South African Weather Service - Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

Document Reference: AQI-HPA-MER-2018-December-001 Document Type: Report Version: 1

This document is controlled in terms of the South African Weather Services’ Quality Management System and may not be edited, distributed or deemed obsolete without permission of the Management Quality CONTROLLED COPY WHEN PRINTED OUTSIDE THE ELECTRONIC QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: Page 1 of 56 Representative.Public Document Document Reference: AQI-REP-HPA-MER-2018-DECEMBER 2018.001

Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

Document Control

Version and Amendment Schedule

Version Version Date Author Description of Amendments 1 15/01/2017 Xolile Ncipha First Draft

Compliance Schedule

Compliance Type Compliance Date of Compliance Responsibility Signature Checked Approved by: Approval Documentation Mr Mandlesilo TQM Manager Compliance Mavimbela

Approval and Control Schedule

Date Copy Approved By Designation Responsibility Signature Approved Status Senior Manager Mr Kamaseelan Air Quality Chetty Information SAWS

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Five ambient air monitoring stations are operated and maintained in the Highveld Priority Area (HPA) by the South African Weather Service. At each of the stations PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO, NO2, NOx, O3, CO, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene are measured. In addition, meteorological data for wind speed, wind direction, ambient temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, solar radiation and barometric pressure are also measured. This report presents the relevant data for the month of December2018.

The HPA network achieved 90.69% valid data collection for this month. Only Hendrina and Witbank stations recorded valid data recovery below 90%, Hendrina mainly lost data due power failure and Witbank as a result of faulty instruments.

Only Ermelo recorded exceedances of PM10 daily NAAQS, the station exceeded the PM10 daily NAAQS 4 times. No station observed the exceedance of PM2.5 daily NAAQS. Only Hendrina observed the exceedance of SO2 10 minute NAAQS which occurred once. No station recorded the exceedance of SO2 hourly and daily NAAQS. The whole network did not observe the exceedance of hourly NO2 and CO

NAAQS, and CO 8-hourly running average NAAQS. Only Ermelo observed O3 8-hourly running average NAAQS exceedances, the station recorded 10 exceedances.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

REPORT DETAILS REFERENCE AQI-REP-HPA-MER-2018-DECEMBER-001 REPORT Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December TITLE 2018 DATE 14 January 2018 SUBMITTED CLIENT Thabo Setshedi Department of Environmental Affairs Environment House, 473 Steve Biko, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0083 South Africa Email : [email protected] Tel : +27 12 399 9000 PREPARED Xolile Ncipha BY Air Quality Information South African Weather Services 442 Rigel Avenue Erasmusrand Pretoria EQUIRIES Tel: 012 3676000 e-mail: [email protected] SIGNED APPROVER(S) Technical Manager : Mr Desmond Mabaso Quality Manager D:AQI : Mr Lotta Mayana SIGNED

STATUS Final NOTICE This document is issued by SAWS under its General Conditions of Service accessible at http://www.weathersa.co.za/terms_and_conditions.htm. Attention is drawn to the limitation of liability, indemnification and jurisdiction issues defined therein. The South African Weather Service (SAWS) through the Department Air Quality Information operates and maintains ambient air quality monitoring networks. While SAWS takes every precaution to ensure quality assurance and the application of best monitoring practice, SAWS cannot vouch for the quality and representativeness of the samples. The data herein reflects the data transferred using the data acquisition system only. While data in this report were collected, processed and compiled with care, the accuracy and reliability of this information is subject to variations due to limitations of equipment and programs used. Any unauthorized alteration, forgery or falsification of the content or appearance of this document is unlawful. This report shall not be reproduced except in full and with the express consent of the SAWS.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DOCUMENT CONTROL

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 10

2 METEOROLOGICAL OVERVIEW ...... 14

2.1 WINDS AT THE HPAMN FOR DECEMBER 2018 ...... 14

2.2 TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL ...... 16 3 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING ...... 17

3.1 MEASUREMENT METHODS ...... 17 3.1.1 Oxides of nitrogen ...... 17 3.1.2 Sulphur Dioxide ...... 17 3.1.3 Carbon monoxide ...... 17 3.1.4 Ozone ...... 17 3.1.5 Particulate Matter ...... 18 3.1.6 Black Carbon...... 18

3.2 CALIBRATION CONDITIONS...... 18

3.3 DATA CAPTURE ...... 18 3.3.1 Data Availability at the Highveld Priority Area Monitoring Network ...... 19

3.4 DATA VALIDATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE ...... 22

3.5 NUMBER OF EXCEEDANCES OF NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS...... 22 3.5.1 Exceedances recorded at HPAMN Stations ...... 23

3.6 PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10 AND PM2.5) CONCENTRATION ...... 25

3.7 SULPHUR DIOXIDE (SO2) CONCENTRATION ...... 26

3.8 NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) CONCENTRATION ...... 28

3.9 OZONE (O3) CONCENTRATION ...... 28

3.10 CARBON MONOXIDE (CO) CONCENTRATION ...... 29

3.11 BLACK CARBON CONCENTRATION ...... 30 4 MAINTENANCE AND CALIBRATION ...... 30

4.1 WITBANK ...... 32

4.2 MIDDELBURG ...... 33

4.3 HENDRINA ...... 34

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

4.4 ERMELO ...... 35

4.5 SECUNDA ...... 36

4.6 MAINTENANCE AND MINOR REPAIRS ...... 37 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ...... 39

6 REFERENCES ...... 40

7 APPENDIX 1: DATA VALIDATION AND QUALITY CONTROLLING ...... 41

8 APPENDIX 2: DETAILED STATION DESCRIPTION ...... 45

8.1 ERMELO STATION ...... 45

8.2 HENDRINA STATION ...... 46

8.3 MIDDELBURG STATION ...... 48

8.4 SECUNDA STATION ...... 50

8.5 WITBANK STATION...... 51 9 PPENDIX 3: TREND DATA ANALYSIS ...... 54

9.1 PM10 AND PM2.5 CONCENTRATIONS...... 54

9.2 SO2 CONCENTRATIONS ...... 55

9.3 NO2 CONCENTRATIONS ...... 55

9.4 O3 CONCENTRATIONS ...... 56

9.5 CO CONCENTRATIONS ...... 56

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Hotspots of PM, SO2 and NOX identified in the Highveld Priority Area (Zunckel, Naiker, & Raghunandan, 2010)...... 11 Figure 2: Google Earth Image Showing the Location of the five monitoring stations in the Highveld Priority Area...... 12 Figure 3: Surface wind roses for the Highveld Priority Area for December 2018...... 15 Figure 4: Daily Temperatures, December 2018...... 16 Figure 5: Daily Rainfall, December 2018...... 16 Figure 6: PM10 Daily Averages, December 2018...... 25

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

Figure 7: PM2.5 Daily Averages, December 2018...... 25

Figure 8: SO2 Ten-Minute Averages, December 2018...... 27

Figure 9: SO2 Hourly Averages, December 2018...... 27

Figure 10: SO2 Daily (24 Hour) Averages, December 2018...... 27

Figure 11: NO2 Hourly Averages, December 2018...... 28

Figure 12: O3 8-Hour Running Averages, December 2018...... 28 Figure 13: CO Hourly Averages, December 2018...... 29 Figure 14: CO 8-Hour Running Averages, December 2018...... 29 Figure 15: BC Five Minute Averages recorded at the Secunda and Witbank stations, December 2018. ... 30 Figure 16: Google Earth image showing the location of the Ermelo Station...... 45 Figure 17: Photograph of the monitoring station at Ermelo ...... 46 Figure 18: Google Earth image showing the location of the Hendrina Station...... 47 Figure 19: Photograph of the Hendrina monitoring station...... 48 Figure 20: Google Earth image showing the location of the Middelburg Station...... 49 Figure 21: Photograph of the Middelburg monitoring station...... 50 Figure 22: Google Earth image showing the location of the Secunda Station...... 51 Figure 23: Google Earth image showing the location of the Witbank Station...... 52 Figure 24: Photograph of the Witbank monitoring station...... 53 Figure 25: PM10 Daily Averages January to December 2018...... 54

Figure 26: PM2.5 Daily Averages January to December 2018...... 54

Figure 27: SO2 Daily Averages January to December 2018...... 55

Figure 28: NO2 Hourly Averages January to December 2018...... 55

Figure 29: O3 8-Hour Running Averages January to December 2018...... 56 Figure 30: CO hourly averages January to December2018...... 56

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Locations and primary pollutant sources of concern in the Highveld Priority Area...... 13 Table 2: Calibration Conditions...... 18 Table 3: Data availability for the HPAMN, December 2018...... 19 Table 4: Monthly station data recovery per parameter, December 2018...... 20 Table 5: National Ambient Air Quality Standards...... 22 Table 6: Summary of exceedances of ambient air quality standards record at HPAMN (01 January 2018 – 31 December 2018)...... 24 Table 7: Summary of calibration checks for the HPAMN (01 January – 31 December 2018)...... 30 Table 8: Summary of Multipoint Calibration Verifications for the HPAMN (01 January – 31 December 2018)...... 31 Table 9: Witbank station calibration and equipment status, December 2018...... 32 Table 10: Middelburg station calibration and equipment status, December 2018...... 33 Table 11: Hendrina station calibration and equipment status, December 2018...... 34 Table 12: Ermelo station calibration and equipment status, December 2018...... 35 Table 13: Secunda station calibration and equipment status, December 2018...... 36 Table 14: Maintenance and Minor Repairs...... 37 Table 15: Table of data validation, December 2018...... 41

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AQMP Air Quality Management Plan BC Black Carbon CO Carbon monoxide

C6H6 Benzene DEA Department of Environmental Affairs NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standard NO Nitrogen oxide

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

NOx Nitrogen oxides

O3 Ozone PM2.5 Particulate matter with a diameter less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers (10-6 m) PM10 Particulate matter with a diameter less than or equal to 10 micrometers (10-6 m) SAAQIS South African Air Quality Information System SAWS South African Weather Service

SO2 Sulphur dioxide VOC Volatile organic compound HPA Highveld Priority Area HPAMN Highveld Priority Area Monitoring Network

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

1 INTRODUCTION

The Highveld is an industrial heartland of South Africa. The combination of industrial, domestic, transport, biomass burning, agricultural and other emission sources have led to degraded air quality over the area. This in turn directly impacts on the health and well-being of people residing in the Highveld Priority Area.

Areas of eastern Gauteng and western Mpumalanga were declared a priority area in terms of the ambient air quality in 2007. The main pollutants of concern included PM and SO2 Air Pollution hotspots were identified at Emalahleni (Witbank), Middelburg, Ermelo and Secunda (Figure 1). In 2008 five ambient air quality monitoring stations were installed at sites within the identified hotspot areas, with an additional station placed in Hendrina. Further information relating to the stations can be found in Table 1.

The Department of Environmental Affairs appointed a service provider from August 2008 until August 2013 to supply, install and maintain five ambient air quality monitoring stations in the HPA. This monitoring network consists of five fully automated stations monitoring air quality and meteorological parameters. The stations are located in Secunda, Ermelo, Emalahleni (Witbank), Hendrina and Middelburg. Figure 2 shows the location of the ambient air quality monitoring stations in the HPA. In September 2013, the monitoring stations were transferred to the South African Weather Service (SAWS) to take over the responsibility of managing the network henceforth. The role of SAWS in the management of the network includes routine maintenance, calibration, data management and reporting.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

Figure 1: Hotspots of PM, SO2 and NOX identified in the Highveld Priority Area (Zunckel, Naiker, & Raghunandan, 2010).

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

Figure 2: Google Earth Image Showing the Location of the five monitoring stations in the Highveld Priority Area.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

Table 1: Locations and primary pollutant sources of concern in the Highveld Priority Area.

Monitoring Monitoring station Monitoring Period Pollutant sources Station Coordinates

S-26.492983° Transport of pollutants regionally, Ermelo August 2008 - Present coal transportation trucks, domestic E29.968517° fuel burning

Regional Background as station is not S-26.151400° in the vicinity of direct pollutant Hendrina August 2008 - Present sources and no local influence of E29.716250° domestic burning

Large Industrial Sources (Columbus S-25.79070° Steel and Middelburg Ferrochrome, Middelburg August 2008 - Present industries to South and Mine dumps E29.462801° to North west, no local impact from domestic fuel burning

S-26.550650° Extensive use of domestic fuel in Secunda August 2008 - Present vicinity and impacts from SASOL E29.3179117° Secunda plant to the east

S-25.877850° Domestic fuel burning, transport and Witbank August 2008 - Present industrial and mining emissions E29.186415°

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

2 METEOROLOGICAL OVERVIEW

Wind roses summarise the occurrence of winds at a location, representing their strength, direction and frequency. Wind speeds less than 0.5 m/s (calm condition) are represented as a percentage of the total winds in the centre circle. Each directional branch on a wind rose represents wind originating from that direction. Each directional branch is divided into segments of different colours which are representative of different wind speeds.

2.1 Winds at the HPAMN for December 2018 Figure 3 represents the wind roses for the HPAMN stations for the month of December 2018. During this month Ermelo (top left) station was dominated by north-westerly to north-easterly winds with frequency of occurrence of about 14%. These winds reached a maximum speed of 9.6 m/s. Hendrina station (top centre) was dominated by north-westerly winds with frequency of occurrence of about 20%. The winds reached a maximum speed of about 4 m/s. Middelburg station (top right) was dominated by north- westerly winds with frequency of occurrence of about 30%. The winds reached maximum speed of 6 m/s. The Secunda station (Bottom left) was dominated by north-westerly, northerly and north-easterly winds with frequencies of occurrence of about 18%, 14% and 15%, respectively. They reached a maximum speed of about 6, 9.6 and 6 m/s, respectively. The Witbank station (bottom right) was also dominated by northerly winds, with frequency of occurrence of about 20%. The winds reached a maximum speed of 9.6 m/s.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

Figure 3: Surface wind roses for the Highveld Priority Area for December 2018.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

2.2 Temperature and Rainfall

The recorded daily temperatures and rainfall in the HPA during the month of December 2018 are illustrated in Figure 4 and Figure 5, respectively. During this month there were few occurrences of rainfalls, which led to a drop in maximum temperatures and pollution levels.

Figure 4: Daily Temperatures, December 2018.

Figure 5: Daily Rainfall, December 2018.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

3 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING

3.1 Measurement methods

3.1.1 Oxides of nitrogen

Oxides of nitrogen (NOx = NO + NO2) are measured continuously by the principle of chemiluminescence. The ambient air sample is drawn through the sample bulkhead and flows through a capillary, and then to the solenoid valve which routes it straight to the reaction chamber. In the reaction chamber ozone, which is generated by the instrument, reacts with the NO in the sample to produce excited NO2 molecules. A photomultiplier tube (PMT) housed in a thermoelectric cooler detects the luminescence generated during this reaction. Separately the NOx is calculated through converting NOx to NO and then using the same chemiluminescence measurement as for NO. The NO2 concentration is calculated as the difference between the measured NO and NOx concentrations.

3.1.2 Sulphur Dioxide Sulphur dioxide is measured continuously by the principle of absorb ultraviolet (UV) light. The sample is drawn through the sample bulkhead through a hydrocarbon “kicker”, which removes hydrocarbons from the sample by forcing the hydrocarbon molecules to permeate through the tube wall. The sample flows into the fluorescence chamber, where pulsating UV light excites the SO2 molecules. As the excited SO2 molecules decay to lower energy states, they emit UV light that is proportional to the SO2 concentration.

3.1.3 Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide is measured continuously by the principle of absorb infrared radiation. The sample is drawn through the sample bulkhead, radiation from an infrared source is chopped and then passed through a gas filter alternating between CO and N2. The infrared radiation then exits the optical bench and falls on an infrared detector. The absorption of the infrared radiation is proportional to the concentration of CO in the sample.

3.1.4 Ozone Ozone is measured continuously by the principle of UV light absorption. The sample is drawn through the sample bulkhead and is split into two gas streams. The degree to which the UV light is absorbed is directly related to the ozone concentration as described by the Beer-Lambert Law. The solenoid valves alternate the reference and sample gas streams between cells A and B every 10 seconds. The UV light intensities of each cell are measured by two detectors. The ozone concentrations of each cell are calculated and output the average concentration.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

3.1.5 Particulate Matter Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) is measured continuously by laser light scattering. The sample is drawn through the bulkhead into the instrument measurement cell, the gas stream passes through a laser beam which is diverted by the particles the angle of reflection or refraction is utilised to calculate the particle size.

3.1.6 Black Carbon Black carbon is measured through the use of a Thermo Scientific Model 5012 Multi Angle Absorption Photometer Instrument which uses an optical method to determine the amount of absorbing particles deposited on a filter.

3.2 Calibration Conditions

The recorded values are referenced to the SANAS accredited calibrations that occurred under the conditions presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Calibration Conditions. Witbank Middelburg Hendrina Ermelo Secunda

Date 06/11/2017 06/11/2017 09/11/2017 10/11/2017 13/11/2017

Barometric 849.0 mbar 845.9 mbar 834.0 mbar 821.4 mbar 843.6 mbar Pressure (mbar)

Shelter 23.1oC 23.6oC 19.0oC 22.0oC 24.1oC Temperature (°C)

3.3 Data Capture

The tables below illustrate the data capture for each monitoring site for the month of December 2018. According to the South African National Accreditation System (SANAS) guidelines, a minimum of 90 % data capture is required to achieve minimum data quality assurance for data validation and summary (SANAS TR07-03).

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

3.3.1 Data Availability at the Highveld Priority Area Monitoring Network The data availability and collection efficiency for the HPAMN for December 2018 monitoring period is presented in Table 3 and Table 4. Cells shaded yellow in tables indicate data capture below 90%. The HPA network achieved 90.69% valid data collection for this month. Only Hendrina and Witbank stations recorded valid data recovery below 90%, Hendrina mainly lost data due power failure and Witbank as a result of faulty instruments.

Table 3: Data availability for the HPAMN, December 2018.

Collection Station Name Validated Data (%) Comments Efficiency (%)

Validated data capture exceeded Ermelo 97.80 97.61 the 90% SANAS data capture requirement. Validated data efficiency is below Hendrina the 90% SANAS data capture 84.25 79.15 requirement. Data was lost due power failure. Validated data capture exceeded Middelburg 99.37 99.32 the 90% SANAS data capture requirement.

Validated data capture exceeded Secunda 93.57 93.32 the 90% SANAS data capture requirement.

Validated data efficiency is below Witbank the 90% SANAS data capture 94.19 84.04 requirement. Data was lost due to faulty NOX and wind instruments.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

Table 4: Monthly station data recovery per parameter, December 2018. Parameter Ermelo Hendrina Middelburg Secunda Witbank Data Capture %col % val %col % val %col % val %col % val %col % val

Benzene Toluene

Xylene

Ethylbenzene

PM10 97.68 97.65 84.03 84.02 99.86 99.85 93.68 93.62 95.98 95.97

PM2.5 97.68 97.68 84.03 84.02 99.86 99.85 93.68 93.62 95.98 95.97

PM1 97.67 97.67 83.20 0.00 98.45 98.44 92.89 92.82 95.31 95.30

Sulphur Dioxide 97.76 97.76 84.15 84.15 99.74 99.72 93.49 93.39 97.51 95.27

Nitric Oxide 97.47 96.60 84.28 83.16 98.27 98.25 93.58 93.18 97.66 55.46

Nitrogen Dioxide 97.47 96.59 84.28 83.16 98.27 98.25 93.58 93.17 97.66 55.34

Nitrogen oxides 97.47 96.60 84.28 83.16 98.27 98.25 93.58 93.18 97.66 55.45

Carbon Monoxide 97.73 97.37 84.17 84.10 99.42 98.71 92.80 91.96 97.51 97.38

Ozone 97.81 97.57 84.14 84.14 98.22 98.17 93.53 93.47 96.13 96.12

Wind direction 97.99 97.99 84.46 84.46 99.87 99.87 93.71 93.71 43.73 43.62

Wind speed 97.99 97.99 84.46 84.46 99.87 99.87 93.71 93.71 97.73 45.15

Pressure 97.99 97.98 84.46 84.46 99.87 99.87 93.71 93.71 97.73 97.73

Relative Humidity 97.99 97.97 84.46 84.46 99.87 99.87 93.71 93.71 97.73 97.71

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

Parameter Ermelo Hendrina Middelburg Secunda Witbank Solar radiation 97.99 97.99 84.46 84.46 99.87 99.87 93.71 93.71 97.73 97.73

Enclosure Temperature 97.99 97.99 84.46 84.46 99.87 99.87 93.71 93.71 97.73 97.73

Ambient Temperature 97.99 97.96 84.46 84.46 99.87 99.87 93.71 93.71 97.73 97.68

Rain 97.99 97.99 84.45 84.45 99.87 99.87 93.71 93.72 97.73 97.74

Black Carbon 93.72 91.70 96.09 95.38 Average 97.80 97.61 84.25 79.15 99.37 99.32 93.57 93.32 94.19 84.04 Values highlighted in yellow indicate data capture rates below the 90% SANAS requirement Cells highlighted in red indicate no instrument A – indicates awaiting retrieval of data

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

3.4 Data Validation and Quality Assurance

It is often necessary to modify the data during the data validation process. This was done in accordance to the SAWS SOP, and using the Validation Editor program in the proprietary software. The data is checked for zero drift, which if identified is corrected to correspond with the values from the most recent calibration, and outliers are identified if they are outside the range of three standard deviations of the mean, if these outliers represent a legitimate spike in the concentration (3 standard deviations of the mean of values within an hour of either side of the data point) they are retained otherwise removed from the validated data. Negative values less than -1 were removed from the validated data (Refer to Appendix.1).

3.5 Number of Exceedances of National Ambient Air Quality Standards

The National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, O3, CO and C6H6 are shown in Table 4. Table 5: National Ambient Air Quality Standards.

Parameter Averaging period Concentration Frequency of exceedence 24-hour 75 µg.m-3 4 PM10 annual 40 µg.m-3 0 24-hour 40 µg.m-3 4 PM2.5 annual 25 µg.m-3 0 10-minutes 191 ppb 526 1-hour 134 ppb 88 SO2 24-hour 48ppb 4 annual 19ppb 0 1-hour 106 ppb 88 NO2 annual 21 ppb 0

O3 8-hour running average 61 ppb 11 1-hour 26 ppm 88 CO 8-hour running average 8.7 ppm 11

C6H6 annual 3.2 ppb 0

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

3.5.1 Exceedances recorded at HPAMN Stations

The number of exceedances of the NAAQS for each of the criteria pollutants recorded in the HPAMN for December 2018 is shown in Table 6. The values for exceedances from instruments that were not in operation are presented by – symbol. Only Ermelo recorded exceedances of PM10 daily NAAQS, the station exceeded the PM10 daily NAAQS 4 times. No station observed the exceedance of PM2.5 daily

NAAQS. Only Hendrina observed the exceedance of SO2 10 minute NAAQS which occurred once. No station recorded the exceedance of SO2 hourly and daily NAAQS. The whole network did not observe the exceedance of hourly NO2 and CO NAAQS, and CO 8-hourly running average NAAQS. Only Ermelo observed O3 8-hourly running average NAAQS exceedances, the station recorded 10 exceedances.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

Table 6: Summary of exceedances of ambient air quality standards record at HPAMN (01 January 2018 – 31 December 2018).

Exceedances Per Month Pollutant & Annual Number Total Averaging Standard of Permitted Station Name Exceedances to

July

May

June Period Exceedances April Date

March

August

January

October

February

December

November

September Ermelo 4 15 8 5 17 20 20 18 19 9 4 4 143 Hendrina - - - - - 4 5 7 - - 0 0 16 PM10 75 µgm-3 4 Middelburg 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 24h Secunda 18 5 1 4 16 16 3 22 17 1 0 0 103 Witbank - 0 0 7 11 13 10 21 21 8 1 0 92 Ermelo 4 12 4 6 17 19 17 11 10 0 0 0 100 Hendrina - - - - - 3 1 3 - - 0 0 7 PM2.5 40 µgm-3 4 Middelburg 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 24h Secunda 20 5 2 5 16 17 9 17 12 0 0 0 103 Witbank - 0 1 7 9 12 11 16 17 1 0 0 74 Ermelo 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 Hendrina 3 0 3 1 2 0 1 0 4 0 4 1 19 SO 2 191 ppb 526 Middelburg 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 10 min Secunda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Witbank 0 0 0 1 2 0 4 0 0 6 1 0 14 Ermelo 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Hendrina 1 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 SO 2 134 ppb 88 Middelburg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1h Secunda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Witbank 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 3 Ermelo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hendrina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SO 2 48 ppb 4 Middelburg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24h Secunda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Witbank 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Ermelo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hendrina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NO 2 106 ppb 88 Middelburg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1h Secunda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Witbank 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ermelo 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 7 36 3 0 10 62 O 3 Hendrina 7 2 0 0 0 0 0 9 69 15 14 0 116 8h 61 ppb 11 Middelburg 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 5 (Running Secunda - 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 11 5 0 0 22 Averages) Witbank 187 90 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 284 Ermelo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hendrina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CO 26 ppm 88 Middelburg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1h Secunda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Witbank 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ermelo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CO Hendrina 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8h (Running 8.7 ppm 11 Middelburg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Averages) Secunda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Witbank 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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3.6 Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) Concentration

Figures 6 and 7 show the PM10 and PM2.5 daily average concentrations for all operational stations in HPAMN respectively. Only Ermelo recorded the daily NAAQS exceedances of PM10. No station recorded the daily NAAQS exceedances of PM2.5 (Table 6).

Figure 6: PM10 Daily Averages, December 2018.

Figure 7: PM2.5 Daily Averages, December 2018.

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3.7 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) concentration

The concentrations of SO2 during December 2018 are presented at 10-minute (Figure 8), hourly (Figure 9) and daily (Figure 10) averages for all operational stations in HPAMN. Only Hendrina observed an exceedance of SO2 10 minute. No station recorded exceedance of hourly and daily SO2 NAAQS (Table 6).

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Figure 8: SO2 Ten-Minute Averages, December 2018.

Figure 9: SO2 Hourly Averages, December 2018.

Figure 10: SO2 Daily (24 Hour) Averages, December 2018.

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3.8 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Concentration

The hourly averaged concentrations of NO2 during December 2018 are shown in Figure 11 for stations with operational NOX instruments. No station in the network recorded the exceedance of NO2 NAAQS this month. (Table 6).

Figure 11: NO2 Hourly Averages, December 2018.

3.9 Ozone (O3) Concentration

The 8-hourly running average concentrations of O3 during December 2018 are illustrated in Figure 12 for operational stations. Only Ermelo observed O3 8-hourly running average NAAQS exceedances (Table 6).

Figure 12: O3 8-Hour Running Averages, December 2018.

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3.10 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Concentration

The concentrations of CO during December 2018 are presented at hourly and 8-hourly running averages in Figure 13 and Figure 14 respectively. During the monitoring period, no exceedance was observed throughout the network for CO hourly and 8-hourly running average NAAQS (Table 6).

Figure 13: CO Hourly Averages, December 2018.

Figure 14: CO 8-Hour Running Averages, December 2018.

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3.11 Black Carbon Concentration

BC is monitored at the Secunda and Witbank stations only. The concentrations of BC during December 2018 are presented at 5 minute averages in Figure 15. There is currently no National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for Black Carbon.

Figure 15: BC Five Minute Averages recorded at the Secunda and Witbank stations, December 2018.

4 MAINTENANCE AND CALIBRATION

Table 7: Summary of calibration checks for the HPAMN (01 January – 31 December 2018).

Station

due)

(2 due)

due)

Name 2

July( 2 July(

April ( April

May (2 due) May (2 June (2 due)

March (2 due) March

August (2 due) August

January (

October

February (2due) February

Number required Number

December

November (2 due) November

September (2 due) (2 September completed Number Ermelo 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 24 24

Hendrina 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 24 24

Middelburg 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 24 24

Secunda 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 24 24

Witbank 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 24 24

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Table 8: Summary of Multipoint Calibration Verifications for the HPAMN (01 January – 31 December 2018). Multipoint calibrations per month

1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter Station

Name

(1 due)

(1 due) (1

(1 due)

January February March (1 due) April May Ju July August September October November December completed Number required Number % compliance

Ermelo 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 4 4 100

Hendrina 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 4 4 100

Middelburg 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 4 4 100

Secunda 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 4 4 100

Witbank 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 4 4 100

Quarterly Calibrations will be performed in each quarter External Multipoint Calibrations will be performed in the first quarter of 2019.

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4.1 Witbank Table 9: Witbank station calibration and equipment status, December 2018. Zero Span/Calibration Pollutant Check Equipment Status Date and Comments

04 December 2018, Zero and Ok Zero and Span Checks span checks conducted. O3 19 December 2018, Zero and Zero and span Checks Ok Span checks conducted.

04 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted. CO 19 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted.

2018 annual calibration to be

Met Equipment Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled.

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4.2 Middelburg

Table 10: Middelburg station calibration and equipment status, December 2018. Zero Span/Calibration Pollutant Check Equipment Status Date and Comments

PM10 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok 2018 annual calibration scheduled for the fourth PM2.5 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok quarter. 04 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted. SO2 19 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted. 04 December 2018, Zero and Ok Zero and Span Checks Span checks conducted. NOx 19 December 2018, Zero Zero and Span Checks Ok check conducted. 04 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted. CO 19 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted. 04 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted. O3 19 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted.

2018 annual calibration to be Met Equipment Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled.

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4.3 Hendrina

Table 11: Hendrina station calibration and equipment status, December 2018. Zero Span/Calibration Pollutant Check Equipment Status Date and Comments

PM10 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok 2018 annual calibration scheduled for the fourth PM2.5 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok quarter.

03 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted. SO2 19 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted. 03 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted. NOx 19 December 2018, Zero Zero and Span Checks Ok check conducted. 03 December 2018, Zero and Ok Zero and Span Checks Span checks conducted. O3 19 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted.

03 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted. CO

19 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted. 2018 annual calibration to be Met Equipment Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled.

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4.4 Ermelo

Table 12: Ermelo station calibration and equipment status, December 2018. Zero Span/Calibration Pollutant Check Equipment Status Date and Comments

PM10 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok 2018 annual calibration scheduled for the fourth PM2.5 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok quarter.

04 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted. SO2 19 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted.

Zero and Span Checks 04 December 2018, Zero and Ok span checks conducted. NOx 19 December 2018, Zero Zero and Span Checks Ok check conducted.

04 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted. O3

19 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted.

04 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted. CO 19 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted. 2018 annual calibration to be

Met Equipment Full Dynamic Calibration Ok scheduled.

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4.5 Secunda

Table 13: Secunda station calibration and equipment status, December 2018. Zero Span/Calibration Pollutant Check Equipment Status Date and Comments

PM10 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok 2018 annual calibration scheduled for the fourth PM2.5 Full Dynamic Calibration Ok quarter. 03 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted. SO2 20 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok span checks conducted. 03 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok span checks conducted. NOx 20 December 2018, Zero Zero and Span Checks Ok check conducted

03 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok span checks conducted. O3 20 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok span checks conducted

03 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok Span checks conducted. CO 20 December 2018, Zero and Zero and Span Checks Ok span checks conducted

2018 annual calibration to BTEX Full Dynamic Calibration Ok be scheduled.

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4.6 Maintenance and Minor Repairs

Table 14: Maintenance and Minor Repairs. Station Date Comments 04 December 2018 Changed filters and tested rain gauge.

Removed the old container. Installed a new container. Fixed 05 December 2018 electricity. Connected analysers, pumps and logger. Replaced the O3 analyser.

06 December 2018 Installed the rain gauge. Covered the wiring and fixed the tubing. Witbank Removed the air conditioner on the old shelter and installed it 12 December 2018 on the new shelter. Conducted zero on the NOx and SO2 analyser.

13 December 2018 Fixed the connection and tubing.

19 December 2018 Met Calibration. Changed filters and cleaned the manifold and PM heads.

04 December 2018 Changed filters, tested rain gauge and cleaned inlets. Middelburg 19 December 2018 Met Calibration. Changed filters and cleaned the manifold and PM heads.

03 December 2018 Changed filters, tested rain gauge and cleaned inlets.

06 December 2018 Removed the old shelter. Installed the new shelter.

07 December 2018 Installed the meter box. Connected analysers, logger and smart Hendrina ups. Installed rain gauge.

10 December 2018 Installed the alarm system and cameras. Fixed and covered the tubing.

19 December 2018 Changed filters and cleaned the manifold and PM heads.

03 December 2018 Restored power.

Ermelo 04 December 2018 Changed filters and tested rain gauge.

19 December 2018 Changed filters and cleaned the manifold and PM heads.

03 December 2018 Changed filters, tested rain gauge and cleaned inlets.

Secunda 10 December 2018 Checking the slab.

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18 December 2018 Met Calibration.

20 December 2018 Changed filters and cleaned the manifold and PM heads.

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5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

NAAQS, and CO 8-hourly running average NAAQS. Only Ermelo observed O3 8-hourly running average NAAQS exceedances, the station recorded 10 exceedances.

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6 REFERENCES

ARP 013:1998 – Recommended Practice: Rules for the structure and drafting of standards, (1998), 2nd ed., Pretoria, South African Bureau of Standards

Ministry for the Environment (2009), Good Practice Guide for Air Quality Monitoring and Data Management, Wellington: Ministry for the Environment.

System Development Life Cycle Standards – Template, Government of British Columbia – Information Management Branch, http://srmwww.gov.bc.ca/imb/3star/templates/sdlc_template1.html [accessed 01 May 2005]

Rules for the structure and drafting of International Standards, (2004), 5th ed., Geneva, International Organisation for Standardization.

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7 APPENDIX 1: DATA VALIDATION AND QUALITY CONTROLLING

Table 15: Table of data validation, December 2018. Monitoring Parameter Start Date End Date Manipulation Station Parameter Start Date End Date Manipulation

SO2 2018/12/04(07:56) 2018/12/04(09:10) Removed calibration peak

SO2 2018/12/19(16:15) 2018/12/19(17:30) Removed calibration peak

SO2 2018/12/20(0:17) 2018/12/21(0:36) Lift base by 2 ppb

SO2 2018/12/28(01:26) 2018/12/29(0:20) Lift base by 1 ppb

NO, NO2, NOX 2018/12/04(07:56) 2018/12/04(09:10) Removed calibration peak

NO, NO2, NOX 2018/12/19(16:15) 2018/12/19(17:30) Removed calibration peak

NO, NO2, NOX 2018/12/01(0:01) 2018/12/31(24:00) Removed negative outliers

Ermelo NO, NO2, NOX 2018/12/07(21:01) 2018/12/07(21:09) Removed a spike

NO, NO2, NOX 2018/12/18(05:42) 2018/12/18(06:01) Removed a spike

O3 2018/12/04(07:56) 2018/12/04(09:10) Removed calibration peak

O3 2018/12/19(16:15) 2018/12/19(17:30) Removed calibration peak

CO 2018/12/04(07:56) 2018/12/04(09:10) Removed calibration peak

CO 2018/12/19(16:15) 2018/12/19(17:30) Removed calibration peak

Removed invalid data associated PMs (Thermo) 2018/12/02(13:12) 2018/12/02(14:14) with negative outliers and zeros

PMs (Thermo) 2018/12/25(05:46) 2018/12/25(06:46) Removed a spike

PMs(Grimm) 2018/12/01(0:01) 2018/12/31(24:00) Removed invalid peaks

SO2 2018/12/03(13:55) 2018/12/03(15:30) Removed calibration peak

SO2 2018/12/19(14:17) 2018/12/19(15:40) Removed calibration peak

NO,NO2,NOX 2018/12/03(13:55) 2018/12/03(15:30) Removed calibration peak

NO,NO2,NOX 2018/12/19(14:17) 2018/12/19(15:40) Removed calibration peak Hendrina NO,NO2,NOX 2018/12/02(08:04) 2018/12/02(17:13) Removed invalid data

NO,NO2,NOX 2018/12/03(15:49) 2018/12/03(17:11) Removed invalid data

NO,NO2,NOX 2018/12/15(05:08) 2018/12/15(07:30) Removed invalid data

NO,NO2,NOX 2018/12/01(0:01) 2018/12/31(24:00) Dropped base by 1.8 ppb

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Monitoring Parameter Start Date End Date Manipulation Station O3 2018/12/03(13:55) 2018/12/03(15:30) Removed calibration peak

O3 2018/12/03(13:55) 2018/12/03(15:30) Removed calibration peak

CO 2018/12/03(13:55) 2018/12/03(15:30) Removed calibration peak

CO 2018/12/19(14:17) 2018/12/19(15:40) Removed calibration peak

CO 2018/12/01(0:01) 2018/12/31(24:00) Lift base by 0.2 ppm

PMs(Grimm) 2018/12/01(0:01) 2018/12/31(24:00) Removed constant zeros

SO2 2018/12/04(10:30) 2018/12/04(11:50) Removed calibration peak

SO2 2018/12/19(12:10) 2018/12/19(13:35) Removed calibration peak

NO,NO2,NOX 2018/12/04(10:30) 2018/12/04(11:50) Removed calibration peak

NO,NO2,NOX 2018/12/19(12:10) 2018/12/19(13:35) Removed calibration peak

O3 2018/12/04(10:30) 2018/12/04(11:50) Removed calibration peak

O3 2018/12/19(12:10) 2018/12/19(13:35) Removed calibration peak

CO 2018/12/04(10:30) 2018/12/04(11:50) Removed calibration peak Middelburg CO 2018/12/19(12:10) 2018/12/19(13:35) Removed calibration peak

CO 2018/12/04(18:23) 2018/12/06(19:34) Dropped base by 0.17 ppm

CO 2018/12/06(19:45) 2018/12/19(12:59) Dropped base by 0.3 ppm

CO 2018/12/19(13:17) 2018/12/28(17:26) Dropped base by 0.28 ppm

CO 2018/12/28(18:21) 2018/12/31(24:00) Dropped base by 0.28 ppm

CO 2018/12/01(0:01) 2018/12/31(24:00) Removed negative outliers

Removed invalid data associated PMs (Thermo) 2018/12/01(0:01) 2018/12/31(24:00) with negative outliers

SO2 2018/12/03(11:24) 2018/12/03(13:35) Removed calibration peak

SO2 2018/12/20(08:35) 2018/12/20(10:10) Removed calibration peak

SO2 2018/12/01(0:01) 2018/12/31(24:00) Dropped base by 0.8 ppb

Secunda NO,NO2,NOX 2018/12/03(11:24) 2018/12/03(13:35) Removed calibration peak

NO,NO2,NOX 2018/12/20(08:35) 2018/12/20(10:10) Removed calibration peak

Removed invalid negative and NO,NO2,NOX 2018/12/01(0:01) 2018/12/31(24:00) positive spikes

NO, NOX 2018/12/01(0:01) 2018/12/31(24:00) Dropped base by 0.6 ppb

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Monitoring Parameter Start Date End Date Manipulation Station O3 2018/12/03(11:24) 2018/12/03(13:35) Removed calibration peak

O3 2018/12/20(08:35) 2018/12/20(10:10) Removed calibration peak

CO 2018/12/03(11:24) 2018/12/03(13:35) Removed calibration peak

CO 2018/12/20(08:35) 2018/12/20(10:10) Removed calibration peak

CO 2018/12/01(0:01) 2018/12/31(24:00) Removed positive spikes

Removed invalid data, PMs(Thermo) 2018/12/01(0:01) 2018/12/31(24:00) PM2.5=PM10

BC 2018/12/01(0:01) 2018/12/31(24:00) Removed negative outliers

H2S 2018/12/01(0:01) 2018/12/03(24:00) Lift base by 3 ppb

H2S 2018/12/04(0:01) 2018/12/10(24:00) Drop base by 3.6 ppb

H2S 2018/12/11(0:01) 2018/12/22(24:00) Drop base by 2.5 ppb

H2S 2018/12/23(0:01) 2018/12/31(24:00) Drop base by 3 ppb

SO2 2018/12/04(12:25) 2018/12/04(13:20) Removed calibration peak

SO2 2018/12/19(10:23) 2018/12/19(11:40) Removed calibration peak

SO2 2018/12/06(21:30) 2018/12/12(0:26) Dropped base by 13 ppb

SO2 2018/12/11(0:01) 2018/12/20(24:00) Dropped base by 10 ppb

SO2 2018/12/21(0:01) 2018/12/31(24:00) Dropped base by 20 ppb

SO2 2018/12/01(0:01) 2018/12/31(24:00) Removed negative outliers

NO, NO2, NOX 2018/12/04(12:25) 2018/12/04(13:20) Removed calibration peak

NO, NO2, NOX 2018/12/19(10:23) 2018/12/19(11:40) Removed calibration peak Witbank NO, NO2, NOX 2018/12/01(19:07) 2018/12/01(19:31) Removed invalid spike

NO, NO2, NOX 2018/12/02(19:08) 2018/12/02(19:33) Removed invalid spike

NO, NO2, NOX 2018/12/04(11:05) 2018/12/04(11:29) Removed invalid spike

NO, NOX 2018/12/06(17:11) 2018/12/06(17:37) Removed invalid spike

NO, NO2, NOX 2018/12/06(09:09) 2018/12/19(11:19) Removed invalid data

NO, NO2, NOX 2018/12/01(0:01) 2018/12/31(24:00) Removed negative outliers

O3 2018/12/04(12:25) 2018/12/04(13:20) Removed calibration peak

O3 2018/12/19(10:23) 2018/12/19(11:40) Removed calibration peak

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Monitoring Parameter Start Date End Date Manipulation Station O3 2018/12/04(11:07) 2018/12/11(0:08) Removed invalid data

CO 2018/12/04(12:25) 2018/12/04(13:20) Removed calibration peak

CO 2018/12/19(10:23) 2018/12/19(10:40) Removed calibration peak

CO 2018/12/04(23:24) 2018/12/06(10:14) Lift base by 0.6 ppm

CO 2018/12/01(0:01) 2018/12/19(10:56) Lift base by 0.2 ppm

PM10.PM2.5,PMcourse 2018/12/16(19:10) 2018/12/31(24:00) Removed constant values (Thermo)

BC 2018/12/23(0:01) 2018/12/31(24:00) Removed negative outliers

H2S 2018/12/06(10:14) 2018/12/12(20:51) Removed invalid data

H2S 2018/12/22(17:15) 2018/12/31(24:00) Removed constant zero values

Wind 2018/12/15(16:18) 2018/12/31(24:00) Invalid data

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8 APPENDIX 2: DETAILED STATION DESCRIPTION

8.1 Ermelo Station

The Ermelo Station is located at S-26.492983°, E29.968517° it is located in the suburb of Wesselton in the premises of the Tuisville Clinic. Pollution sources that are considered to be important include domestic fuel burning, road transport of coal, and long range transport from the industrial areas to the west. A Google Earth image of the location of the Ermelo station is given in Figure 16. Figure 17 show an image of the station taken from the north.

Figure 16: Google Earth image showing the location of the Ermelo Station.

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Figure 17: Photograph of the monitoring station at Ermelo

8.2 Hendrina Station

The Hendrina Station is located at S-26.151400°, E29.716250° in the premises of the Kwazamokuhle Secondary School. The station is located to give an indication of the ambient air quality in the town of Hendrina as there are no direct sources of pollution in the immediate vicinity of the school. A Google Earth image of the location of the Hendrina station is given in Figure 18 while a photograph of the station is given in Figure 19.

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Figure 18: Google Earth image showing the location of the Hendrina Station.

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Figure 19: Photograph of the Hendrina monitoring station.

8.3 Middelburg Station

The Middelburg station is located in the residential area of Aerorand at location S-25.79070, E29.462801° adjacent to the Middelburg Christian School. The site was selected to measure the impact of emissions from mining and industry especially the large industrial sources such as Columbus steel and Middelburg Ferrochrome (Figure 20). A photograph of the Middelburg station is shown in Figure 21.

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Figure 20: Google Earth image showing the location of the Middelburg Station.

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Figure 21: Photograph of the Middelburg monitoring station.

8.4 Secunda Station

The Secunda Station is located in the eMbalenhle residential area within the grounds of the SASOL club S- 26.550650°, E29.079117°. The main sources of pollutants at this location include domestic fuel burning and the SASOL Secunda plant located 7km to the west, gold mining activity is located to the north east and north west of the monitoring station Figure 22.

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Figure 22: Google Earth image showing the location of the Secunda Station.

8.5 Witbank Station

The Witbank station is located in the residential area of KwaGuqa S-25.877850°, E29.186415° in the Elukhanyisweni High School. Important sources of atmospheric pollutants impacting this site include; domestic fuel burning, transport related emissions from the N12 and N4 and industrial and mining related emissions. A Google Earth Image of the area surrounding the Witbank station is shown in Figure 23 and a photograph of the station in Figure 24.

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Figure 23: Google Earth image showing the location of the Witbank Station.

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Figure 24: Photograph of the Witbank monitoring station.

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9 PPENDIX 3: TREND DATA ANALYSIS

9.1 PM10 and PM2.5 Concentrations

The concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 from 01 January to 31 December2018 for the HPA are presented in Figure 25 and Figure 26, respectively.

Figure 25: PM10 Daily Averages January to December 2018.

Figure 26: PM2.5 Daily Averages January to December 2018.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

9.2 SO2 Concentrations

The concentrations of SO2 from 01 January to 31 December2018 for the HPA are presented in Figure 27.

Figure 27: SO2 Daily Averages January to December 2018.

9.3 NO2 Concentrations

The concentrations of NO2 from 01 January to 31 December2018 for the HPA are presented in Figure 28.

Figure 28: NO2 Hourly Averages January to December 2018.

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Highveld Priority Area Air Quality Monitoring Network Monthly Report – December 2018

9.4 O3 Concentrations

The concentrations of O3 from 01 January to 31 December2018 for the HPA are presented in Figure 29.

Figure 29: O3 8-Hour Running Averages January to December 2018.

9.5 CO Concentrations

The concentrations of CO from 01 January to 31 December2018 for the HPA are presented in Figure 30.

Figure 30: CO hourly averages January to December2018.

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