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Poaceae [Gramineae] – Grass Family

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POACEAE [GRAMINEAE] – GRASS FAMILY Plant: annuals or perennials Stem: jointed stem is termed a culm – internodial stem most often hollow but always solid at node, mostly round, some with stolons (creeping stem) or rhizomes (underground stem) Root: usually fibrous, often very abundant and dense Leaves: mostly linear, sessile, parallel veins, in 2 ranks (vertical rows), leaf sheath usually open or split and often overlapping, but may be closed Flowers: small in 2 rows forming a spikelet (1 to several flowers), may be 1 to many spikelets with pedicels or sessile to stem; each flower within a spikelet is between an outer limna (bract, with a midrib) and an inner palea (bract, 2-nerved or keeled usually) – these 3 parts together make the floret – the 2 bottom bracts of the spikelet do not have flowers and are termed glumes (may be reduced or absent), the rachilla is the axis that hold the florets; sepals and petals absent; 1-6 but often 3 stamens; 1 pistil, 1-3 but usually 2 styles, ovary superior, 1 ovule – there are exceptions to most everything!! Fruit: seed-like grain (seed usually fused to the pericarp (ovary wall) or not) Other: very large and important family; Monocotyledons Group Genera: 600+ genera; locally many genera 2 slides per species WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive TRIBE PANICEAE - annual or perennial - cespitose or not, rhizomes or not - culms annual, not woody, branched or unbranched, small to several meters - ligules rarely absent, membranous (often ciliate) and/or hairy but rarely absent - leaves basal and/or cauline; leaf sheaths mostly open - inflorescence an open or somewhat dense panicle (often terminal, sometimes axillary or subterranean) or spike-like panicle or a secund (on one side) spike or raceme- like with paired or alternate spikelets - spikelet often flattened next to axis and rounded dorsally but varies - with 1 (rarely 2) lower sterile, staminate or reduced floret(s) and an upper fertile floret - disarticulation usually below the glumes (rarely above or at nodes of axis) - lower glume small (usually < ½ length of spikelet) or absent, upper glume similar in length to upper floret, herbaceous or papery (thin and membranous), rarely absent - lower lemma(s) similar to upper glume, upper lemma hardened (or leathery) and thick - paleas with 2 nerves (sometimes faint), fertile floret palea similar to fertile lemma - usually 3 stamens - stigmas often red - caryopses terete or dorsally compressed WARNING – tribe descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive POACEAE [GRAMINEAE] – PANICEAE TRIBE Field [Mat] Sandbur; Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fernald - Paniceae (Tribe) Dune Sandbur; Cenchrus tribuloides L. - Paniceae (Tribe) Tapered Rosette Grass; Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. acuminatum – Paniceae (Tribe) Bosc's Panicgrass; Dichanthelium boscii (Poir.) Gould & C.A. Clark – Paniceae (Tribe) Starved Panicgrass; Dichanthelium depauperatum (Muhl.) Gould Broadleaf Rosette Grass; Dichanthelium latifolium (L.) Gould & C.A. Clark Openflower Rosette Grass; Dichanthelium laxiflorum (Lam.) Gould – Paniceae (Tribe) Southern Crabgrass; Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler - Paniceae (Tribe) Barnyard Grass; Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. (Introduced) - Paniceae (Tribe) Rough Barnyard Grass; Echinochloa muricata (P. Beauv.) Fernald - Paniceae (Tribe) Beaked Panicgrass; Panicum anceps Michx. - Paniceae (Tribe) [Common] Witchgrass; Panicum capillare L. - Paniceae (Tribe) Switchgrass; Panicum virgatum L. - Paniceae (Tribe) Florida Paspalum; Paspalum floridanum Michx. - Paniceae (Tribe) Field paspalum; Paspalum laeve Michx. - Paniceae (Tribe) Thin Paspalum; Paspalum setaceum Michx. - Paniceae (Tribe) Marsh Bristle grass [Knotroot Foxtail]; Setaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguélen - Paniceae (Tribe) Green Bristlegrass [Foxtail]; Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. (Introduced) - Paniceae (Tribe) Species with one page are under revision Field [Mat] Sandbur - p1 USDA Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fernald Poaceae (Grass Family); Paniceae (Tribe) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: Plant annual, mostly erect to decumbent, to 80+ cm; Culm terete, often branching near base; Roots fibrous, without rhizomes; Leaf Blades up to 1 to 1.5 cm wide, to 30-40 cm long, glabrous or somewhat hairy; Ligules membranous; Inflorescence a panicle (spike-like) to 10+ cm, usually 4 to 18+ clusters of spikelets, these clusters of 1 to 4 (usually 2-3) spikelets form burs with bristles and flattened base spines, each spikelet with 1 sterile and 1 perfect floret; many habitats, especially sandy areas, burs cause a painful nuisance; late spring to fall [V Max Brown, 2013] Bur – sometimes Field [Mat] Sandbur – p2 referred to as a Cenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fernald Fascicle (cluster or [V Max Brown, 2013] bundle - in this case enclosing spikelets ) Spikelet Upper series of upward pointed spines Lower, downward pointing series of spines Bur and Spikelet Dune Sandbur - p1 USDA Cenchrus tribuloides L. Poaceae (Grass Family); Paniceae (Tribe) Tybee Island, Georgia Notes: Plant annual, mostly decumbent to erect, to 70+ cm; Culm terete, often branching and rooting at nodes near base; Roots fibrous, without rhizomes; Leaf Blades up to 1 to 1.5 cm wide, to 30-40 cm long, glabrous or somewhat hairy; leaf sheath glabrous to hairy; Ligules small and membranous; Inflorescence a panicle (spike-like) to 8+ cm, clusters of 1 to 2 spikelets form densely hairy burs (up to 1.5 cm) with bristles and flattened base spines, each spikelet with 1 sterile and 1 perfect floret; painful nuisance on Atlantic and some gulf beaches; late spring to fall [V Max Brown, 2013] Dune Sandbur – p2 Cenchrus tribuloides L. [V Max Brown, 2013] Burs densely hairy Tapered Rosette Grass – p1 USDA Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. acuminatum Poaceae (Grass Family); Paniceae (Tribe) Wire Road Conservation Area, Stone County, Missouri Notes: Plant perennial, erect, to 70+ cm, some clumping; Culm terete, hairy in this variety; Roots fibrous; basal leaves shorter and broader than cauline leaves; Leaf blades up to 12+ cm long, usually less than 10 mm wide; Leaf Sheaths hairy including on margins usually; Ligules of hair up to 5 mm; Inflorescence a panicle up to 10 cm, branches mostly spreading and rebranching; spikelets 1 to 2+ mm long, Glumes present, lower glume much shorter than upper, upper glume almost as long as spikelet; 2 florets, lower floret usually sterile, upper floret perfect (see photos); many habitats; late spring to early fall [V Max Brown, 2014] Ligule of hairs up to 5 mm Basal leaves shorter and broader than stem leaves Tapered Rosette Grass – p2 Dichanthelium acuminatum (Sw.) Gould & C.A. Clark var. acuminatum [V Max Brown, 2014] 1.5 mm Anthers and style from fertile floret Upper fertile Floret Lower Lemma upper Glume Lower Glume Lower Lemma upper Glume Bosc's Panicgrass – p1 USDA Dichanthelium boscii (Poir.) Gould & C.A. Clark Poaceae (Grass Family); Paniceae (Tribe) Wire Road Conservation Area, Stone County, Missouri Notes: Plant perennial, erect, to 70+ cm, some clumping; Culm terete, hairy or not, nodes with thick retrorse hairs, knotty rhizomes usually; Roots fibrous; Leaf blades up to 3.3+ cm, 3 to 6x longer than wide; Leaf Sheaths hairy, particularly on margins; Ligules of hair; Inflorescence a panicle up to 12-15+ cm, branches mostly spreading; spikelets 3+ to 5+ mm long, Glumes present, lower glume shorter than upper, upper glume almost as long as spikelet; 2 florets, lower floret usually staminate (might be sterile), upper floret perfect (see photos); many wooded habitats; late spring to early fall [V Max Brown, 2014] Leaf Blades up to 3.5 + cm Ligule of hairs, collar may be densely hairy Knotty rhizomes Nodes long retrorsely bearded Bosc's Panicgrass – p2 Dichanthelium boscii (Poir.) [V Max Brown, 2014] Spikelet with lower staminate floret and upper fertile floret, spikelet length in this case 4.5 mm (can vary from 3+ to 5+ mm) Upper Glume Lower Lemma Upper Glume, slightly shorter than spikelet Lower Glume Tiny tuft of hair often Lower staminate floret Upper fertile floret with removed from transparent spikelet palea Starved Panicgrass – p1 USDA Dichanthelium depauperatum (Muhl.) Gould Poaceae (Grass Family); Paniceae (Tribe) Near Bolivar, Polk County, Missouri Notes: Plant perennial, erect, to 45+ cm, cespitose; Culm terete, nodes bearded, internodes hairy or not; Roots fibrous; Leaf blades up to 5+ mm wide; Leaf Sheaths hairy as well as the back of the leaf blade; Ligules of hair; Inflorescence a panicle up to 6 to 8+ cm, branches strongly ascending; spikelets to 4.3+ mm; Glumes present, lower glume much shorter than upper, upper glume; 2 florets, lower floret usually sterile, upper floret perfect (see photos on p2); many habitats; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2015] Starved Panicgrass – p2 Inflorescence an open Dichanthelium depauperatum (Muhl.) Gould panicle [V Max Brown, 2014] Spikelets terminal on branches, spikelet here is 3.5 mm (varies from 3.2 to 4+ mm), glabrous to slightly hairy Lower lemma upper glume Lower glume, somewhat pointed (triangular) at tip Fertile Upper floret, very hard, with small pointed tip; lower sterile floret inconspicuous Broadleaf Rosette Grass – p1 USDA Dichanthelium latifolium (L.) Gould & C.A. Clark Poaceae (Grass Family); Paniceae (Tribe) Wire Road Conservation Area, Stone County, Missouri Notes: Plant perennial, erect, to 120+ cm, some clumping; Culm terete, glabrous or hairy, rhizomes present; Roots fibrous; Leaf blades up to 4.0+ cm, 3 to 7x longer than wide, with many veins, base cordate and clasping; Leaf Sheaths hairy or not, collars hairy; Ligules very short, membranous and ciliate; basal leaves in rosette shorter than cauline leaves; Inflorescence a panicle up to 15+ cm long, branches mostly ascending to spreading; spikelets 3 to 4 mm long, some hairs; Glumes present, lower glume shorter than upper, upper glume almost as long as spikelet; 2 florets, lower floret usually staminate (might be sterile), upper floret perfect; many wooded habitats; late spring to early fall [V Max Brown, 2014] Broadleaf Rosette Grass – p2 Dichanthelium latifolium (L.) Gould & C.A.
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    ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF EAST TEXAS IS PUBLISHED WITH THE SUPPORT OF: MAJOR BENEFACTORS: DAVID GIBSON AND WILL CRENSHAW DISCOVERY FUND U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE FOUNDATION (NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, USDA FOREST SERVICE) TEXAS PARKS AND WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT SCOTT AND STUART GENTLING BENEFACTORS: NEW DOROTHEA L. LEONHARDT FOUNDATION (ANDREA C. HARKINS) TEMPLE-INLAND FOUNDATION SUMMERLEE FOUNDATION AMON G. CARTER FOUNDATION ROBERT J. O’KENNON PEG & BEN KEITH DORA & GORDON SYLVESTER DAVID & SUE NIVENS NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY OF TEXAS DAVID & MARGARET BAMBERGER GORDON MAY & KAREN WILLIAMSON JACOB & TERESE HERSHEY FOUNDATION INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT: AUSTIN COLLEGE BOTANICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF TEXAS SID RICHARDSON CAREER DEVELOPMENT FUND OF AUSTIN COLLEGE II OTHER CONTRIBUTORS: ALLDREDGE, LINDA & JACK HOLLEMAN, W.B. PETRUS, ELAINE J. BATTERBAE, SUSAN ROBERTS HOLT, JEAN & DUNCAN PRITCHETT, MARY H. BECK, NELL HUBER, MARY MAUD PRICE, DIANE BECKELMAN, SARA HUDSON, JIM & YONIE PRUESS, WARREN W. BENDER, LYNNE HULTMARK, GORDON & SARAH ROACH, ELIZABETH M. & ALLEN BIBB, NATHAN & BETTIE HUSTON, MELIA ROEBUCK, RICK & VICKI BOSWORTH, TONY JACOBS, BONNIE & LOUIS ROGNLIE, GLORIA & ERIC BOTTONE, LAURA BURKS JAMES, ROI & DEANNA ROUSH, LUCY BROWN, LARRY E. JEFFORDS, RUSSELL M. ROWE, BRIAN BRUSER, III, MR. & MRS. HENRY JOHN, SUE & PHIL ROZELL, JIMMY BURT, HELEN W. JONES, MARY LOU SANDLIN, MIKE CAMPBELL, KATHERINE & CHARLES KAHLE, GAIL SANDLIN, MR. & MRS. WILLIAM CARR, WILLIAM R. KARGES, JOANN SATTERWHITE, BEN CLARY, KAREN KEITH, ELIZABETH & ERIC SCHOENFELD, CARL COCHRAN, JOYCE LANEY, ELEANOR W. SCHULTZE, BETTY DAHLBERG, WALTER G. LAUGHLIN, DR. JAMES E. SCHULZE, PETER & HELEN DALLAS CHAPTER-NPSOT LECHE, BEVERLY SENNHAUSER, KELLY S. DAMEWOOD, LOGAN & ELEANOR LEWIS, PATRICIA SERLING, STEVEN DAMUTH, STEVEN LIGGIO, JOE SHANNON, LEILA HOUSEMAN DAVIS, ELLEN D.
  • Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) Silvia S

    Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) Silvia S

    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 23 | Issue 1 Article 41 2007 Phylogenetic Relationships of the Decumbentes Group of Paspalum, Thrasya, and Thrasyopsis (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) Silvia S. Denham Instituto de Botánica Darwinion, San Isidro, Argentina Fernando O. Zuloaga Instituto de Botánica Darwinion, San Isidro, Argentina Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons, and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Denham, Silvia S. and Zuloaga, Fernando O. (2007) "Phylogenetic Relationships of the Decumbentes Group of Paspalum, Thrasya, and Thrasyopsis (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae)," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 23: Iss. 1, Article 41. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol23/iss1/41 Aliso 23, pp. 545–562 ᭧ 2007, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE DECUMBENTES GROUP OF PASPALUM, THRASYA, AND THRASYOPSIS (POACEAE: PANICOIDEAE: PANICEAE) SILVIA S. DENHAM1 AND FERNANDO O. ZULOAGA Instituto de Bota´nica Darwinion, Labarde´n 200, Casilla de Correo 22, San Isidro, Buenos Aires B1642HYD, Argentina 1Corresponding author ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Paspalum (Poaceae: Panicoideae: Paniceae) includes 330 species distributed mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of America. Due to the large number of species and convergence in many char- acters, an adequate infrageneric classification is still needed. Studies on Paniceae based on molecular and morphological data have suggested that Paspalum is paraphyletic, including the genus Thrasya, but none of these analyses have included a representative sample of these two genera. In this study, phylogenetic relationships among the informal group Decumbentes of Paspalum, plus subgenera and other informal groups, and the genera Thrasya and Thrasyopsis were estimated.
  • Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Washington - Baltimore Area

    Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Washington - Baltimore Area

    Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Washington - Baltimore Area Part II Monocotyledons Stanwyn G. Shetler Sylvia Stone Orli Botany Section, Department of Systematic Biology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560-0166 MAP OF THE CHECKLIST AREA Annotated Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Washington - Baltimore Area Part II Monocotyledons by Stanwyn G. Shetler and Sylvia Stone Orli Department of Systematic Biology Botany Section National Museum of Natural History 2002 Botany Section, Department of Systematic Biology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560-0166 Cover illustration of Canada or nodding wild rye (Elymus canadensis L.) from Manual of the Grasses of the United States by A. S. Hitchcock, revised by Agnes Chase (1951). iii PREFACE The first part of our Annotated Checklist, covering the 2001 species of Ferns, Fern Allies, Gymnosperms, and Dicotyledons native or naturalized in the Washington-Baltimore Area, was published in March 2000. Part II covers the Monocotyledons and completes the preliminary edition of the Checklist, which we hope will prove useful not only in itself but also as a first step toward a new manual for the identification of the Area’s flora. Such a manual is needed to replace the long- outdated and out-of-print Flora of the District of Columbia and Vicinity of Hitchcock and Standley, published in 1919. In the preparation of this part, as with Part I, Shetler has been responsible for the taxonomy and nomenclature and Orli for the database. As with the first part, we are distributing this second part in preliminary form, so that it can be used, criticized, and updated while the two parts are being readied for publication as a single volume.