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細帶環蛺蝶（Neptis Nata）幼蟲多形性初探 Cryptic Species Or Polyphenism? the Study of Larvae Diversification of Neptis Nata

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細帶環蛺蝶（Neptis Nata）幼蟲多形性初探 Cryptic Species Or Polyphenism? the Study of Larvae Diversification of Neptis Nata 國立臺灣師範大學生命科學系碩士論文 隱藏種或多形性？細帶環蛺蝶（Neptis nata）幼蟲多形性初探 Cryptic species or polyphenism? The study of larvae diversification of Neptis nata 研 究 生：黃智偉 Chih-Wei Huang 指導教授：徐堉峰 博士 Yu-Feng Hsu 中華民國 106 年七月 致謝 還在成大就讀時，因為對於野生動物的熱愛而跟隨著學長的腳 步開始外採，在南部的各個山區穿梭，也見識到了各式各樣的野生 動植物，而在大二時更是想起了小時候在外婆家飼養無尾鳳蝶的經 驗而毅然決然地加入成功大學生命科學系系展的蝶組，重新連接了 間斷十五年對蝴蝶的熱愛，也有了此篇論文的誕生。 此篇論文能夠完成首先要感謝養育我長大的爸媽，當我首度就 讀大學但發現所就讀的科系並不喜歡時，答應讓我重考，當我在山 裡奔馳時雖然總是擔心我的安危但也沒有強制禁止我親近大自然， 沒有父母的默許，雖然我還是會喜歡蝴蝶，但不會如此深入的了 解！再來要感謝在成功大學就讀時認識的山大王李昱以及國權，沒 有他們我就不會知道有外採這種如此有趣的事，也不會跟蝴蝶重新 相遇，也感謝當初一起上山下海後來幾乎不約而同的進入生態界的 家豪、寶儀、維楷以及建文，讓我對於大自然的熱枕不會因為沒伴 而消退，感謝我一生中最重要的子毓，督促我、陪伴我、支持我， 沒有你，我是不可能可以進到蝴蝶研究室的。當然也感謝蝴蝶研究 室的所以成員，感謝大仔的指導，您就像蝴蝶寶庫般，永遠有說不 完的故事，感謝玉米、宸睿、毛毛、傑哥等外採兼手遊好夥伴，陪 伴我渡過無數個日子，感謝師兄的修圖指導還有奶茶，感謝豪哥帶 我去各個山區作調查，教導一些野外露營的小眉角，感謝小遊龍在 我剛進碩班時的幫助，感謝阿黎、將尼、瓦拉幫我採樣，感謝法師 幫我養蟲，感謝喬姊幫我突破心魔，還有許許多多曾幫助過我的 人，感謝！ 目錄 中文摘要……………………………………………………………………….…………2 英文摘要………………………………………………………………………………….3 前言………………………………………………………………………………………...4 材料與方法……………………………………………...................................................8 結果………………………………………………………………………………………10 討論………………………………………………………………………………………12 結論……………………………………...………………………………………..16 參考文獻…………………………………………………………………...…….18 附表…………………………………………………………………...…………..20 附圖…………………………………………………………………………….....25 附錄……………………………………………………………………...………..30 1 摘要 細帶環蛺蝶（Neptis nata）在臺灣的族群被視為特有亞種 ssp. Lutatia Fruhstorfer, 1913，一年多代，廣泛分布於全島低中海拔 的地區，為廣食性物種，目前已知可利用的寄主植物包括了大 麻科的朴樹（Celtis sinensis）、石朴（C. formosana）、山黃麻 （Trema orientalis），榆科櫸木（Zelkova serrata），豆科水黃皮 （Pongamia pinnata）、老荊藤（Millatia reticulata）、葛藤 （Pueraria lobata），大戟科刺杜密（Bredelia insulana）等，由 野外觀察及室內飼養之記錄顯示，細帶環蛺蝶在利用不同寄主 植物的時候，其幼蟲會有不一樣的形態表現，像是利用豆科水 黃皮的幼蟲體色偏褐色、利用大麻科的幼蟲體色雖然偏綠，而 利用榆科櫸木的幼蟲則表現出紅色的體色。為了瞭解造成細帶 環蛺蝶產生此多形性的原因以及釐清細帶環蛺蝶的分類地位， 本研究經由計算利用不同寄主的幼蟲的體色表現、雌蝶野外產 卵時的微棲地選擇偏好及生物條碼（DNA Barcode）分析來檢測 細帶環蛺蝶在利用不同寄主植物時的幼蟲多形性確切原因為 何，最後由研究結果顯示細帶環蛺蝶幼蟲多形性並非內含隱藏 種或是寄主轉移，而是因利用不同寄主而造成的體色改變。 關鍵字：細帶環蛺蝶、隱藏種、多形性、寄主植物 2 Abstract Neptis nata (Nymphalidae) is a polyphagous and widespread species. Their host plants recorded so far include Cannabaceae (Celtis sinensis, C. formosana, Trema orientalis), Ulmaceae (Zelkova serrata), Fabaceae (Pongamia pinnata, Millatia reticulate, Pueraria lobate), Euphorbiaceae (Bredelia insulana), and Verbenaceae (Callicarpa formosana). According to field observations and the hostplant records, Neptis nata’s larvae have different morphology when they are fed with different host plant. To clarify the underlying reason of Neptis nata’s polyphenism, we record the caterpillar’s developmental condition and the form alternation when they fed with different host plants ( RGB analysis), and use the DNA barcode to study the relationship between populations using the different host plants. The result is that the larva form alternation may not be caused by the existence of cryptic species but by the different host plant usage. Key word: Neptis nata, cryptic species, polyphenism, host plant 3 前言 植食性昆蟲（phytophages）可以依所利用之寄主植物種類多寡而 分成單食性（monophage，只取食一種寄主）、寡食性（oligophage， 取食少數幾種寄主，例如一屬或一科的幾種植物）以及廣食性 （polyphage，取食多種寄主，例如許多科的植物）（徐&林，2015）。 環蛺蝶屬（genus Neptis）為鱗翅目（Lepidoptera）蛺蝶科 （Nymphalidae）下的一個分類群，在臺灣，目前已知環蛺蝶有 14 種（不包含偶產種和疑問種）（徐，2013），其中奇環蛺蝶 （N. ilos）、眉紋環蛺蝶（N. sankara）、無邊環蛺蝶（N.reducta）、流 紋環蛺蝶（N. noyala）及深山環蛺蝶（N.sylvana）所利用之寄主植 物尚未有正式報告，槭環蛺蝶（N. philyra）、鑲紋環蛺蝶（N. philyroides）及蓮花環蛺蝶（N. hesione）則為一年一代之單食性物 種，蓬萊環蛺蝶（N. taiwana）為一年多代之寡食性物種，黑星環蛺 蝶（N. pryeri）為一年多代之單食性物種，而豆環蛺蝶（N. hylas）、 小環蛺蝶（N. sappho）、斷線環蛺蝶（N. soma）及細帶環蛺蝶（N. nata）則為一年多代之廣食性物種，根據過去飼養紀錄發現，豆環 蛺蝶（N. hylas）、斷線環蛺蝶（N. soma）及細帶環蛺蝶（N. nata） 幼蟲在幼蟲形態上常有變化，而斷線環蛺蝶（N. soma）及細帶環蛺 蝶（N. nata）幼蟲體色更會隨著利用的寄主植物不同而產生改變， 4 其中細帶環蛺蝶（N. nata）幼蟲隨著寄主植物變化的情況最為明 顯，讓人懷疑利用不同寄主植物之細帶環蛺蝶（N. nata）也許包含 一種以上之生物種（biological species ）（ Myar, 1970）。 臺灣產的細帶環蛺蝶屬於特有亞種 ssp. lutatia（徐，2013），一 年多代，廣泛分布在島內低至中海拔山區，目前已知寄主植物包括 了大麻科的朴樹（Celtis sinensis）、石朴（C. formosana）、山黃麻 （Trema orientalis），榆科櫸木（Zelkova serrata），豆科水黃皮 （Pongamia pinnata）、老荊藤（Millatia reticulata）、葛藤（Pueraria lobata），大戟科刺杜密（Bredelia insulana）等，當其幼蟲取食朴 樹、石朴、山黃麻時體色通常呈現淺綠到深綠等亮度不等的綠色、 取食櫸木時則呈現亮紅到深紅等亮度不等的紅色、取食豆科植物時 則可能呈現出淺綠或橘黃等較無明顯偏好的體色，根據前人研究指 出，植食性昆蟲多形性的可能原因包括了取食的寄主植物不同 （Nosil, 2007; 呂&陳，2014）、取食的寄主植物部位不同（Greene, 1989&1996）、因不同環境因子造成的變異或是該物種並非只有單一 生物種而是有隱藏種包含其中（Hebert et al, 2004; Brower, 2006; Burns et al , 2008），而植食性昆蟲在利用新的寄主植物後也可能因為 寄主轉移（host shift），而在形態或行為上產生差異進而造成種間分 5 化甚至新種產生（Heard, 1999; Murphy, 2004; Schwarz et al, 2005; Tan et al, 2014）。 為了釐清細帶環蛺蝶（N. nata）其幼蟲體色多變的確切原因， 本研究利用拍攝數位照片以及修圖軟體 Photoshop CS4 分析幼蟲體 色組成（RGB analysis），以檢測利用不同寄主之細帶環蛺蝶（N. nata）幼蟲在體色上是否有穩定的差異存在。 近緣物種因在生態上扮演的角色相近，為了避免過度競爭影響 到彼此的生存率，往往會在微棲地的選擇上而有所分別（Rundle& Nosil, 2005），同樣地，植食性昆蟲在因利用不同寄主植物後可能 產生空間上或時間上的差異則會使利用不同寄主的族群在時間上或 空間上產生隔離進而分化（Murphy, 2004; Schwarz et al, 2005），是 故為了確認利用不同寄主植物的細帶環蛺蝶（N. nata）是否有隱藏 種或是種間分化的情況，本研究在野外樣本蒐集時，利用鋼捲尺測 量該卵或幼蟲所在位置的離地高度（Singer& McBride, 2010）、利 用球面遮蔽度測量儀 Spherical Densionmeter Model- A 計算該位置的 環境遮蔽度（Tan et al, 2014）以及利用腰圍捲尺測量該植株的胸徑 以記錄並分析利用不同寄主的細帶環蛺蝶在微棲地選擇上是否有差 異存在。 6 此外，分生技術的進步在釐清物種間的親緣關係以及同種間不 同族群的遺傳差異上也提供很大的幫助，根據 Hebert et al（2003） 提出的生物條碼（DNA barcode）的概念，其核心概念是我們可以利 用一個個體的 DNA 來辨認該個體屬於哪一種物種而非建立多個個 體之間的相互關係 ，藉由此概念，我們利用分析鱗翅目昆蟲親緣關 係時常用的粒線體 DNA cox1 片段來分析利用不同寄主植物之細帶 環蛺蝶之遺傳距離，來判斷利用不同寄主植物的細帶環蛺蝶之中是 否有隱藏種的存在或是因寄主轉移而造成的種間分化。 總結上述論述，本研究主要目的有二，（1）透過飼養利用不同 寄主植物之細帶環蛺蝶（N. nata）並拍攝數位照片，並以軟體分析 利用不同寄主之幼蟲是否在體色上有穩定差異？（2）透過測量並記 錄利用不同寄主植物之幼蟲在微棲地的選擇上是否有差異，以及透 過生物條碼分析其遺傳距離來釐清利用不同寄主植物之細帶環蛺蝶 （N. nata）的幼蟲體色差異是因為多形性或是隱藏種所造成的結 果，抑或是寄主轉移而造成的種間分化之過程？ 7 材料與方法 （一）樣本採集 因細帶環蛺蝶及其寄主皆為全島廣泛分布的常見物種，故本試 驗的幼蟲採集主要在有成蟲出現或是寄主出現的地方進行，樣本取 得的地點包括台北信義區象山、桃園北橫沿線、宜蘭福山植物園、 台南東山區崁頭山、台南楠西區梅嶺等（見 Supplement 1）（後將以 ZS、CF、CS、TO、FA、RF、BI 分別代表利用櫸木、石朴、朴樹、 山黃麻、豆科、臺灣梭羅木及刺度密之樣本） （二）幼蟲體色分析 將幼蟲帶回研究室後，獲得的幼蟲將會在紀錄整理後分群，放 入 15 公分*7.5 公分*4.5 公分的塑膠盒中（一隻/盒），分別以櫸 木、石朴、山黃麻及葛藤等四種不同寄主植物飼養。準備大型保鮮 盒，並在每個保鮮盒中各擺入取食各種寄主植物的幼蟲各一隻，飼 養定期清理塑膠盒內的糞便以維持幼蟲的健康狀況，各齡其幼蟲會 以 Panasonic GH2 單眼相機以及 Leica 45mm 2.8 微距鏡頭並架設 VILTROX JY670 環形閃燈拍攝數位照片，數位照片以 Adobe Photoshop CS4 去除背景以及寄主等雜物僅留下終齡幼蟲本體後，進 行 RGB 顏色組成分析及量化，紀錄每個個體的 RGB 平均值、標準 差以及中間值，最後將得到的數值以單因子多變量變異數分析 8 (multivariate analysis of variance, MANOVA)進行統計分析來檢視以不 同寄主植物飼養的細帶環蛺蝶幼蟲是否在體色有顯著差異。 （三）微棲地選擇 在野外尋找利用各種寄主植物的細帶環蛺蝶幼蟲時，若發現幼 蟲蹤跡將會以捲尺測量該幼蟲停棲位置的離地高度以及該株植物的 胸徑，並以球面遮蔽度測量儀 Spherical Densionmeter Model- A 計算 該處在球面遮蔽度測量儀上 96 的點中有多少點被覆蓋，並乘以 1.04 使之接近 100（99.86），四個方位各測一次後平均以得到該處之遮 蔽度，得到的數值以單因子多變量變異數分析(multivariate analysis of variance, MANOVA)進行統計分析來檢視利用不同寄主植物的細 帶環蛺蝶幼蟲期雌蝶在產卵時是否會有微棲地選擇上的差異存在。 （四）生物條碼（DNA Barcode）分析 本研究選用粒線體 DNA cox1 片段進行分析。使用 Purgene DNA Isolation kit( Gentra Systems, Minnesota, USA)萃取 DNA，取得 DNA 樣本後，參照 Caterino& Sperling(1999)以及 Kandul et al.(2004)所發 表的 DNA primer 進行 PCR 增幅。以電泳確認萃取的 DNA 與 PCR 產物的濃度以及狀況，並將 PCR 產物進行定序以獲得序列，獲得的 序列資料以 MEGA6 進行遺傳差異計算以及 Neighbir-Joining 樹（NJ tree）的建置。 9 研究結果 （一）幼蟲體色分析 細帶環蛺蝶在利用不同寄主的體色表現（RGB 分析）(見 Table. 1，ZS=11，CF=10，TO=01，FA=10），由 MANOVA 分析結果顯示 細帶環蛺蝶在利用不同寄主時顏色組成有明顯差異（p<0.001），而 後續追蹤考驗（見 Table. 2）則顯示 1. 利用櫸木時紅色組成比例明顯較利用石朴（p<0.05）及山黃麻 （p<0.001）時高，利用山黃麻時紅色組成比例較利用櫸木 （p<0.001）及豆科（p<0.05）時低。 2. 利用櫸木時綠色組成比例較利用石朴（p<0.001）、山黃麻 （p<0.05）及豆科（p<0.001）時低，利用石朴、山黃麻及豆科時 綠色組成比例無明顯差異。 3. 利用櫸木時藍色組成比例較利用山黃麻（p<0.05）時低，利用山 黃麻時藍色組成比例較利用櫸木（p<0.05）及豆科（p<0.05）時 低。 （二）微棲地選擇 此試驗結果顯示細帶環蛺蝶在利用不同寄主植物時微棲地選擇 （產卵高度、遮蔽度及樹徑）有明顯差異（見 Table. 3，ZS=20， CF=11，TO=10，p<0.001），後續追蹤考驗（見 Table. 4）則顯示 10 1. 在利用櫸木、石朴及山黃麻時，產卵高度及遮蔽度無明顯差異。 2. 在利用山黃麻時，樹徑明顯較利用石朴（p<0.001）時大。 而在加入寄主為豆科的數據並去除樹徑此因子後（因豆科為藤本植 物的比例較高，無法比較）則發現利用不同寄主植物的細帶環蛺蝶 在微棲地選擇上（產卵高度及遮蔽度）並無明顯差異（見 Table. 5， ZS=20，CF=11，TO=10，FA=7，p=0.08），因此並無後續之追蹤考 驗。 （三）生物條碼（DNA Barcode）分析 粒線體 DNA cox1 所選用的引子為 Zcox-J-1530 以及 Chcox-N- 2360（見 Table. 6），分析總長為 633BPS，利用不同寄主之細帶環蛺 蝶間的遺傳差異列於 Table. 7，NJ 樹見 Fig. 1。 11 討論 （一）幼蟲體色分析 從幼蟲體色分析顯示出細帶環蛺蝶在利用不同寄主植物時會在 體色上產生顯著的變化，且根據 Greene（1989&1996）的研究指 出，鱗翅目幼蟲再利用寄主不同部位的時候會因為攝取到的胺基酸 成分比例不同而使幼蟲產生不同的形態變化，因此推測細帶環蛺蝶 幼蟲在利用不同寄主植物時的體色變化可能是因為不同寄主所含有 的化學物質不盡相同，所以在進食時所攝取到的化學物質累積在體 內產生顏色表現或是化學物質誘發或關閉體色相關表現的基因而使 體色產生差別，而試驗過程也發現，幼蟲在取食不同寄主植物的時 表現的體色似乎跟寄主植物的嫩葉顏色相符，因此前者的可能性應 該較後者為大。 （二）微棲地選擇 從微棲地選擇的實驗結果顯示，細帶環蛺蝶雌蝶在利用不同寄 主植物時，在產卵的離地高度、環境遮蔽度此兩項數據皆無顯著差 異存在，但在植株大小的選擇上，石朴/朴樹偏好較小棵的植株，而 櫸木以及山黃麻則無明顯偏好，考量到較大棵的石朴/朴樹其葉片所 在位置的最低離地高度大部分皆已高於本試驗中有紀錄到幼蟲的離 地高度，推測細帶環蛺蝶在寄主選擇時植株大小並非主要考量依 12 據，而以環境遮蔽度以及產卵高度為主要選擇指標，因此推論利用 不同寄主植物的細帶環蛺蝶在微棲地的選擇上並無差異存在，大幅 降低了利用不同寄主的細帶環蛺蝶可能已經產生種間分化或是內含 隱藏種的可能性。 （三）生物條碼（DNA Barcode）分析 從 DNA Barcode 分析的結果顯示，利用不同寄主植物的細帶環 蛺蝶在粒線體 DNA cox1 1530-2360 片段中跟細帶環蛺蝶的 DNA 條 碼差異都在 1.1%以內（樣本數 ZS=2, CF=4, CS=1, TO=9, FA=4, RF=1, BI=1），顯示在本試驗所使用的利用不同寄主植物的細帶環蛺 蝶並無明顯分化（（Hebert et al, 2004），排除利用不同寄主植物的細 帶環蛺蝶為不同種的可能性，因此推論細帶環蛺蝶的幼蟲取食不同 寄主時的不同體色表現為細帶環蛺蝶幼蟲多形性而非隱藏種或是種 間分化的起始過程。 （四）廣食性環蛺蝶屬成員相關討論 由實驗結果顯示，細帶環蛺蝶（N. nata）在利用不同寄主植物 時，無論是在微棲地選擇或是生物條碼（DNA Barcode）分析都無 顯著差異存在，可見利用不同寄主的細帶環蛺蝶（N. nata）內含隱 藏種或有種間分化的情形可能性極低，而利用不同寄主植物的幼蟲 體色變化與該寄主的嫩葉顏色相似則顯示著幼蟲體色變化可能與該 13 種寄主所含有的化學物質成分有很大的關聯性存在，且根據前人研 究（Greene,1989&1996; Nosil, 2007）指出，植食性昆蟲在利用不同 寄主植物時的變化可以達到保護色的功能，因此此此變化存在推測 可能有與保護色相同的效力存在，當取食嫩葉顏色為紅色的櫸木食 幼蟲體色偏紅色，取食石朴、朴樹以及山黃麻等嫩葉顏色為綠色的 寄主植物時幼蟲體色偏綠色，此種變化推測可能有助於幼蟲融入該 種植物樹叢的背景色中，藉以降低幼蟲被捕食者發現的機會並提高 幼蟲的存活率，而在臺灣產的其他種廣食性的斷線環蛺蝶（Neptis soma）的飼養經驗也有如細帶環蛺蝶（N. nata）一樣幼蟲體色會隨 著利用寄主植物不同而產生變化的情形，推測可能也有融入背景色 的功用存在，而其他種食性較窄的環蛺蝶如豆環蛺蝶（N. hylas）以 及小環蛺蝶（N. sappho）體色是否有如細帶環蛺蝶（N. nata）及斷 線環蛺蝶（N. soma）一樣會隨著利用的寄主植物不同而產生不一樣 的體色則有待更進一步的觀察紀錄才能確定。 此外，這些廣食性的環蛺蝶屬成員在寄主植物的選擇上重疊率 不低，如櫸木可被細帶環蛺蝶（N. nata）、斷線環蛺蝶（N. soma） 以及小環蛺蝶（N. sappho）所利用，石朴可被斷線環蛺蝶（N. soma）及細帶環蛺蝶（N. nata）所利用，朴樹可被細帶環蛺蝶（N. nata）和斷線環蛺蝶（N. soma）所利用，葛藤可被豆環蛺蝶（N. 14 hylas）和細帶環蛺蝶（N. nata）所利用，糙葉樹可被細帶環蛺蝶 （N. nata）、小環蛺蝶（N. sappho）以及（無邊環蛺蝶（N. reducta））所利用，臺灣梭羅木可被細帶環蛺蝶和斷線環蛺蝶（N. soma）所利用（見 Supplement. 2），如此的寄主高度重複要如何避免 種間競爭，此些環蛺蝶在微棲地的選擇上如何區分則需要進一步的 觀察紀錄才能釐清。 此實驗過程中亦發現細帶環蛺蝶（N. nata）和斷線環蛺蝶（N. soma）的新寄主紀錄，細帶環蛺蝶（N. nata）之新寄主紀錄為梧桐 科 Sterculiaceae 臺灣梭羅木（Reevesia formosana）、豆科島槐 （Maackia taiwanensis）以及大麻科沙楠梓樹（Celtis biondii），並有 取食錦葵科 Malvaceae 朱槿（Hibiscus rosa-sinensis）至五齡的紀 錄，斷線環蛺蝶（N. soma）之新寄主紀錄則為梧桐科之臺灣梭羅木 及薔薇科之山櫻花，而在櫸木上尋找細帶環蛺蝶隻（N.
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  • Issn 0972- 1800
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    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2015; 3(3): 455-468 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Notes on some interesting butterflies JEZS 2015; 3(3): 455-468 © 2015 JEZS (Lepidoptera) from Nambor-Doigrung wildlife Received: 03-04-2015 Accepted: 06-05-2015 Sanctuary, North East India Prarthana Mudai Gauhati University, Prarthana Mudai, Jatin Kalita, Gaurab Nandi Das, Bitupan Boruah Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Jalukbari, Guwahati, Assam Abstract 781014, India. A survey was carried out to find out the butterfly fauna present in Nambor–Doigrung Wildlife Sanctuary, Jatin Kalita Assam. A total of 224 species of butterflies distributed in 5 families have been collected and identified. Gauhati University, The paper throws light on the description of some interesting butterflies (Lepidoptera) and their status as Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, per Evans (1932) from the study area. The study revealed, 224 butterfly species belonging to 137 genera Jalukbari, Guwahati, Assam representing 5 families from Nambor –Doigrung Wildlife Sanctuary, of which Nymphalidae was the 781014, India. dominating family with 84 species, followed by 19 species of Papilionidae, 19 Pieridae, 62 Lycaenidae and 40 Hesperiidae. Some very important species encountered during study time such as Lasippa viraja Gaurab Nandi Das viraja, Lamproptera curius curius, Capila zennara, Cupitha purreea and Bibasis sena sena; all are North Orissa University, included in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act (IWPA), 1972. Mayurbhanj, Baripada, Odisha 757001, India. Keywords: Survey, Butterfly fauna, Species, Status. Bitupan Boruah North Orissa University, 1. Introduction Mayurbhanj, Baripada, Odisha North-East India is the one of the mega bio-diversity hotspots of the world, which comprises 757001, India.
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  • September 2012 | Vol
    September 2012 | Vol. 4 | No. 10 | Pages 2933–2992 Date of Publication 12 September 2012 ISSN 0974-7907 (online) | 0974-7893 (print) Spindasis lohita Ancema blanka Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of articles in any medium for non-profit purposes, reproduction and distribution by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publication. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA Published by Typeset and printed at Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society Zoo Outreach Organisation 96, Kumudham Nagar, Vilankurichi Road, Coimbatore 641035, Tamil Nadu, India Ph: +91422 2665298, 2665101, 2665450; Fax: +91422 2665472 Email: [email protected], [email protected] Website: www.threatenedtaxa.org EDITORS Dr. Prem B. Budha, Kathmandu, Nepal FOUNDER & CHIEF EDITOR Mr. Ashok Captain, Pune, India Dr. Sanjay Molur, Coimbatore, India Dr. Cleofas R. Cervancia, Laguna , Philippines Dr. Apurba Chakraborty, Guwahati, India MANAGING EDITOR Dr. Kailash Chandra, Jabalpur, India Mr. B. Ravichandran, Coimbatore, India Dr. Anwaruddin Choudhury, Guwahati, India Dr. Richard Thomas Corlett, Singapore ASSOCIATE EDITORS Dr. Gabor Csorba, Budapest, Hungary Dr. B.A. Daniel, Coimbatore, India Dr. Paula E. Cushing, Denver, USA Dr. Manju Siliwal, Dehra Dun, India Dr. Neelesh Naresh Dahanukar, Pune, India Dr. Meena Venkataraman, Mumbai, India Dr. R.J. Ranjit Daniels, Chennai, India Ms. Priyanka Iyer, Coimbatore, India Dr. A.K. Das, Kolkata, India Dr. Indraneil Das, Sarawak, Malaysia EDITORIAL ADVISORS Dr. Rema Devi, Chennai, India Ms. Sally Walker, Coimbatore, India Dr. Nishith Dharaiya, Patan, India Dr. Robert C. Lacy, Minnesota, USA Dr. Ansie Dippenaar-Schoeman, Queenswood, South Dr. Russel Mittermeier, Virginia, USA Africa Dr. Thomas Husband, Rhode Island, USA Dr.
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  • A Checklist of Butterflies of Tasek Bera Ramsar Site, Pahang, Malaysia
    Journal of Wildlife and Parks, 30: 15-26 (2015) A CHECKLIST OF BUTTERFLIES OF TASEK BERA RAMSAR SITE, PAHANG, MALAYSIA Tan Cheng Cheng*, Shahid Tajuddin, Mohd Fadlli Mahat & Tan Poai Ean Biodiversity Conservation Division, Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP), Peninsular Malaysia, KM 10 Jalan Cheras, 56100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia *Corresponding author’s email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Tasek Bera, Pahang is recognised as an important international wetlands area under The Ramsar Convention since 1994. Butterfly surveys were conducted during the 2014 Biodiversity Inventory Programme in two sampling occasions: 7th–13th May and 13th–19th August. The objective of this survey is to document the butterfly (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) species diversity for future management and conservation. A total of 289 butterflies were collected, 125 species from five families were identified from both sampling occasions. Nymphalidae (48%) is the most diverse family, followed by Lycaenidae (23%), Pieridae (15%), Papilionidae (12%) and Riodinidae (2%). Among the 125 species recorded, 57 species were recorded in May, 39 species in August and 29 species in both sampling occasions. More species of The reported families Namphalidae covered 33%, Papilionidae 10%, and Pieridae 57% biodiversity of butterflies of Kohat.The reported families Namphalidae covered 33%, Papilionidae 10%, and Pieridae 57% biodiversity of butterflies of Kohat.Lycaenidae, Pieridae and Papilionidae were recorded in May compared to August. Conversely, Nymphalidae species recorded in August was nearly double the number of species recorded in May. The availability of host and nectar plants might be one of the factors that affect the butterfly diversity. The present list of butterfly is not exhaustive, therefore prolonged surveys using various sampling methods are recommended to update the butterfly checklist of Tasek Bera Ramsar Site.
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    1964 Journal of the Lepidopterist~'· Society 243 RECENT LITERATURE ON LEPIDOPTERA Under this heading are included abstracts of papers and books of interest to lepidopterists. The world's literature is searched systematically, and it is intended that every work on Lepidoptera published after 1946 wiH be noticed here. Papets o{ only local interest and papers from this Journal are listed without abstract. Readers, not in North America, interested in assisting with this very large task, are invited to write Dr. P. F. BELLINGER (Dept. of Natural Sciences, San Fernando Valley State College, Northridge, Calif., U. S. A.). Abstractors' initials are as follows: [P.B'] - P. F. BELLINGER [W.H'] - W. HACKMAN [N.O'] - N. S. OBRAZTSOV [I.C'] - I. F. B. COMMON [T.I,] - TARO IWASE [C.R,] - C. L. REMIt-IGTON [W.C,] - W. C. COOK U.M'] - J. MOUCHA U.TJ - J. W. TILDEN' [A.D,] - A. DIAKONOFF [E.M,] - E. G. MUNROE [P.VJ - P. E. L. VIETTE A. GENERAL Collins, Michael M., & Robert D. Weast, Wild Silk Moths of the United States, Saturniinae, experimental studies and observations of natural living habits and relationship. 138 pp., illus. Cedar Rapids, Iowa: Collins Radio C. 1960. See review in Journal, vo1.16: p.58. Ehrlich, Paul R., "Lepidoptera." If] McGraw-Hill Enoyclopedia of Science and Technology, vol.7: pp.459-473, 11 figs. 1960. Forbes, William T. M., J. G. Franclemont, & c. B. Knowlton, "The Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states. PaIt IV .. :' Mem. Cornell Univ. agric exper. Sta. 371: 188 pp., 188 figs. 1960. See review in Journal, vol.l7: pp.40-42.
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    Asian Journal of Conservation Biology, July 2021. Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 68-95 AJCB: FP0156/66186 ISSN 2278-7666 ©TCRP Foundation 2021 https://doi.org/10.53562/ajcb.NDZF2600 Research Article Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in and around the Unakoti Archaeological Site with 59 new additions to the Butterfly Fauna of Tripura, North-eastern India Suman Bhowmik1*, Sujitraj Das Chowdhury2 1 Lepidoptera Conservation and Research Division, Wild Tripura Foundation, Agartala, Tripura, India 2Avifauna Conservation and Research Division, Wild Tripura Foundation, Agartala, Tripura, India (Received: December 20, 2020; Revised: March 15, 2021; Accepted: March 25, 2021) ABSTRACT The authors have surveyed different habitats in and around the Unakoti Archaeological Site and documented a total of 216 species classified under 6 families, 23 subfamilies and 126 genera of the order Lepidoptera. The study was conducted from 2016 to 2020, covering different seasons namely pre-monsoon (Jan-Apr), monsoon (May-Aug) and post-monsoon (Sep-Dec) respectively. The study reports 2 species under schedule I, 25 species under schedule II, and 5 species under schedule IV of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972. This study also documented seasonal diversity and habitat-wise occurrence of butterflies in and around the Unakoti Archaeolog- ical Site. During the study, 59 butterfly species were recorded as new additions to the butterfly fauna of Tripura. High-quality photographs of all the butterfly species documented during the study have been included in this paper. Key words: Archaeological Site, Butterfly, Diversity, Habitat, Lepidoptera, Tripura, Unakoti. INTRODUCTION for highly endemic diverse biota (Chatterjee et al., 2006); (Datta-Roy et al., 2012).
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