in order to give our wavy-and hence our Nation- the means by which to retain strategic initiative at sea. It's Up to Us In the generation ahead, the United States will be the foremost naval power. The shaping of modern science for the fulfillment of our unique advantage depends on our initiative alone. No longer can we measure advance by com- parison with other navies-having the "best" Navy is no longer sufficient. And we must be imagina- tive enough not to pass up our most important strategic advantages. Technology, therefore, not only must serve old ends, but it must also create the means by which naval power can find new projections. To understand the problem of predicting future developments, we must make a distinction between the types of technology which affect the Navy's operation. First, there is that technology which is a steady evolutionary im- provement of what is now in being, such as the development of the hours at a speed of two-and-one- submarine. Then there is that type half knots. Its operating depth, of technology which seems to indi- however, is limited to about 6,000 cate the possibility of rapid prog- feet as compared to the 35,800- ress and radical change in some foot dive achieved by TRIESTE. specific area such as weaponry or The next step forward is a two- communications. Finally, there is man deep submergence vehicle. the unusual coincidence of several The design of such a submarine is advances leading to a qualitative now being completed for the Bu- change in naval power-as hap- reau of Ships. This will be a work pened with aircraft carriers or with vehicle to be used both for oceano- the POLARIS submarines. graphic research and special tasks, It is impossible to make any such as inspecting bottom contours kind of prediction on the more or installing and recovering com-

dramatic effects of technology; DR. ROBERT W. MORSE ponents in the deep ocean. Like once perceived-which may be ALVIN, the vehicle will have a difficult-they suddenly affect us. giving such a vehicle horizontal two-man pressure sphere contained In the first case, however, involv- mobility has been taken in the re- in a teardrop-shaped hull, but new ing principally the performance of cently completed ALVIN, whose materials will be tested. The the known combatant types as de- pressure sphere is contained inside seven-foot diameter sphere will termined by development in naval the buoyant hull. Capable of ac- probably be constructed of either architecture and marine engineer- commodating two men, this ve- titanium or a special Martensitic ing, one can foresee the direction hicle has been specifically designed steel alloy that is age hardened. of growth with better accuracy. for oceanographic research pur- The outside flotation hull is ex- Even these foreseeable capabil- poses, possesses a range of 30 pected to be of aluminum with a ities, however, must be considered miles, allows for a maximum fu- length of 45 feet, more than twice merely as options which research ture speed of six knots, and has a the length of ALVIN, and a diam- and development can place at our normal cruising endurance of eight eter of 10 feet. disposal against the day when re- The DOLPHIN quirements should demand ( and How quicklu the fleet's surface war- economics permit) that we avail ships are given nuclear power de- A deep diving submarine now ourselves of them. pends a good deal on the man shown under construction which is of helozu and his organization. He is more conventional design is DOL- Deeper and Deeper Vice Admiral H. C. Rickover, USN (Ret.), head of the program to de- PHIN (AGSS-555). This is a test Particularly illuminating to the velop smaller and more powerful re- vehicle designed to collect data present discussion is the matter of actors. The President. Congress and needed to design the deep diving increased operational depth for the Secretary of Defense all play important roles, too, as far as the operational submarines of the fu- submarines which might ulti- command decision and financing are ture. A vast amount of informa- mately have to replace the recently concerned. tion in a number of areas is designed SSN an SSBN types. This needed before engineers can even is not a trivial matter for there begin seriously to plan or design are many, including myself, who such submarines. The DOLPHIN. foresee the full exploitation of the for example, will provide experi- three dimensions of the ocean as mental development of hull struc- inevitable to the progress of naval ture by using more plastic parts power. than any previous submarine. It Signs of the future can thus be will also contribute to knowledge found in our exploration of the on the problems of sonar and deep ocean. Consider progress in weapons systems functioning at current research and exploratory depths far deeper than presently engineering commitments to deep attained. diving vehicles, the first of which It is through the pursuit of pro- was Professor Piccard's bathyscaph grams of the kind just described, TRIESTE. Its pressure hull is a together with work on the under- heavy steel sphere which is at- lying problems of hull materi- tached to a buoyant or flotation als, configurations, and fabrication upper hull in which external and processes, as well as on appropri- illternal pressures are equalized. ate propulsion plants, that over As such, it is merely a deep sea the long haul the Navy will attain elevator. A major step towards the option of building submarines Although it looks like a stranded boat, this 12-ton vehicle is actually skimming along on the land after an over-the-water trip from Montatrk, Long Island during tests last summer. The craft is a ground-effectsmachine, a vehicle supported by a three-foot-high cushion of air generated by the downdraft of two of its four gas ,turbine engines. Republic Aerospace is conducting tests of the 24-passenger craft for the Navy. The vehicle was designed by Vickers, England. During tests it glided over water, sand dunes, sand bars, rocky bench, mud flats and marshes with equal ease. It could have many naval uses in the future.

.The nuclear-powered attack submarine USS PLUNGER at sea. The new submarines of the Eiahties are exwected to be able to dive much deeper than PLUNGER.

ton hydrofoil research ship (AG (EH)) which will have radar, sonar, variable depth sonar, tor- pedo tubes, and ample space for having depth capabilities five to fire control and guidance, propul- testing various ASW systems. ten times better than present ones. sion packages of higher efficiency The first hydroskimmer or air Such work-slow, expensive, and and smaller cost, and warheads cushion machine to be built for incremental-is all . necessary if of greater efficiency will occupy a the Navy is the 22-ton SKMR-I. we can hope to move into the central position. Flexibility in This aluminum-hulled craft, which third dimension of the seas in the means of delivery which must go has surpassed its design speed of future. The idea may be radical, with such weapons systems con- more than 80 miles an hour, was but the technology is not. tiues to provide ample room for the first large air cushion vehicle A somewhat foreshortened time innovations. built in this country. The Navy scale of technological advance is will use SKMR-I to study the prac- encountered when examining the Hydrofoils ticability of air cushion vehicles changing cycle of weapons of the for use in such military operations future. Here research and devel- New types of surface ships may as amphibious landings, high speed opment can be characterized as play a role in the Navy of 1980, patrols, mine countermeasures permitting increased flexibility and although it is not too apparent work, and ASW, as well as to precision in the kind of attacks to now what forms they will take. formulate design criteria for larger be mounted. To the extent that the Today, we are exploring design vehicles. spectrum needs broadening in the and performance of hydrofoil and I should emphasize that both hy- coming decade, this will happen hydroskimmer craft, and the di- drofoils and hydroskimmers will more at the lower end of limited rection in which these develop- have to be evaluated against .other severity rather than at the upper ments will go depends principally types of vehicles such as airplanes, end of massive damage. This com- on the results of long-range re- helicopters, conventional ships and ment applies both to conventional search and development programs submarines. They will have to and nuclear weapons. Indeed, tech- involving a series of test vehicles demonstrate overriding advantages nological advance in the next dec- of increasing size. A 25-ton re- over these other types in important ade may zuell have more impact on search hydrofoil, equipped with a operations to warrant their addi- the means of conventional warfare turbojet engine and designed to be tional cost. than on strategic systems. With the world's fastest hydrofoil, was One of the capabilities which the respect to nuclear delivery systems, completed in 1963. Construction future Navy must have is the rapid we can expect that accuracy of is nearing completion on a 300- collecting and processing of intelligence. The word "intelligence" cision and reducing the time delays is used in the broad sense of infor- in naval actions. mation on the operational environ- There are also comparable ad- ment as well as surveillance and vances in command and control reconnaissance. The innovational mechanisms. Integrated control is process here is currently most rapidly being achieved in individ- rapid and most dynamic. Even ual combat vehicles through the though the performance ranges research achieved under such proof our future Navy may not differ grams as the ~oint'Army-Navy radically from those of the current Aircraft Instrumentation Research fleet, the future Navy can be ex- program (JANAIR), where the ob- pected to be greatly advanced in jective is to achieve a simplified its awareness of just exactly when, and unified cockpit display, and a where, and how to apply its phy- related program known as Subma- sical resources best. rine Integrated' Control (SUBIC). Involved are techniques for collect- Oceanic Data Stations ing data from all subsystems, such First of all, we are now rapidly as ship's control, propulsion, sur- increasing our knowledge of how veillance, and communications, the ocean environment affects and for analytically selecting the naval operations. We are moving best configurations for accomplish- decisively so that we can correctly ment of the intended mission. anticipate oceanographic condi- Presentation in unified displays tions so as to maximize the success allows greatly reduced delays in of any naval mission. As one decisions and choices of action on example of our advancing tech- the part of officers in command. niques, we have recently started Finally, integration of the com- testing the experimental prototype munications circuits which weave of a telemetering oceanographic the individual Navy units into the buoy, or oceanic data station. This broad pattern of national mili- instrument, able to collect oceano- tary deployment, will permit in- graphic data down to a depth of creasing flexibility and quickness 22,000 feet while on station un- of response to evolving strategic attended for one year, can trans- situations. mit its data on command over a distance of 3,000 miles. Concern for Trends Eventually it is anticipated that In summary, it may be said that a large network of these oceanic one objective of Navy research is data stations, broadcasting four to provide a variety of technical times a day, will be positioned realities on which the Navy can throughout the major seas of the call to meet future contingencies. Meet The Highest US. world. This oceanic data service At the same time, there is the Government Standards will provide a vast amount of equally urgent need for learning These "Jugs" are Vacuum Insulated and knowledge on the air-sea inter- better to anticipate these contin- meet all the requirements of design, ma- actions, ocean currents, and the terials, construction, workmanship, dur- gencies and for developing those ability, thermal efficiency, tests and san- onset of hurricanes, to give but a systems which will, in fact, be ade- itation of the most exacting current U.S. few examples. It will also provide quate to meet them. Government Specifications, under which data for the Navy's Anti-Subma- Along with our constant im- procurements are now being made by rine Warfare Environment Predic- provement of naval technology, we the Army, Navy, Coast Guard, Marine Corm and Air Force. tion System (ASWEPS). must have a continuing concern Fast, reliable shipment In the second area related to for anticipating strategic trends, of small or sizable surveillance and reconnaissance, clarifying tactical situations, and orders, at special very important innovations in the determining the optimum choices Government prices. use of electromagnetic and acous- open to us. The technical age into and free literature. tic signals are being made which which we are emerging provides Write, wire or phone. will rapidly increase our capabil- more choices than our economic ities in a host of military devices. and human resources can pursue. A MAJOR GOVERNMENT MANUFACTURER These, in turn, will be backed We must, therefore, choose our FOR NEARLY 50 YEARS up by data processing equipment paths with a shrewd balance of dis- WRITE FOR LITERATURE NO. N-32 which helps in sharpening the pre- cipline and imagination. VACUUM CAN COMPANY 19 So. Hoyne Ave.. Chicago, Ill. 60612 SEeley 3-8262 (Area Code 312) Wire: FAX Chicago-Cable: AERVOID