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Significance of Anatomical Markers in Tribe Paniceae (Poaceae) from the Salt Range, Pakistan

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Significance of Anatomical Markers in Tribe Paniceae (Poaceae) from the Salt Range, Pakistan INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY ISSN Print: 1560–8530; ISSN Online: 1814–9596 13–1221/2015/17–2–271–279 http://www.fspublishers.org Full Length Article Significance of Anatomical Markers in Tribe Paniceae (Poaceae) from the Salt Range, Pakistan Farooq Ahmad 1*, Mansoor Hameed 1, Khawaja Shafique Ahmad 1 and Muhammad Ashraf 2 1Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan 2University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan *For correspondence: [email protected] Abstract In this study, leaf anatomical characteristics of 17 species belonging to 9 genera of tribe Paniceae, native the Salt Range, Pakistan, were evaluated. Two Urochloa species, U. deflexa and U. ramosa, were distinguished from the rest of the species by absence of median vascular bundles. Presence of sclerenchyma strands on the abaxial side only makes the genus Cenchrus distinct from the remaining species within the tribe. The distribution pattern of bulliform cells proved to be helpful in the differentiation among Cenchrus species. Large macrohairs with deep penetration on the adaxial surface are characteristic of Digitaria nodosa . The observed diversity in anatomical markers could be used to clarify the status of problematic taxa in tribe Paniceae. Saddle shaped silica bodies, microhairs and bulliform cells deeply penetrating the mesophyll are the prominent characters of this tribe, which justify placing all these species in the same tribe. Anatomical markers of taxonomic importance are the nature and size of macro- and micro-hairs, shape of bulliform cells, arrangement of vascular bundles and amount of sclerification present in the leaves, which may be used for resolving taxonomic problem of problematic genera within tribe Paniceae. © 2015 Friends Science Publishers Keywords: Foliar anatomy; Tribe paniceae; Salt range; Pakistan Introduction leaves and roots (Reinoso et al ., 2004), reduced leaf area (Monteverdi et al ., 2008), greater density of salt secreting The role of anatomical markers i.e., characteristics glands and hairs on the leaf surface (Marcum et al ., 1998), specifically used for species identification, has been long enlarged bulliform cells that help in leaf rolling to avoid recognized since the variations exist within species, genera water loss (Alvarez et al ., 2008), increased stomatal density or a family (Ahmad et al ., 2010). Anatomical features are of with decreased stomatal size (Hameed et al ., 2013). particular significance to scientists who need to identify Presence of sclerenchyma girders, ribs and furrows, and small scraps of plant material, for example that found in position of bulliform cells are important characteristics of animal’s gut, fossil remains or destroyed material (Al-Edany grasses that depict the affinity among different genera and Al-Saadi, 2012). The most important among them (Dube and Morisset, 1987; Vecchia et al ., 1998; Ahmad et include cuticular deposition, epidermis and epidermal al ., 2009). appendages, stomata along with subsidiary cells, and spines The tribe Paniceae is extended from tropics to warm (Ellis, 1976; Rudgers et al ., 2004; Yasmin et al ., 2009). The temperate regions having about 101 genera all over the significance of anatomical markers in the systematics of world. There are about 450 species of genus Panicum that many plant groups has been emphasized by Adedeji and are distributed worldwide and it is one of the largest genera Dloh (2004) in Hibiscus species, Celka et al . (2006) in of the tribe Paniceae (Webster, 1988). In Pakistan, this tribe Malva alcea , Zou et al . (2008) in Cercis species and Ahmad is represented by 15 genera with 73 species (Cope, 1982). et al . (2011) in tribe Eragrostideae (Poaceae). Salt Range has a very rich ecological diversity and a Grasses under high saline habitat can minimize the treasure of valuable natural resources. The area has a detrimental effects of high salinities by showing a series of mountainous dry subtropical climate with semi-evergreen structural and functional modifications in morphological, forests, typically with Acacia modesta, Dodonaea viscosa, anatomical and physiological characteristics. These include Olea ferruginea, Reptonia buxifolia and Salvadora n reduced growth (Alshammary et al ., 2004), extensive root oleoides (Ahmad et al ., 2012). system (Hameed and Ashraf, 2008), lignifications in root Grasses often cause nuisance for taxonomists during vascular region (Hameed et al ., 2013), increased thickness identification process as many of the problematic genera (succulence) of epidermis, midribs and cortical parenchyma (Dicanthium , Saccharum , Chrysopogon, and Cymbopogon ) (Flowers and Colmer, 2008), increased sclerenchyma in the are not easy to distinguish on the basis of morphological To cite this paper: Ahmad, F., M. Hameed, K.S. Ahmad and M. Ashraf, 2015. Significance of anatomical markers in tribe Paniceae (Poaceae) from the salt range, Pakistan. Int. J. Agric. Biol ., 17: 271 ‒279 Ahmad et al. / Int. J. Agric. Biol., Vol. 17, No. 2, 2015 markers. Of all the non reproductive organs, leaf is the most end, one drop of xylene was added. Canada balsam was commonly used in plant taxonomy and leaf epidermis is of taken on the cover slip and covered the slide. A microscope prime importance in solving taxonomic problems parallel was used for observation of slides and microphotographs with cytology (Ahmad et al ., 2011). Anatomical markers were taken by a camera mounted on the microscope have been used successfully to clarify taxonomic status and (Olympus Ax 70). The anatomical characters studied were help in the identification of different species (Gillani et al ., nature of adaxial and abaxial epidermis, occurrence of 2002). Anatomical studies could be an important tool to sclerenchyma strands and girders, number and position of resolve the taxonomic problems between closely related vascular bundles, arrangement of chlorenchyma cells, nature species or even populations of same species (Naz et al ., of keel, and shape and distribution of bulliform cells. 2009). There are many cases where species nomenclature Data were subjected to multivariate (cluster) analysis has been changed based on differences in anatomical to investigate similarities and differences among species of features, especially in family Poaceae and Cyperaceae. The tribe Paniceae using Minitab Statistical Software, v. 11 most common examples are of C 4, C3 and many (Minitab, Inc.). intermediate types that exist in these families (Koteyeva et al., 2011; Sage et al., 2014). The Salt Range is a specific Results biome characterized by a variety of environmental stresses, and therefore, the native grass species are expected to be Cenchrus biflorus Roxb well adapted and possess specific structural modifications to survive under harsh environmental conditions. These Deep invaginations are present on the upper surface and structural features are the indicators of specific set of pointed prickles can be observed on the ribs of upper environments, and therefore, structural-based mechanism of surface. The prickles are pointed at the tips and wide at the adaptation is necessary to cope with environmental stresses, base. The lower surface is without distinct invaginations. in particular high salinity and extreme aridity which is a Mostly large VBs are present. In large VBs, thick characteristic of the Salt Range. During the investigation, sclerenchymatous strands are present on the upper and the main focus was on grasses of Tribe Paniceae, the largest lower surface, while sclerenchymatous girders are absent. tribe of family Poaceae, which has many problematic genera Chlorenchyma cells are in radial arrangement around the and species from taxonomic point of view. The present VBs. Keel is broad and round and fairly distinguishable. study was therefore, conducted to evaluate foliar anatomical Large median VB are with three to four small VBs on each characteristics, which are of great ecological and taxonomic side. Bulliform cells are present in furrow region. Near significance. margins, bulliform cells are present in groups. The sheath cells of small VBs are large and bundle sheath is complete Materials and Methods and single in all vascular bundles. Sclerification around vascular bundles, microhairs and presence of bulliform Frequent field trips were carried out to collect grasses in two cells in groups might be an adaptation of this grass to seasons, September ‒October 2011 and May ‒June 2012. tolerate severe drought and high salt concentration (Table 1; Grasses of Tribe Paniceae (Poaceae) were collected in Fig. 1a). triplicate from diverse habitats in the study area, which were allotted voucher number, along with the geographical and Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop topographic data like, altitude, locality, soil type, aspect, slope, etc. The specimens were placed in the herbarium of On the upper surface, thin and long macrohairs having Botany Department after mounted on herbarium sheets for round and swollen base with deep penetration are observed. future records. For identification, different available floras, Slight ribs are present near the large VBs. Ribs and furrows in particular, Flora of Pakistan (Cope, 1982) were consulted. are absent on the lower surface. On the lower surface, For anatomical studies, basal portion of flag leaf of the prickles are present. Seven to nine small and median VBs longest tiller of the preserved specimen from herbarium are present between large VBs. Sclerenchyma strands
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