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Identification of American Herring Gull in a Western European Context T Identification of American Herring Gull in a western European context Pat Lonergan & Killian Mullarney he first American Herring Gull Larus smithso- Committee (BBRC) (Rogers & Rarities Committee T nianus (hereafter smithsonianus) recorded in 2003) and this, coupled with the observation of Europe dates back to November 1937 when a several contentious individuals in, for instance, second-winter bird, ringed as a chick on Kent Britain (Ahmad & Elliott 2000, Vinicombe 2000) Island, New Brunswick, Canada, in August of the and the Netherlands (van Duivendijk & Kok previous year, was caught on a ship 480 km off 1998), Germany and Norway (Martin Gottschling the Spanish coast (Gross 1940). Nothing was and Håken Heggland pers comm) certainly sug- recorded on the appearance of this bird but it is gests that smithsonianus is being actively looked doubtful that the occurrence would have attract- for in other parts of Europe. The few records out- ed any attention had it not been for the fact that side Britain and Ireland include four for France the bird carried a ring. Almost 50 years passed (Dubois et al 1995ab, Frémont et al 2000), two before the next record, a first-winter at Cobh, for Norway (Solbakken et al 2003), four for Cork, south-western Ireland, in November- Portugal (Moore 1994, de Juana & Comité Ibérico December 1986 (O’Sullivan & Smiddy 1990). de Rarezas de la SEO 1995, Hoogendoorn et al The finder of this bird, Jim Wilson, was sufficient- 2003) and one for Spain (de Juana & Comité ly struck by its unusual appearance to record Ibérico de Rarezas de la SEO 1995, Álvarez- detailed field notes. It was not until he sub- Balbuena García et al 2000). This clearly hints at sequently visited North America and encountered the likelihood of regular occurrence of smithso- smithsonianus there that he realized the signifi- nianus, at least along the western seaboard of cance of his observation. There followed a remark- Europe. The finding of three birds in one week- able series of records in Ireland in the late winter end during the 5th International Gull meeting in and spring of 1990 (involving 10 birds, all first- Portugal in 2001 (Hoogendoorn et al 2003) and years), which provided many observers with the at least four first-winters in Iceland over a few first real opportunity to study smithsonianus days in March 2003 (pers obs) are probably good alongside its European counterpart (Mullarney indicators that smithsonianus is a regular visitor, 1990). Since then, smithsonianus has been at least to certain ‘strategic’ locations in Europe recorded almost annually in Ireland (apart from where up to now they have been largely 1993-95), with a total of 42 records up to the end overlooked. Given the regular occurrence of of 2001 (Milne 2003). Of these, four long-staying other Nearctic gulls in Europe during the past first-year birds at Cobh and Ballycotton, Cork, c 35 years (Hoogendoorn & Steinhaus 1990, from December 2000 (Diggin 2001) provided the Mitchell & Young 1997), it is difficult to explain best opportunity yet for extended observations of the virtual absence, until recently, of records of smithsonianus in Europe. At least two of these smithsonianus. The sudden surge of records since remained throughout 2001 (and were still present 1990 may reflect a genuine increase in their in January 2002), constituting the first records of occurrence but it seems more likely that the over-summering birds on the European side of the apparent change in the status is largely the result Atlantic. One of these two was present again in of the dramatically increased interest in ‘large- the winter of 2002/03 (cf Birding World 16: 119, gull’ identification in recent years. 2003) the first conclusively identified third-winter bird recorded in Europe. Focus Outside Ireland, however, there are relatively Despite the growing interest in finding smithso- few records of smithsonianus. Surprisingly, there nianus, comparatively little has been published are only 10 records for well-watched Britain on its identification in a European context. The where most other North American gull species aim of this paper is to describe and illustrate have been recorded much more frequently than what we believe constitute ‘identifiable smithso- in Ireland. Several reports, however, remain nianus’ on the European side of the Atlantic and under consideration by the British Birds Rarities discuss a range of likely pitfalls. The research for [Dutch Birding 26: 1-35, 2004] 1 Identification of American Herring Gull in a western European context this paper involved five winter visits to the East ance of Herring Gulls and apparent hybrids Coast of the USA (Massachusetts and New York, Glaucous x European Herring Gull in Iceland it from mid-January to mid-February) as well as was possible to confidently identify at least four two autumn visits (New Jersey, in mid-Septem- first-year smithsonianus (cf Birding World 16: ber). It is important to bear in mind that most of 120, plate 17, 2003). the photographs of smithsonianus shown here We are conscious of the fact that detecting and are from that area, as even a cursory comparison identifying smithsonianus in Ireland, where of smithsonianus occurring in different regions of argenteus is by far the predominant Herring Gull, North America suggests there is significant varia- may be significantly easier than in parts of tion in features such as timing and extent of post- Europe where argentatus is more numerous. In juvenile moult and, in adults, wing-tip pattern addition, we must not forget that it is not only and tone of grey upperparts. In addition to our argenteus and argentatus that need to be North American experience, we have observed considered when identifying smithsonianus on at least 18 different smithsonianus in Ireland, two the European side of the Atlantic; Lesser Black- in Portugal and four in Iceland (still to be submit- backed Gull Lfuscus graellsii (hereafter graellsii) ted to the Icelandic rarities committee), which in some of its first-year guises can present a signi- has helped greatly in assessing the practical ficant source of confusion. value of various identification features in a Our experience of large numbers of birds in the European context. While most of our experience eastern USA in winter has indicated to us that of European Herring Gull is in Ireland, involving well over 90% of first-winter and c 70% of Laargenteus (see the section on taxonomy second-winter smithsonianus should be identifi- below), we do see small numbers of Laargenta- able, with some measure of confidence, if tus types in Ireland in the winter months and we encountered in Europe. Most third-winter and both have additional experience of Laargentatus older birds are much more difficult to con- in Fennoscandia throughout the year. Obser- clusively identify as evidenced by the virtual lack vations of Herring Gulls in Iceland in March of accepted records of birds of this age in Ireland 2003 provided further useful, albeit somewhat or elsewhere in Europe (just one, referred to disturbing, experience. Herring Gull is a relative- above). It seems very likely, however, that they do ly recent addition to the Icelandic avifauna and occur here. This paper outlines what we believe the original colonisers, which started to breed are key features to be considered when faced between 1920 and 1930 (Gudmundsson 1951), with a potential smithsonianus of any age, are believed to have derived of argenteus stock, between September and April. It should be noted, rather than argentatus (although Snell (1991) however, that it is based primarily upon our per- argued that the colonisers were in fact argen- sonal experience of smithsonianus and we have tatus). In the course of a six-day visit in March no doubt that in certain respects, particularly in 2003, Killian Mullarney found only one possible relation to geographical variation within smithso- argentatus (an adult) among the numerous argen- nianus, our experience is incomplete. teus-type adult Herring Gulls, but the first- and second-year birds there included a significantly Taxonomy higher proportion of superficially ‘smithsonianus- Until recently, most authors had treated smithso- like’ birds than we have observed in any other nianus as a subspecies of Herring Gull (Dwight part of Europe. To some extent this might be 1925, Grant 1986). The Dutch committee for explained by the much higher proportion of avian systematics (CSNA), having adopted the hybrids Glaucous L hyperboreus x European Phylogenetic Species Concept (PSC), were the Herring Gull in Iceland but the appearance of first to propose that smithsonianus be recognized certain birds (plate 18-20) suggested the pos- as a distinct species (Sangster et al 1998) al- sibility of genuine smithsonianus influence. Is it though it did not expand on the reasons for this possible that smithsonianus, too has entered the decision, other than stating that smithsonianus ‘is ‘Icelandic Herring Gull’ gene-pool? The answer specifically distinct based on qualitative differ- to this question will require considerably more ences in morphology and vocalizations’. More investigation than could be attempted in a brief recently, Crochet et al (2002) presented evi- visit, and is beyond the scope of this paper, but it dence, based on analysis of mitochondrial DNA should be borne in mind that Iceland may be a control region and cytochrome-b gene sequen- source of confusing smithsonianus look-alikes. In ces, that smithsonianus is more closely related to spite of the bewildering variation in the appear- the North American-Arctic species California 2 Identification of American Herring Gull in a western European context Gull L californicus, Iceland Gull L glaucoides, ficient ‘requirements of diagnosability’ to merit Thayer’s Gull L thayeri and Glaucous Gull than taxonomic recognition. to Largentatus, their results thus supporting the We prefer, therefore, to treat argenteus as a CSNA hypothesis.
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